Dense disparity map estimation respecting image discontinuities

[EN] We present an energy based approach to estimate a dense disparity map from a set of two weakly calibrated stereoscopic images while preserving its discontinuities resulting from image boundaries. We first derive a simplified expression for the disparity that allows us to estimate it from a stereo pair of images using an energy minimization approach. We assume that the epipolar geometry is known, and we include this information in the energy model. Discontinuities are preserved by means of a regularization term based on the Nagel-Enkelmann operator. We investigate the associated Euler-Lagrange equation of the energy functional, and we approach the solution of the underlying partial differential equation (PDE) using a gradient descent method The resulting parabolic problem has a unique solution. In order to reduce the risk to be trapped within some irrelevant local minima during the iterations, we use a focusing strategy based on a linear scalespace. Experimental results on both synthetic and real images arere presented to illustrate the capabilities of this PDE and scale-space based method.

The assessment of change in rural landscape and the analysis of the driving forces. Proposal of a spatial model for the rural built environment

The presented study carried out an analysis on rural landscape changes. In particular the study focuses on the understanding of driving forces acting on the rural built environment using a statistical spatial model implemented through GIS techniques. It is well known that the study of landscape changes is essential for a conscious decision making in land planning. From a bibliography review results a general lack of studies dealing with the modeling of rural built environment and hence a theoretical modelling approach for such purpose is needed. The advancement in technology and modernity in building construction and agriculture have gradually changed the rural built environment. In addition, the phenomenon of urbanization of a determined the construction of new volumes that occurred beside abandoned or derelict rural buildings. Consequently there are two types of transformation dynamics affecting mainly the rural built environment that can be observed: the conversion of rural buildings and the increasing of building numbers. It is the specific aim of the presented study to propose a methodology for the development of a spatial model that allows the identification of driving forces that acted on the behaviours of the building allocation. In fact one of the most concerning dynamic nowadays is related to an irrational expansion of buildings sprawl across landscape. The proposed methodology is composed by some conceptual steps that cover different aspects related to the development of a spatial model: the selection of a response variable that better describe the phenomenon under study, the identification of possible driving forces, the sampling methodology concerning the collection of data, the most suitable algorithm to be adopted in relation to statistical theory and method used, the calibration process and evaluation of the model. A different combination of factors in various parts of the territory generated favourable or less favourable conditions for the building allocation and the existence of buildings represents the evidence of such optimum. Conversely the absence of buildings expresses a combination of agents which is not suitable for building allocation. Presence or absence of buildings can be adopted as indicators of such driving conditions, since they represent the expression of the action of driving forces in the land suitability sorting process. The existence of correlation between site selection and hypothetical driving forces, evaluated by means of modeling techniques, provides an evidence of which driving forces are involved in the allocation dynamic and an insight on their level of influence into the process. GIS software by means of spatial analysis tools allows to associate the concept of presence and absence with point futures generating a point process. Presence or absence of buildings at some site locations represent the expression of these driving factors interaction. In case of presences, points represent locations of real existing buildings, conversely absences represent locations were buildings are not existent and so they are generated by a stochastic mechanism. Possible driving forces are selected and the existence of a causal relationship with building allocations is assessed through a spatial model. The adoption of empirical statistical models provides a mechanism for the explanatory variable analysis and for the identification of key driving variables behind the site selection process for new building allocation. The model developed by following the methodology is applied to a case study to test the validity of the methodology. In particular the study area for the testing of the methodology is represented by the New District of Imola characterized by a prevailing agricultural production vocation and were transformation dynamic intensively occurred. The development of the model involved the identification of predictive variables (related to geomorphologic, socio-economic, structural and infrastructural systems of landscape) capable of representing the driving forces responsible for landscape changes.. The calibration of the model is carried out referring to spatial data regarding the periurban and rural area of the study area within the 1975-2005 time period by means of Generalised linear model. The resulting output from the model fit is continuous grid surface where cells assume values ranged from 0 to 1 of probability of building occurrences along the rural and periurban area of the study area. Hence the response variable assesses the changes in the rural built environment occurred in such time interval and is correlated to the selected explanatory variables by means of a generalized linear model using logistic regression. Comparing the probability map obtained from the model to the actual rural building distribution in 2005, the interpretation capability of the model can be evaluated. The proposed model can be also applied to the interpretation of trends which occurred in other study areas, and also referring to different time intervals, depending on the availability of data. The use of suitable data in terms of time, information, and spatial resolution and the costs related to data acquisition, pre-processing, and survey are among the most critical aspects of model implementation. Future in-depth studies can focus on using the proposed model to predict short/medium-range future scenarios for the rural built environment distribution in the study area. In order to predict future scenarios it is necessary to assume that the driving forces do not change and that their levels of influence within the model are not far from those assessed for the time interval used for the calibration.

