Incorporação de mucuna-preta e de restos culturais de milho antes da cultura do feijão (Phaseolus vugaris L.) de inverno

The experiments were conducted during two years (1990/91 and 1992/93), to study the effects of the incorporation of bengal velvetbean and of residues on the development and yield of the winter bean crops. The trial was developed in experimental field at the Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, UNESP, located in Selvíria, MS, Brazil, in dark red latosol covered by savanna vegetation. It was concluded that: the incorporation of residues of corn or corn + bengal velvetbean or only bengal velvetbean had no effects on soil chemical characteristics, evaluated 80 days after the residues incorporation; in yield and bean crop development, no statistical differences were observed among treatments.

Avaliação da silagem de milho das variedades granífera e forrageira no desempenho de bovinos das raças nelore e cachim em regime de confinamento

The experiment was carried out to evaluate corn grain and corn forage varieties productivity and nutritive value for silage comparing to the performance of Nellore and Canchim cattle in a feedlot. A completely randomized design was used with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement based on two breeds (Nellore and Canchim) and two corn varieties (grain and forage). Harvest was made after 120 days sowing, when plants showed more than 2/3 of dry. leaves and grains were in dough stage. The silage was stored in a 400 tons. The experimental diet consisted of grain and forage corn silage, 7,2 liters of liquid yeast (1,5 kg of dry yeast/ head/day) and 1,1 kg of ground corn (1,0 kg of dry matter/head/day). The experiment duration was 110 days, with a 20 days adaptation period and 90 days for data collection. Animals were regularly weighted every 28 days. It was concluded that corn grain was more appropriate for silage than corn forage, and in the same stage it showed a higher dry matter content and a 41.3% higher grain yield, promoting higher weight gain and better feed/gain ratio in the feedlot beef cattle.

Sazonalidade, tarifa mais conveniente e fator de carga em indústria de processamento de cana

This paper represents the results of the work carried out in order to study the condition of seasonal consumer, the load factor and the more convenient tariff for a sugar mill located in the Vale do Paranapanema, SP, Brazil. Therefore, data of consume and registered demand were collected during the quadriennium 1990 to 1994. The studies showed that the factory did not maintain the condition of seasonal consumer of electric energy during the analysed period. Low values of the load factor observed in the period showed a non rational use of electric energy supplied by the concessionary. The results showed that only in one situation (load retired in top equal to 90%) the most convenient tariff is the horo-sazonal azul. In the other situations the most convenient tariff is the conventional one.

Rede neural não supervisionada baseada em transformada Karhunen-Loève para processamento, compressão e reconhecimento de imagens

The merit of the Karhunen-Loève transform is well known. Since its basis is the eigenvector set of the covariance matrix, a statistical, not functional, representation of the variance in pattern ensembles is generated. By using the Karhunen-Loève transform coefficients as a natural feature representation of a character image, the eigenvector set can be regarded as an feature extractor for a classifier.

Presença de microrganismos na silagem de grãos úmidos de milho ensilado com diferentes proporções de sabugo

This experiment was carried out in the Microbiology Laboratory of UNESP-Jaboticabal, to evaluate the different species of microorganisms in high-moisture corn grain silage. The treatments were five percentages of corn cob in the silage (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% DM) and four sampling periods after the opening of the silos (0, 2, 4 and 6 days), using a factorial arrangement in randomized block design with three replications. The growth of Lactobacillus was higher (P<0.01) in the silage prepared only with grains in relation to the other treatments. The presence of Clostridium differed (P<0.01) among the treatments, with values ranging from 1.30 and 3.32 log CFU/g of silage. It was concluded that the population of Lactobacillus was satisfactory to obtain a good fermentation of the silages, and the presence of corn cob facilitated the development of Clostridium and also of yeast and Enterobacteriaceae after the silos were opened.

Avaliação da silagem de grãos úmidos de milho

This work had the objective of evaluating the effects of different percentages of corn (Zea mays L.) cob on the quality of the silage of high-moisture corn grains. The following treatments were studied: percentages of corn cob in the silage (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%); period of sampling after opening the silos (zero, two, four and six days). The factorial arrangement 5 × 4 was studied according to a completely randomized block design with three replications. The variables studied were not affected by the sampling period. The buffering capacity and the pH were not affected by the cob, while the percent soluble carbohydrates and amoniacal nitrogen increasing until 1.2 and 1.89 unit percent, respectively. Increasing the amount of corn cobs reduced the contents of DM (from 63.9% to 58.6%), CP (from 10.0% to 7.3%), EE (from 4.87% to 3.92%) and the values of DMIVD (from 90.5% to 79.1%) in the silages and increasing the contents of acid detergente fiber (ADF) (from 3.3% to 12.9%) and neutral detergente fiber (NDF) (from 15.16% to 26.1%). The values of brute energy (BE) were not affected (P>0.01) by the cob corn in the silage.

