RFID together with multi-agent systems to control global value chains

Nowadays, the cooperative intelligent transport systems are part of a largest system. Transportations are modal operations integrated in logistics and, logistics is the main process of the supply chain management. The supply chain strategic management as a simultaneous local and global value chain is a collaborative/cooperative organization of stakeholders, many times in co-opetition, to perform a service to the customers respecting the time, place, price and quality levels. The transportation, like other logistics operations must add value, which is achieved in this case through compression lead times and order fulfillments. The complex supplier's network and the distribution channels must be efficient and the integral visibility (monitoring and tracing) of supply chain is a significant source of competitive advantage. Nowadays, the competition is not discussed between companies but among supply chains. This paper aims to evidence the current and emerging manufacturing and logistics system challenges as a new field of opportunities for the automation and control systems research community. Furthermore, the paper forecasts the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) technologies integrated into an information and communication technologies (ICT) framework based on distributed artificial intelligence (DAI) supported by a multi-agent system (MAS), as the most value advantage of supply chain management (SCM) in a cooperative intelligent logistics systems. Logistical platforms (production or distribution) as nodes of added value of supplying and distribution networks are proposed as critical points of the visibility of the inventory, where these technological needs are more evident.

Application of GIS-based multi-criteria analysis for site selection of aquifer recharge with reclaimed water

Reclaimed water from small wastewater treatment facilities in the rural areas of the Beira Interior region (Portugal) may constitute an alternative water source for aquifer recharge. A 21-month monitoring period in a constructed wetland treatment system has shown that 21,500 m(3) year(-1) of treated wastewater (reclaimed water) could be used for aquifer recharge. A GIS-based multi-criteria analysis was performed, combining ten thematic maps and economic, environmental and technical criteria, in order to produce a suitability map for the location of sites for reclaimed water infiltration. The areas chosen for aquifer recharge with infiltration basins are mainly composed of anthrosol with more than 1 m deep and fine sand texture, which allows an average infiltration velocity of up to 1 m d(-1). These characteristics will provide a final polishing treatment of the reclaimed water after infiltration (soil aquifer treatment (SAT)), suitable for the removal of the residual load (trace organics, nutrients, heavy metals and pathogens). The risk of groundwater contamination is low since the water table in the anthrosol areas ranges from 10 m to 50 m. Oil the other hand, these depths allow a guaranteed unsaturated area suitable for SAT. An area of 13,944 ha was selected for study, but only 1607 ha are suitable for reclaimed water infiltration. Approximately 1280 m(2) were considered enough to set up 4 infiltration basins to work in flooding and drying cycles.

A 3-phase model for VIS/NIR mu C-Si : H p-i-n detectors

The spectral response and the photocurrent delivered by entirely microcrystalline p-i-n-Si:H detectors an analysed under different applied bias and light illumination conditions. The spectral response and the internal collection depend not only on the energy range but also on the illumination side. Under [p]- and [n]-side irradiation, the internal collection characteristics have an atypical shape. It is high for applied bias and lower than the open circuit voltage, shows a steep decrease near the open circuit voltage (higher under [n]-side illumination) and levels off for higher voltages. Additionally, the numerical modeling of the VIS/NIR detector, based on the band discontinuities near the grain boundaries and interfaces, complements the study and gives insight into the internal physical process.

The condensation and ordering of models of empty liquids

We consider a simple model consisting of particles with four bonding sites ("patches"), two of type A and two of type B, on the square lattice, and investigate its global phase behavior by simulations and theory. We set the interaction between B patches to zero and calculate the phase diagram as the ratio between the AB and the AA interactions, epsilon(AB)*, varies. In line with previous work, on three-dimensional off-lattice models, we show that the liquid-vapor phase diagram exhibits a re-entrant or "pinched" shape for the same range of epsilon(AB)*, suggesting that the ratio of the energy scales - and the corresponding empty fluid regime - is independent of the dimensionality of the system and of the lattice structure. In addition, the model exhibits an order-disorder transition that is ferromagnetic in the re-entrant regime. The use of low-dimensional lattice models allows the simulation of sufficiently large systems to establish the nature of the liquid-vapor critical points and to describe the structure of the liquid phase in the empty fluid regime, where the size of the "voids" increases as the temperature decreases. We have found that the liquid-vapor critical point is in the 2D Ising universality class, with a scaling region that decreases rapidly as the temperature decreases. The results of simulations and theoretical analysis suggest that the line of order-disorder transitions intersects the condensation line at a multi-critical point at zero temperature and density, for patchy particle models with a re-entrant, empty fluid, regime. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3657406]