Entwicklung von computergestützten Hangstabilitätsmodellen zur Erstellung einer Gefahrenhinweiskarte für die Region Rheinhessen

Das Ziel der Arbeit war die Entwicklung computergestützter Methoden zur Erstellung einer Gefahrenhinweiskarte für die Region Rheinhessen, zur Minimierung der Hangrutschungsgefährdung. Dazu wurde mit Hilfe zweier statistischer Verfahren (Diskriminanzanalyse, Lo­gistische Regression) und einer Methode aus dem Bereich der Künstlichen Intelligenz (Fuzzy Logik) versucht, die potentielle Gefährdung auch solcher Hänge zu klassifizieren, die bis heute noch nicht durch Massenbewegungen aufgefallen sind. Da ingenieurgeologische und geotechnische Hanguntersuchungen aus Zeit und Kostengründen im regionalen Maßstab nicht möglich sind, wurde auf punktuell vorhandene Datenbestände zu einzelnen Rut­schungen des Winters 1981/82, die in einer Rutschungsdatenbank zu­sammengefaßt sind, zurückgegriffen, wobei die daraus gewonnenen Erkenntnisse über Prozeßmechanismen und auslösende Faktoren genutzt und in das jeweilige Modell integriert wurden. Flächenhafte Daten (Lithologie, Hangneigung, Landnutzung, etc.), die für die Berechnung der Hangstabilität notwendig sind, wurden durch Fernerkundungsmethoden, dem Digitalisieren von Karten und der Auswertung von Digitalen Geländemodellen (Reliefanalyse) gewonnen. Für eine weiterführende Untersuchung von einzelnen, als rutschgefährdet klassifi­zierten Bereichen der Gefahrenhinweiskarte, wurde am Beispiel eines Testgebietes, eine auf dem infinite-slope-stability Modell aufbauende Me­thode untersucht, die im Maßstabsbereich von Grundkarten (1:5000) auch geotechnische und hydrogeologische Parameter berücksichtigt und damit eine genauere, der jeweiligen klimatischen Situation angepaßte, Gefahrenabschätzung ermöglicht.

Sensibilisierung hitzeevozierter Ionenströme an nozizeptiven Spinalganglienneuronen der Ratte

