The generalized index of maximum and minimum level and its application in decision making

[spa] El índice del máximo y el mínimo nivel es una técnica muy útil, especialmente para toma de decisiones, que usa la distancia de Hamming y el coeficiente de adecuación en el mismo problema. En este trabajo, se propone una generalización a través de utilizar medias generalizadas y cuasi aritméticas. A estos operadores de agregación, se les denominará el índice del máximo y el mínimo nivel medio ponderado ordenado generalizado (GOWAIMAM) y cuasi aritmético (Quasi-OWAIMAM). Estos nuevos operadores generalizan una amplia gama de casos particulares como el índice del máximo y el mínimo nivel generalizado (GIMAM), el OWAIMAM, y otros. También se desarrolla una aplicación en la toma de decisiones sobre selección de productos.

Land-use systems affect Archaeal community structure and functional diversity in western Amazon soils

The study of the ecology of soil microbial communities at relevant spatial scales is primordial in the wide Amazon region due to the current land use changes. In this study, the diversity of the Archaea domain (community structure) and ammonia-oxidizing Archaea (richness and community composition) were investigated using molecular biology-based techniques in different land-use systems in western Amazonia, Brazil. Soil samples were collected in two periods with high precipitation (March 2008 and January 2009) from Inceptisols under primary tropical rainforest, secondary forest (5-20 year old), agricultural systems of indigenous people and cattle pasture. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified DNA (PCR-DGGE) using the 16S rRNA gene as a biomarker showed that archaeal community structures in crops and pasture soils are different from those in primary forest soil, which is more similar to the community structure in secondary forest soil. Sequence analysis of excised DGGE bands indicated the presence of crenarchaeal and euryarchaeal organisms. Based on clone library analysis of the gene coding the subunit of the enzyme ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) of Archaea (306 sequences), the Shannon-Wiener function and Simpson's index showed a greater ammonia-oxidizing archaeal diversity in primary forest soils (H' = 2.1486; D = 0.1366), followed by a lower diversity in soils under pasture (H' = 1.9629; D = 0.1715), crops (H' = 1.4613; D = 0.3309) and secondary forest (H' = 0.8633; D = 0.5405). All cloned inserts were similar to the Crenarchaeota amoA gene clones (identity > 95 %) previously found in soils and sediments and distributed primarily in three major phylogenetic clusters. The findings indicate that agricultural systems of indigenous people and cattle pasture affect the archaeal community structure and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing Archaea in western Amazon soils.

Bifurcations and chaos in single-roll natural convection with low Prandtl number

Convective flows of a small Prandtl number fluid contained in a two-dimensional cavity subject to a lateral thermal gradient are numerically studied by using different techniques. The aspect ratio (length to height) is kept at around 2. This value is found optimal to make the flow most unstable while keeping the basic single-roll structure. Two cases of thermal boundary conditions on the horizontal plates are considered: perfectly conducting and adiabatic. For increasing Rayleigh numbers we find a transition from steady flow to periodic oscillations through a supercritical Hopf bifurcation that maintains the centrosymmetry of the basic circulation. For a Rayleigh number of about ten times that of the Hopf bifurcation the system initiates a complex scenario of bifurcations. In the conductive case these include a quasiperiodic route to chaos. In the adiabatic one the dynamics is dominated by the interaction of two Neimark-Sacker bifurcations of the basic periodic solutions, leading to the stable coexistence of three incommensurate frequencies, and finally to chaos. In all cases, the complex time-dependent behavior does not break the basic, single-roll structure.

Comunidade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares: diversidade, composição e glomalina em área revegetada com sesbânia

A composição de comunidades e diversidade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) pode ser influenciada por diversos fatores como o clima, a biota do solo e as plantas hospedeiras. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a influência da revegetação de uma cava de extração de argila com Sesbania virgata (SV) em plantios puro e consorciado com Eucalyptus camaldulensis (EC) e Acacia mangium (AM), na composição e diversidade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs), bem como na quantidade da proteína do solo relacionada à glomalina (PSRG). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos (plantio puro de SV - 100SV; consórcio de SV + EC - 50SV:50EC; consórcio de SV + AM - 50SV:50AM; e área degradada com vegetação espontânea - ADVE), com três repetições. A revegetação da cava de extração de argila com SV, em plantios puro ou consorciado, reduziu a abundância de esporos e a dominância de espécies (Índice de Simpson - IDS) e aumentou a riqueza de espécies de FMAs e o índice de diversidade de Shannon e Wiener. Além disso, aumentou a quantidade de proteína do solo relacionada à glomalina, quando comparada a área degradada com vegetação espontânea.