Photonics Active Filters Based on SiC Multi layer Structures: A Two Stage Active Circuit

Characteristics of tunable wavelength filters based on a-SiC:H multi-layered stacked cells are studied both theoretically and experimentally. Results show that the light-activated photonic device combines the demultiplexing operation with the simultaneous photodetection and self amplification of an optical signal. The sensor is a bias wavelength current-controlled device that make use of changes in the wavelength of the background to control the power delivered to the load, acting a photonic active filter. Its gain depends on the background wavelength that controls the electrical field profile across the device.

Phase diagrams of particles with dissimilar patches: X-junctions and Y-junctions

We use Wertheim's first-order perturbation theory to investigate the phase behaviour and the structure of coexisting fluid phases for a model of patchy particles with dissimilar patches (two patches of type A and f(B) patches of type B). A patch of type alpha = {A, B} can bond to a patch of type beta = {A, B} in a volume nu(alpha beta), thereby decreasing the internal energy by epsilon(alpha beta). We analyse the range of model parameters where AB bonds, or Y-junctions, are energetically disfavoured (epsilon(AB) < epsilon(AA)/2) but entropically favoured (nu(AB) >> nu(alpha alpha)), and BB bonds, or X-junctions, are energetically favoured (epsilon(BB) > 0). We show that, for low values of epsilon(BB)/epsilon(AA), the phase diagram has three different regions: (i) close to the critical temperature a low-density liquid composed of long chains and rich in Y-junctions coexists with a vapour of chains; (ii) at intermediate temperatures there is coexistence between a vapour of short chains and a liquid of very long chains with X-and Y-junctions; (iii) at low temperatures an ideal gas coexists with a high-density liquid with all possible AA and BB bonds formed. It is also shown that in region (i) the liquid binodal is reentrant (its density decreases with decreasing temperature) for the lower values of epsilon(BB)/epsilon(AA). The existence of these three regions is a consequence of the competition between the formation of X- and Y-junctions: X-junctions are energetically favoured and thus dominate at low temperatures, whereas Y-junctions are entropically favoured and dominate at higher temperatures.

Estratégias de comercialização de energia para negociação bilateral em mercados de energia eléctrica multi-agente

As recentes e crescentes modificações no sector eléctrico, tanto nacional como mundial, tornam actualmente os mercados de electricidade um caso de estudo singular e interessante. De facto, o desenvolvimento de ferramentas de análise que permitem avaliar a evolução dos comportamentos que estes mercados adoptam face à dinâmica das suas constantes transformações é, à partida, uma mais valia para as suas principais entidades. Muitas vezes os negociadores deste sector ficam satisfeitos com o resultado final. Contudo, se investigarmos mais minuciosamente, dinheiro e recursos são desperdiçados e potenciais ganhos permanecem por descobrir. Uma negociação automática, que utilize agentes computacionais autónomos, promete um elevado nível de eficiência e acordos de maior qualidade. Muitos modelos de mercado actuais são simulados através de ferramentas computacionais, algumas das quais baseadas em tecnologia multi-agente. Esta dissertação apresenta um simulador que permite ajudar a resolver vários problemas inerentes à contratação bilateral de energia. O simulador envolve dois agentes do mercado de retalho, um comprador e um vendedor de energia eléctrica, e suporta a negociação bilateral multidimensional. Cada agente tem no seu portefólio um conjunto de opções que modelam o seu comportamento individual. A essas opções dá-se o nome de estratégias de negociação. O simulador é composto por estratégias de concessão e imitativas. As estratégias de concessão ditam a velocidade de cedência que cada agente terá, enquanto que as estratégias imitativas têm em conta o comportamento passado do oponente, antes da formulação de uma nova oferta. A validação experimental do simulador foi efectuada através da realização de uma experiência computacional. O método experimental consistiu na experimentação controlada. A experiência teve como principal objectivo validar as estratégias através da verificação, em computador, de um conjunto de hipóteses formuladas através de diversas observações e conclusões da negociação real. Os resultados confirmaram as hipóteses, permitindo concluir que a estratégia de concessão baseada no volume de energia conduz a um melhor benefício para ambos os negociadores, enquanto que a estratégia de concessão baseada na prioridade dos itens conduz à troca de um maior número de propostas negociais.