Die freien Endigungen von Spinalganglienneuronen sind für die Detektion schmerzhafter Reize verantwortlich. Dabei rufen thermische, chemische oder mechanische Reize Ionenströme über die Membran und dadurch Membranpotentialänderungen hervor. Diese noxisch induzierten Ströme sind in großem Ausmaß durch chemische Substanzen und andere Reize modulierbar. Der Ionenkanal TRPV1 ist für die Detektion zahlreicher chemischer Reize und zumindest eines Teils der noxischen Hitzereize verantwortlich. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden einige der Mechanismen geklärt, die zur schnellen Sensibilisierung hitzeevozierter Ionenströme führen. Hierfür wurden akut dissoziierte Spinalganglienneurone der Ratte als Modell ihrer peripheren Endigung verwendet und mittels Ganzzellableitung in der patch-clamp-Technik untersucht. Die Verwendung von Trypsin während der Präparation von Spinalganglienneuronen hat keinen funktionellen Einfluss auf hitze- oder capsaicininduzierte Ströme, verbessert aber die Untersuchungsbedingungen für das patch-clamp-Verfahren. Bei 144 akut dissoziierten Spinalganglienneuronen wurden die Stromantworten auf drei im Abstand von 40 s durch Überspülen mit 45,3 bis 46,3°C heißer Extrazellularlösung applizierte einsekündige Hitzereize gemessen. Dabei ließen sich repetitiv reproduzierbare hitzeinduzierte Einwärtsströme von etwa 160 pA erzielen; es konnte keine Tachyphylaxie und nahezu keine Inaktivierung beobachtet werden. Direkt vor dem zweiten Hitzereiz wurden die Neurone für zwei Sekunden mit Extrazellularlösung überspült, die Kontrolllösung, 0,5 μM Capsaicin, 10 μM Natriumnitroprussid oder 10 μM YC-1 enthielt. Es fand sich kein Hinweis, dass Stickstoffmonoxid oder die Guanylatzyklase einen signifikanten Beitrag zur Sensibilisierung von hitzeinduzierten Strömen in Spinalganglienneuronen leisten, wobei ein durch den Versuchsaufbau bedingtes Auswaschen zytosolischer Faktoren, die für den Signalweg notwendig sind, nicht ausgeschlossen werden kann. Bei einer Konzentration von 0,5 μM löst Capsaicin für zwei Sekunden einen sehr kleinen Einwärtsstrom von etwa 33 pA aus und führt innerhalb von zwei Sekunden zu einer schnell reversiblen Sensibilisierung von hitzeinduzierten Einwärtsströmen in Spinalganglienneuronen (p<0,01). Das Ausmaß der Sensibilisierung ist proportional zur Größe des capsaicininduzierten Stromes (r=−0,7, p<0,001). Konstant halten der intrazellulären Calciumkonzentration mittels des Calciumchelators BAPTA verhindert die capsaicininduzierte Sensibilisierung hitzeinduzierter Ströme an Spinalganglienneuronen. Demzufolge beruht die capsaicininduzierte Sensibilisierung trotz der schnellen Kinetik nicht auf einer synergistischen Wirkung der beiden Agonisten Capsaicin und Hitze auf ihren gemeinsamen Rezeptor; vielmehr ist sie von einer Erhöhung der intrazellulären freien Calciumkonzentration abhängig. Funktionelle Änderungen der zellulären Funktion werden häufig durch Proteinkinasen vermittelt. Die zur Gruppe der MAP-Kinasen gehörende ERK (extracellular signal related kinase) wird bei Membrandepolarisation und Calciumeinstrom in die Zelle durch MEK (MAPK/extracellular signal related kinase kinase) aktiviert. Blockade der MEK/ERK-Kaskade durch den spezifischen MEK-Hemmstoff U0126 führt ebenfalls zu einer Aufhebung der Sensibilisierung der Hitzeantworten durch Capsaicin. Applikation von Capsaicin führt innerhalb von zwei Sekunden zu einer schnell reversiblen Sensibilisierung hitzeevozierter Ionenströme an nozizeptiven Spinalganglienneuronen. Diese Sensibilisierung wird durch einen Calciumeinstrom in die Zelle und die dadurch eintretende Aktivierung von Proteinkinasen hervorgerufen. Die MEK/ERK-Kaskade ist ein sehr schnell (deutlich unter 2 s) aktivierbares intrazelluläres Signalsystem, welches bei der Regulation der Empfindlichkeit nozizeptiver Spinalganglienneurone eine entscheidende Rolle spielt; die schnelle Kinetik ist dabei nur durch eine membranständige oder zumindest membrannahe Lokalisation dieser Proteinkinasen erklärbar. Durch Applikation zehnsekündiger Hitzereize lässt sich ebenfalls eine Sensibilisierung hitzeevozierter Ionenströme auslösen, die ebenso ausgeprägt ist, wie die Sensibilisierung durch 0,5 μM Capsaicin (p<0,005). Durch das immer größere Verständnis der Funktionsweise des nozizeptiven Systems ergeben sich ständig neue Ansätze für die Entwicklung neuer Analgetika. So könnte durch Modulation spezifischer intrazellulärer Proteinkinasen der Phosphorylierungszustand und damit die Aktivierbarkeit von Ionenkanälen, die der Transduktion noxischer Reize dienen, positiv beeinflusst werden. Neuere, noch spezifischere Inhibitoren der MEK können der Forschung und später auch der Therapie neue Möglichkeiten eröffnen.

A novel map-matching procedure for low-sampling GPS data with applications to traffic flow analysis

An extensive sample (2%) of private vehicles in Italy are equipped with a GPS device that periodically measures their position and dynamical state for insurance purposes. Having access to this type of data allows to develop theoretical and practical applications of great interest: the real-time reconstruction of traffic state in a certain region, the development of accurate models of vehicle dynamics, the study of the cognitive dynamics of drivers. In order for these applications to be possible, we first need to develop the ability to reconstruct the paths taken by vehicles on the road network from the raw GPS data. In fact, these data are affected by positioning errors and they are often very distanced from each other (~2 Km). For these reasons, the task of path identification is not straightforward. This thesis describes the approach we followed to reliably identify vehicle paths from this kind of low-sampling data. The problem of matching data with roads is solved with a bayesian approach of maximum likelihood. While the identification of the path taken between two consecutive GPS measures is performed with a specifically developed optimal routing algorithm, based on A* algorithm. The procedure was applied on an off-line urban data sample and proved to be robust and accurate. Future developments will extend the procedure to real-time execution and nation-wide coverage.