Extreme times for volatility processes

Extreme times techniques, generally applied to nonequilibrium statistical mechanical processes, are also useful for a better understanding of financial markets. We present a detailed study on the mean first-passage time for the volatility of return time series. The empirical results extracted from daily data of major indices seem to follow the same law regardless of the kind of index thus suggesting an universal pattern. The empirical mean first-passage time to a certain level L is fairly different from that of the Wiener process showing a dissimilar behavior depending on whether L is higher or lower than the average volatility. All of this indicates a more complex dynamics in which a reverting force drives volatility toward its mean value. We thus present the mean first-passage time expressions of the most common stochastic volatility models whose approach is comparable to the random diffusion description. We discuss asymptotic approximations of these models and confront them to empirical results with a good agreement with the exponential Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model.

Solvent vapours in incubators: a source of exposure among neonates?

Hygiene practices in neonatal units require the use of disinfecting solutions containing ethanol or isopropanol. Newly disinfected hands or soaked swabs introduced inside the incubators may emit vapours leading to alcohol exposures to the neonates. Alcohol emissions from hands and other occasional sources (e.g. soaked disinfecting swabs) lead to measurable levels of vapours inside incubators. Average isopropanol and ethanol concentrations ranging from 33.1 to 171.4 mg/m(3) (13.8 to 71.4 ppm) and from 23.5 to more than 146 mg/m3 (9.8 to > 6 ppm) respectively were measured inside occupied incubators (n = 11, measurement time about 230 min) in a neonatal unit of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois in Lausanne during regular activity. Exposure concentrations in a wide range of possible situations were then investigated by modeling using the one-box dispersion model. Theoretical modeling suggested typical isopropanol peaks and average concentrations ranging between 10(2) and 10(3) mg/m(3) (4.10(1) to 4.10(2)ppm), and 10(1) to 10(2) mg/m(3) (4 to 4.10(1) ppm), respectively. Based on our results we suggest several preventive measures to reduce the neonates' exposures to solvent vapours.

O desenvolvimento do texto dissertativo em crianças da 4ª série

Esta pesquisa analisa o desenvolvimento da habilidade de produzir textos dissertativos em crianças da 4ª. série, relacionando com o contexto em que foram produzidos. Este estudo justifica-se devido à escassez de trabalhos lingüísticos na área, bem como ao alto índice de fracasso dos alunos nesta modalidade de texto. Coletou-se a produção escrita de crianças de rede pública, durante um período de três meses. O material foi analisado buscando-se identificar os operadores argumentativos, os tipos de argumentos utilizados e o estágio da capacidade argumentativa dessas crianças. O estudo sugere que a introdução do texto argumentativo nas séries iniciais do 1º grau, além de proporcionar mais chances de sucesso aos alunos na produção deste tipo de texto ao término do 2º grau, certamente facilitará o desenvolvimento de uma postura crítica, possibilitando aos alunos refletirem sobre a realidade social onde vivem.

Periodic points of holomorphic maps via Lefschetz numbers

In this paper we study the set of periods of holomorphic maps on compact manifolds, using the periodic Lefschetz numbers introduced by Dold and Llibre, which can be computed from the homology class of the map. We show that these numbers contain information about the existence of periodic points of a given period; and, if we assume the map to be transversal, then they give us the exact number of such periodic orbits. We apply this result to the complex projective space of dimension n and to some special type of Hopf surfaces, partially characterizing their set of periods. In the first case we also show that any holomorphic map of CP(n) of degree greater than one has infinitely many distinct periodic orbits, hence generalizing a theorem of Fornaess and Sibony. We then characterize the set of periods of a holomorphic map on the Riemann sphere, hence giving an alternative proof of Baker's theorem.

Experimental evidence of localized oscillations in the photosensitive chlorine dioxide-iodine-malonic acid reaction

The interaction between Hopf and Turing modes has been the subject of active research in recent years. We present here experimental evidence of the existence of mixed Turing-Hopf modes in a two-dimensional system. Using the photosensitive chlorine dioxide-iodine-malonic acid reaction (CDIMA) and external constant background illumination as a control parameter, standing spots oscillating in amplitude and with hexagonal ordering were observed. Numerical simulations in the Lengyel-Epstein model for the CDIMA reaction confirmed the results.