Negociação bilateral em mercados de energia eléctrica multi-agente com participação activa dos consumidores

Nos últimos anos, o sector elétrico tem sofrido profundas alterações decorrentes do processo de reestruturação. Como consequência, surgiram diferentes estruturas de mercado, tais como em bolsa, contratos bilaterais e mistos, tendo como objectivo o aumento da competitividade. Nos mercados competitivos, os consumidores de electricidade podem escolher livremente os seus fornecedores de energia, em função de possíveis vantagens económicas e da qualidade do serviço. A comercialização de electricidade pode ser realizada em mercados organizados ou através de contratação bilateral entre comercializadores e consumidores. Actualmente, existem várias ferramentas de simulação baseadas em técnicas multiagente que permitem modelar, parcialmente ou na totalidade, os mercados de electricidade, possibilitando simulações de negociação de preços e volumes através de contratos bilaterais, transacções em bolsas de energia, etc. No entanto, estas ferramentas apresentam algumas limitações devido à complexidade dos sistemas elétricos. Neste contexto, esta dissertação tem como principal objectivo desenvolver um simulador de contratos bilaterais em mercados de energia elétrica, baseado na tecnologia multi-agente. O simulador inclui dois tipos de entidades: retalhistas e consumidores de electricidade com diferentes perfis de carga. Além disso, é composto por várias estratégias de negociação, que têm como objectivo maximizar o benefício dos agentes retalhistas e minimizar o custo dos consumidores finais de electricidade. Uma das estratégias, referente ao consumidor, é direccionada para a eficiência no consumo, sendo baseada na conhecida técnica de Participação Activa dos Consumidores (ou Demand Response). O teste do simulador foi efectuado através da resolução de dois casos práticos, baseados em dados do MIBEL. De forma sucinta, os resultados obtidos com as estratégias permitem concluir que os intervenientes no mercado apresentam um comportamento esperado na gestão de preços e volumes de energia, constatando-se que a ferramenta desenvolvida constitui um auxiliar importante à tomada de decisão inerente à negociação bilateral em mercados de electricidade.

Projecto de uma instalação de AVAC de um edifício de escritórios e multi-usos

Neste trabalho são apresentados o dimensionamento e os resultados comparativos para um edifício de serviços (escritórios), na vertente económica de aquisição, instalação, exploração e manutenção, de um sistema de climatização a água, com um sistema de climatização a volume de refrigerante variável como alternativa. Utilizando um software de simulação dinâmica para determinar as cargas térmicas a que o edifício em estudo estará sujeito, de forma a dimensionar um sistema de climatização que respeite os regulamentos em vigor pelo actual sistema de certificação energética, foram dimensionados os dois sistemas de climatização dentro dos acima indicados, tento sido efectuados vários estudos comparativos, por forma a poderem ser futuramente utilizados como base de definição do sistema a adotar por parte dos projetistas do ramo.

Comparative analysis of the ground reaction forces, during the support phase, in a group of pregnant women on their 3rd trimester of pregnancy and in a group of not pregnant women

PURPOSE: To analyze and compare the Ground Reaction Forces (GRF), during the stance phase of walking in pregnant women in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy, and non pregnant women. METHODS: 20 women, 10 pregnant and 10 non pregnant, voluntarily took part in this study. GRF were measured (1000 Hz) using a force platform (BERTEC 4060-15), an amplifier (BERTEC AM 6300) and an analogical-digital converter of 16 Bits (Biopac). RESULTS: The study showed that there were significant differences among the two groups concerning absolute values of time of the stance phase. In what concerns to the normalized values the most significant differences were verified in the maximums values of vertical force (Fz3, Fz1) and in the impulse of the antero-posterior force (Fy2), taxes of growth of the vertical force, and in the period of time for the antero-posterior force (Fy) be null. CONCLUSIONS: It is easier for the pregnant to continue forward movement (push-off phase). O smaller growth rates in what concerns to the maximum of the vertical force (Fz1) for the pregnant, can be associated with a slower speed of gait, as an adaptation strategy to maintain the balance, to compensate the alterations in the position of her center of gravity due to the load increase. The data related to the antero-posterior component of the force (Fy), shows that there is a significant difference between the pregnant woman’s left foot and right foot, which accuses a different functional behavior in each one of the feet, during the propulsion phase (TS).