Recupero della funzione renale in pazienti con acute kidney injury (AKI) sottoposti a terapia sostitutiva renale

L’insufficienza renale acuta(AKI) grave che richiede terapia sostitutiva, è una complicanza frequente nelle unità di terapia intensiva(UTI) e rappresenta un fattore di rischio indipendente di mortalità. Scopo dello studio é stato valutare prospetticamente, in pazienti “critici” sottoposti a terapie sostitutive renali continue(CRRT) per IRA post cardiochirurgia, la prevalenza ed il significato prognostico del recupero della funzione renale(RFR). Pazienti e Metodi:Pazienti(pz) con AKI dopo intervento di cardiochirurgia elettivo o in emergenza con disfunzione di due o più organi trattati con CRRT. Risultati:Dal 1996 al 2011, 266 pz (M 195,F 71, età 65.5±11.3aa) sono stati trattati con CRRT. Tipo di intervento: CABG(27.6%), dissecazione aortica(33%), sostituzione valvolare(21.1%), CABG+sostituzione valvolare(12.6%), altro(5.7%). Parametri all’inizio del trattamento: BUN 86.1±39.4, creatininemia(Cr) 3.96±1.86mg/dL, PAM 72.4±13.6mmHg, APACHE II score 30.7±6.1, SOFAscore 13.7±3. RIFLE: Risk (11%), Injury (31.4%), Failure (57.6%). AKI oligurica (72.2%), ventilazione meccanica (93.2%), inotropi (84.5%). La sopravvivenza a 30 gg ed alla dimissione è stata del 54.2% e del 37.1%. La sopravvivenza per stratificazione APACHE II: <24=85.1 e 66%, 25-29=63.5 e 48.1%, 30-34=51.8 e 31.8%, >34=31.6 e 17.7%. RFR ha consentito l’interruzione della CRRT nel 87.8% (86/98) dei survivors (Cr 1.4±0.6mg/dL) e nel 14.5% (24/166) dei nonsurvivors (Cr 2.2±0.9mg/dL) con un recupero totale del 41.4%. RFR è stato osservato nel 59.5% (44/74) dei pz non oligurici e nel 34.4% dei pz oligurici (66/192). La distribuzione dei pz sulla base dei tempi di RFR è stata:<8=38.2%, 8-14=20.9%, 15-21=11.8%, 22-28=10.9%, >28=18.2%. All’analisi multivariata, l’oliguria, l’età e il CV-SOFA a 7gg dall’inizio della CRRT si sono dimostrati fattori prognostici sfavorevoli su RFR(>21gg). RFR si associa ad una sopravvivenza elevata(78.2%). Conclusioni:RFR significativamente piu frequente nei pz non oligurici si associa ad una sopravvivenza alla dimissione piu elevata. La distribuzione dei pz in rapporto ad APACHE II e SOFAscore dimostra che la sopravvivenza e RFR sono strettamente legati alla gravità della patologia.

Bayesian space-time data fusion for real-time forecasting and map uncertainty

Environmental computer models are deterministic models devoted to predict several environmental phenomena such as air pollution or meteorological events. Numerical model output is given in terms of averages over grid cells, usually at high spatial and temporal resolution. However, these outputs are often biased with unknown calibration and not equipped with any information about the associated uncertainty. Conversely, data collected at monitoring stations is more accurate since they essentially provide the true levels. Due the leading role played by numerical models, it now important to compare model output with observations. Statistical methods developed to combine numerical model output and station data are usually referred to as data fusion. In this work, we first combine ozone monitoring data with ozone predictions from the Eta-CMAQ air quality model in order to forecast real-time current 8-hour average ozone level defined as the average of the previous four hours, current hour, and predictions for the next three hours. We propose a Bayesian downscaler model based on first differences with a flexible coefficient structure and an efficient computational strategy to fit model parameters. Model validation for the eastern United States shows consequential improvement of our fully inferential approach compared with the current real-time forecasting system. Furthermore, we consider the introduction of temperature data from a weather forecast model into the downscaler, showing improved real-time ozone predictions. Finally, we introduce a hierarchical model to obtain spatially varying uncertainty associated with numerical model output. We show how we can learn about such uncertainty through suitable stochastic data fusion modeling using some external validation data. We illustrate our Bayesian model by providing the uncertainty map associated with a temperature output over the northeastern United States.