Degradabilidade ruminal do amido de silagem de milho, farelo de soja e sorgo grão, em bovinos da raça Nelore

Four Bos indicus (Nellore) ruminally-fistulated animals, averaging 36 months of age and 520 kg, were used in a randomized block design to study the ruminal degradability of starch in corn silage, soybean meal, and sorghum grain. The experimental diets consisted of two levels of concentrate (18 and 39%) plus corn silage. The concentrate ingredients used were soybean meal, cottonseed meal, corn grain, and sorghum grain. The degradation rate of sorghum grain increased 40.2% in diet 2 . The potential degradability of starch (PDS) was similar in the two diets. There was no difference between the two diets in the effective degradability of starch (EDS) in corn silage. There was a significant increase of 26.5% in the EDS of starch in sorghum grain with the increase of level of concentrate in the diet, and considering the lag time in the calculation. The starch level estimated in this study was lower than the values cited in the literature, probably due to different laboratory methods for determining the starch content in feedstuffs. Previous studies suggested using a minimum of 6 incubation intervals between 2 and 24 hours.

Degradabilidade ruminal da matéria seca e da fração protéica da silagem de milho, do farelo de soja e do sorgo grão, em bovinos da raça nelore. Comparação com os dados obtidos pelo CNCPS

The nylon bag in situ degradation thecnique was employed to compare the data of the CNCPS to the ruminal degradability of the dry matter and crude protein in corn silage, soybean meal and sorghum grain, in four rumen fistulated Nellore steers, averaging 36 months of age and 520 kg of liveweight. A randomized complete block experimental design was used, where animals constituted the blocks. Two levels of concentrate, 18 and 39 %, were used in the diets. The forage used in the diets was corn silage and the concentrate ingredients were: soybean meal, cottonseed meal, corn grain and sorghum grain. There was a reduction in the potentially by degradable fraction (B) of the dry matter(DM) of the corn silage and sorghum grain with an increase in the concentrate level of the diet; however, the degradation rate(c) of the silage was similar for the two diets and the sorghum grain showed an increase of 28.4 %. The B fraction of the DM from the soybean meal was not affected by the diet, but its rate (c) was reduced by 18.1 %. The same effect was observed for the rate(c) of crude protein(CP) of the soybean meal, with a reduction of 38.1 %. The values for the effective degradability of the two fractions were not affected by the diet when the lag time was not considered. When lag time was considered, the degradability values of the studied feeds were superior in both fractions.

Degradabilidade ruminai da fibra em detergente neutro e do nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente neutro da silagem de milho e do farelo de soja, em bovinos da raça nelore

The nylon bag in situ degradation thecnique was employed to study the ruminai degradability of the neutral detergent fiber and neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen of the corn silage and soybean meal in four rumen fistulated Nellore steers, averaging 36 months of age and 520 kg of liveweight. A randomized completelcs block experimental design was used, where the animals constituted the blocks. It was used diets with two levels of concentrate: 20 and 40%.The forage used in the diets was corn silage, and the concentrate ingredients were: soybean meal, cottonseed meal, corn grain and sorghum grain. The NIDN degradation rate of the corn silage and the soybean meal showed a decrease of 32,1% and of 46,0 % as a function of the higher concentrate level of the diet, but the effective and potential degradability of this fraction were not affected. Concerning to the NDF, the soluble fraction, potentially degradable and undegrable , were not affected by the increase on the diet concentrate level, but for the corn silage, there were 21,8% of reduction on the effective degradability of NDF. The use of lag time promoted higher degradability values for the studied fraction. The obtained values for some evaluated parameters, different from that assumed by CNCPS, showed the necessity of more data about brazilian used feeds, for model adjustments.

Estádio de desenvolvimento do milho. 3. Avaliação de silagens por intermédio de parâmetros de fermentação ruminal

The objective of this experiment was to analyze the rumen fermentation of silages made from corn harvested at milk stage (MS), milk early dough stage (MEDS), medium dough stage (MDS) and semi-hard dough stage (SHDS). Rumen fluid was collected from sheep by esophageal tube at 0, 1, 3 and 6 hours after feeding. There were no differences among silages for ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and methylene blue reduction time (MBRT). Only the MS and SHDS silages differed in rumen pH (6.82 and 6.53, respectively). Differences in total rumen VFA and acetic acid concentrations (mmoles/L) were observed among stages, but not between MS (36.40 and 22.13) and MEDS (42.49 and 25.73), nor between MDS (64.52 and 40.34 respectively) and SHDS (64.09 and 43.61, respectively). The periods of 1 and 3 hours after feeding showed the smallest pH values (6.47 and 6.63), the highest NH3-N concentrations (9.75 and 10.56 mg/dL) and the highest concentrations of total VFA, and acetic and propionic acids (60.33, 37.05 and 16.73; 59.40, 35.28 and 16.84 mmoles/L, respectively). On the whole, the MDS and SHDS silages showed the best rumen fermentation patterns based on pH and total and individual VFA values.