Integrative molecular bioinformatics study of human adrenocortical tumors : microRNA, tissue-specific target prediction, and pathway analysis.

MicroRNAs (miRs) are involved in the pathogenesis of several neoplasms; however, there are no data on their expression patterns and possible roles in adrenocortical tumors. Our objective was to study adrenocortical tumors by an integrative bioinformatics analysis involving miR and transcriptomics profiling, pathway analysis, and a novel, tissue-specific miR target prediction approach. Thirty-six tissue samples including normal adrenocortical tissues, benign adenomas, and adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) were studied by simultaneous miR and mRNA profiling. A novel data-processing software was used to identify all predicted miR-mRNA interactions retrieved from PicTar, TargetScan, and miRBase. Tissue-specific target prediction was achieved by filtering out mRNAs with undetectable expression and searching for mRNA targets with inverse expression alterations as their regulatory miRs. Target sets and significant microarray data were subjected to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Six miRs with significantly different expression were found. miR-184 and miR-503 showed significantly higher, whereas miR-511 and miR-214 showed significantly lower expression in ACCs than in other groups. Expression of miR-210 was significantly lower in cortisol-secreting adenomas than in ACCs. By calculating the difference between dCT(miR-511) and dCT(miR-503) (delta cycle threshold), ACCs could be distinguished from benign adenomas with high sensitivity and specificity. Pathway analysis revealed the possible involvement of G2/M checkpoint damage in ACC pathogenesis. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing miR expression patterns and pathway analysis in sporadic adrenocortical tumors. miR biomarkers may be helpful for the diagnosis of adrenocortical malignancy. This tissue-specific target prediction approach may be used in other tumors too.

Del bucle a la incertesa: l'evolució de la mirada cibernètica a la pedagogia.

Es pot pensar que de la cibernètica nascuda els anys 40 al desenvolupament aconseguit per les tecnologies de la informació i la comunicació a l'actualitat hi ha una diferència tan enorme que poc o res representen ja les contribucions de Wiener o Bertalanffy als nostres dies, Tot i això, la cibernètica, com la teoria de sistemes, ha anat evolucionant i madurant amb el temps, i podem afirmar que ara més que mai es fan evidents moltes de les concepcions i de les idees simplement apuntades i intuïdes per aquests científics, La diferència entre la cibernètica deis anys cinquanta i la cibernètica actual consisteix que la seva influència no només arriba al terreny científic o a l'enginyeria sinó a les formes de comunicació, a les maneres d'aprendre, als temps de vida i, en definitiva, a la nostra percepció del món.

Chaotic Kabanov formula for the Azéma martingales

We derive the chaotic expansion of the product of nth- and first-order multiple stochastic integrals with respect to certain normal martingales. This is done by application of the classical and quantum product formulae for multiple stochastic integrals. Our approach extends existing results on chaotic calculus for normal martingales and exhibits properties, relative to multiple stochastic integrals, polynomials and Wick products, that characterize the Wiener and Poisson processes.

Uso de convergência tecnológica sem regulamentação apropriada: VOIP e competitividade

A convergência tecnológica criou a possibilidade de serviços de comunicações serem realizados baseados em tecnologias diferentes, garantindo o mesmo uso para usuários e melhores benefícios para provedores. Desta forma, ambos os consumidores - empresariais e residenciais - tiveram aumentadas suas escolhas para serviços conjuntos, bem como para provedores de serviços. A regulação existente não analisa o serviço como um resultado, mas como um produto ou tecnologia a ser autorizada. Baseado na literatura de utilização e comportamento do consumidor, este artigo descreve e discute uma estratégia de marketing usada pelos operadores de telecomunicações, os quais tiram vantagem da ineficiência da regulação e legislação. Uma análise teórica do ambiente competitivo e do uso da tecnologia conclui que benefícios econômicos da convergência tecnológica ocorrem devido a quatro fatores: progresso tecnológico; falhas na regulação; complexidade da tecnologia; não habilidade de explorar os benefícios da convergência. O mau uso destes serviços pelos provedores de telecomunicações, tendo em vista a convergência tecnológica e integração de sistemas neste setor, são discutidos especificamente no contexto dos serviços de comunicação de voz à longa distância utilizando VOIP, criando propostas para definir o melhor uso da tecnologia a fim de garantir uma competição justa para o mercado.