Quality assessment of a landslide inventory map and its application to land‐use planning. A case study in the Northern Apennines (Emilia‐Romagna region, Italy)

Landslide hazard and risk are growing as a consequence of climate change and demographic pressure. Land‐use planning represents a powerful tool to manage this socio‐economic problem and build sustainable and landslide resilient communities. Landslide inventory maps are a cornerstone of land‐use planning and, consequently, their quality assessment represents a burning issue. This work aimed to define the quality parameters of a landslide inventory and assess its spatial and temporal accuracy with regard to its possible applications to land‐use planning. In this sense, I proceeded according to a two‐steps approach. An overall assessment of the accuracy of data geographic positioning was performed on four case study sites located in the Italian Northern Apennines. The quantification of the overall spatial and temporal accuracy, instead, focused on the Dorgola Valley (Province of Reggio Emilia). The assessment of spatial accuracy involved a comparison between remotely sensed and field survey data, as well as an innovative fuzzylike analysis of a multi‐temporal landslide inventory map. Conversely, long‐ and short‐term landslide temporal persistence was appraised over a period of 60 years with the aid of 18 remotely sensed image sets. These results were eventually compared with the current Territorial Plan for Provincial Coordination (PTCP) of the Province of Reggio Emilia. The outcome of this work suggested that geomorphologically detected and mapped landslides are a significant approximation of a more complex reality. In order to convey to the end‐users this intrinsic uncertainty, a new form of cartographic representation is needed. In this sense, a fuzzy raster landslide map may be an option. With regard to land‐use planning, landslide inventory maps, if appropriately updated, confirmed to be essential decision‐support tools. This research, however, proved that their spatial and temporal uncertainty discourages any direct use as zoning maps, especially when zoning itself is associated to statutory or advisory regulations.

A commutative higher cycle map into Deligne-Beilinson cohomology

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Konstruktion eines Homomorphismus von partiell definierten, graduiert-kommutativen Algebren, der nach Ubergang zu rationalen Kohomologiegruppen mit der Regulatorabbildung reg zwischen motivischer und Deligne-Beilinson Kohomologie übereinstimmt.rnZu Beginn der Arbeit werden verschiedene Komplexe beschrieben, mit denen sich die motivische und die Deligne-Beilinson Kohomologie berechnen lassen.rnIm ersten Kapitel wird der Komplex der höheren Chow Ketten und der Unterkomplex der "alternierenden" Ketten "in guter Lage" eingeführt, die beide die motivische Kohomologie berechnen (letzterer mit rationalen Koeffizienten).rnIn den folgenden beiden Kapiteln werden Komplexe C_D und P_D beschrieben, mit denen sich die (rationale) Deligne-Beilinson Kohomologie berechnen lässt. Diese sind aufgebaut aus sogenannten Strömen, die im zweiten Kapitel eingeführt werden. Verknüpft sind die beiden Komplexe durch eine Auswertungsabbildung ev, die für rationale Koeffizienten zu einem Quasi-Isomorphismus wird. Auf beiden Komplexen lassen sich (Schnitt-)Produkte definieren, von denen jedoch nur das Produkt auf P_D gleichzeitig assoziativ und graduiert-kommutativ ist.rnIm vierten Kapitel wird ganz allgemein für eine Familie von Komplexen, die einer Reihe an Anforderungen genügt, ein (partiell definierter) Homomorphismus (der Regulator) von dem Komplex der höheren Chow Ketten in eben diese Komplexe konstruiert. Die beiden oben genannten Komplexe erfüllen diese Anforderungen und liefern daher Regulatoren reg_C und reg_P

Mongodb tra i database non relazionali - focus su Map-Reduce e gestione della memoria

Panoramica delle caratteristiche dei database NoSQL, con dettaglio su MongoDB: filosofia di progettazione, modello dei dati, indicizzazione, algoritmo Map-Reduce e gestione della memoria.