Amostragem seqüential (presença-ausência) para Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) na cultura do milho

The sequential sampling of insect pests (presence-absence) has become important in the last years, specially when the insects are difficult to be quantified. To solve this problem in relation to Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), a sequential sampling plan was developed. The sample unit was evaluated considering the presence or absence of the insect, independently of its total number. The experiment was conducted in Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil, in three fields of 0.5 ha divided in 100 plots of 50 m2 (5 × 10 m). Each plot was identified with a number from 1 to 100. A threshold level of 20% was assumed to set the sampling plan. The analyzed data allowed two lines to be generated: the superior one, representing the condition in chemical control is recommended (S1=1.7095+0.1452N); and the inferior one, when chemical control is not recommended (S0=-1.7095+0.1452N). The sequential sampling was efficient to indicate if control of S. frugiperda on corn crop was necessary or not.

Atributos químicos do solo e produtividade do milho afetados por corretivos e manejo do solo

A field experiment was carried out in the Lageado Experimental Farm belonging to the São Paulo State University - UNESP, Campus of Botucatu, SP, in a distrophic Nitosoil in 1997/98. The objective was to compare the effects of magnesium termophosphate; termophosphate + lime; termophosphate + phosphogypsum + sugarcane vinnace application on the chemical characteristics of the soil and on the corn (Zea mays L.) yield cultivated in no-tillage and conventional tillage systems. The Crotalaria juncea was cultivated as mulch-producing to make possible the establishment of the tillage systems. The mean modifications in the soil fertility were due to aplication of the magnesium termophosphate. The differences between the two tillage systems, related to crop productivity, were associated to the smaller N content in the corn leaf in the no-tillage system.

Levedura íntegra e derivados do seu processamento em rações para tilápia do Nilo: Aspectos hematológicos e histológicos

The effects of inclusion of whole yeast, autolyzed yeast and yeast cell wall on hematological parameters and gut villus perimeter were evaluated in juvenile Nile tilapia, after 80 experimental days. Isoproteic (32.0% DP) and isoenergetic (3200 kcal DE kg -1) practical diets were supplemented with three levels of whole yeast or autolyzed yeast (1.0, 2.0 and 3.0%) and three levels of yeast cell wall (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%), plus a control diet (with no test microingredients). Red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, total plasmatic protein, hematocrit percentage, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and gut villus perimeter were evaluated. Variations on hematological parameters in animals fed diets with whole yeast; autolyzed yeast and yeast cell wall were observed to be within normal ranges for this species. There was significant influence (p<0.05) of different levels of yeast and derivatives on intestinal villus perimeter. Results showed that experimental period and proposed levels of whole yeast, autolyzed yeast and yeast cell wall do not provide undesirable alterations on standard hematological parameters to Nile tilapia and can be safely used to compound diets for this species. Results also showed that supplement of yeast cell wall provide higher intestinal villus perimeter.

Processamento de nanomateriais em hidrotermal convencional e hidrotermal de microondas

Copper, zinc and nickel oxides present different properties in nanostructured form. These nanomaterials present very interesting morphologies such as urchin and flowers. This differents arquitechures can be employed in near future in several areas of applications as: nanocatalysis, nanooptoeletronic and nanomedicine.

Arranjo espacial de plantas de milho em sistema plantio direto

The interaction of management practices that increases plant density and reduces row spacing by spatial arrangement, if well planned, can be an excellent opportunity for the producers to increase their profitability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the variation effects of plant spatial distribution in two maize hybrids cultivated in a no-tillage system on the production components. The study was conducted in the CECA/UFAL. The treatments consisted of the cultivation of two hybrids of maize, FORT and AGN 30A00, in row spacings of 0.80 and 0.40 m and with plant densities of 60,000 and 70,000 plants ha -1. The statistical design was randomized blocks in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial scheme, with three replications. From the results obtained, it may be concluded that neither the row spacing reduction nor plant density increase, as isolated practices, do not increase grain yield in the tested cultivars. The association of the reduction in row spacing and increase in plant population resulted in significant gain in grain productivity for the hybrid FORT.