DITRANS - a multi-agent system for integrated diagnosis of power transformers

This paper describes the development and the implementation of a multi-agent system for integrated diagnosis of power transformers. The system is divided in layers which contain a number of agents performing different functions. The social ability and cooperation between the agents lead to the final diagnosis and to other relevant conclusions through integrating various monitoring technologies, diagnostic methods and data sources, such as the dissolved gas analysis.

Multi-criteria short-term maintenance outage scheduling in smart distribution systems

Effective legislation and standards for the coordination procedures between consumers, producers and the system operator supports the advances in the technologies that lead to smart distribution systems. In short-term (ST) maintenance scheduling procedure, the energy producers in a distribution system access to the long-term (LT) outage plan that is released by the distribution system operator (DSO). The impact of this additional information on the decision-making procedure of producers in ST maintenance scheduling is studied in this paper. The final ST maintenance plan requires the approval of the DSO that has the responsibility to secure the network reliability and quality, and other players have to follow the finalized schedule. Maintenance scheduling in the producers’ layer and the coordination procedure between them and the DSO is modelled in this paper. The proposed method is applied to a 33-bus distribution system.

MASGriP – a Multi-Agent Smart Grid Simulation Platform

The increasing number of players that operate in power systems leads to a more complex management. In this paper a new multi-agent platform is proposed, which simulates the real operation of power system players. MASGriP – A Multi-Agent Smart Grid Simulation Platform is presented. Several consumer and producer agents are implemented and simulated, considering real characteristics and different goals and actuation strategies. Aggregator entities, such as Virtual Power Players and Curtailment Service Providers are also included. The integration of MASGriP agents in MASCEM (Multi-Agent System for Competitive Electricity Markets) simulator allows the simulation of technical and economical activities of several players. An energy resources management architecture used in microgrids is also explained.

Phase diagrams of binary mixtures of patchy colloids with distinct numbers and types of patches: Theempty fluid regime

We investigate the effect of distinct bonding energies on the onset of criticality of low functionality fluid mixtures. We focus on mixtures ofparticles with two and three patches as this includes the mixture where "empty" fluids were originally reported. In addition to the number of patches, thespecies differ in the type of patches or bonding sites. For simplicity, we consider that the patches on each species are identical: one species has threepatches of type A and the other has two patches of type B. We have found a rich phase behavior with closed miscibility gaps, liquid-liquid demixing, and negative azeotropes. Liquid-liquid demixing was found to pre-empt the "empty" fluid regime, of these mixtures, when the AB bonds are weaker than the AA or BB bonds. By contrast, mixtures in this class exhibit "empty" fluid behavior when the AB bonds are stronger than at least one of the other two. Mixtureswith bonding energies epsilon(BB) = epsilon(AB) and epsilon(AA) < epsilon(BB), were found to exhibit an unusual negative azeotrope. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3561396]

Re-entrant phase behaviour of network fluids: A patchy particle model with temperature-dependent valence

We study a model consisting of particles with dissimilar bonding sites ("patches"), which exhibits self-assembly into chains connected by Y-junctions, and investigate its phase behaviour by both simulations and theory. We show that, as the energy cost epsilon(j) of forming Y-junctions increases, the extent of the liquid-vapour coexistence region at lower temperatures and densities is reduced. The phase diagram thus acquires a characteristic "pinched" shape in which the liquid branch density decreases as the temperature is lowered. To our knowledge, this is the first model in which the predicted topological phase transition between a fluid composed of short chains and a fluid rich in Y-junctions is actually observed. Above a certain threshold for epsilon(j), condensation ceases to exist because the entropy gain of forming Y-junctions can no longer offset their energy cost. We also show that the properties of these phase diagrams can be understood in terms of a temperature-dependent effective valence of the patchy particles. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3605703]