989 resultados para Mecânica da fratura


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As construções em alvenaria em Portugal ainda hoje representam um marco importante na construção portuguesa, sobretudo pela importância histórica associada às edificações. Grande parte das principais baixas das cidades portuguesas são brindadas com grandes e imponentes edifícios em alvenaria, fazendo parte integrante de uma herança deixada de uma tecnologia construtiva que não tem merecido a devida atenção pelas várias entidades responsáveis pela construção em Portugal. É então premente uma mudança profunda na construção em Portugal, fomentando a adoção de métodos construtivos mais ecológicos. É esta premissa que motiva este trabalho. Neste trabalho estudam-se algumas metodologias modernas de cálculo, nomeadamente os procedimentos de cálculo para obtenção das forças horizontais a aplicar a cada parede vertical resistente, tendo por base os recentes regulamentos europeus. Este trabalho pretende também entender melhor o comportamento de vigas de alvenaria sujeitas a ações verticais no seu plano. Para a execução de vigas-lintel é normalmente usada armadura ordinária, pelo que é apresentado e proposto um novo método construtivo usando armadura prefabricada de junta como principal armação das vigas-lintel. Finalmente, é apresentada e descrita a solução preconizada para as vigas-lintel sobre as aberturas e vigas-cintas numa moradia executada ao abrigo de um projeto de investigação. Durante a fase experimental deste estudo, foram executadas vigas de alvenaria com dois sistemas de armadura, o proposto e o normalmente usado, com o objetivo de comparar os resultados e os modos de rotura, a fim de avaliar e validar o método proposto. As vantagens mais evidentes deste método são: rapidez de execução, redução dos materiais usados e menor necessidade de mão de obra qualificada no corte, dobragem e montagem das armaduras. Palavras-Chave: , , , , , ,

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Mode of access: Internet.

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Ilustraciones de aplicaciones de fuerza mecánica a las máquinas.

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Mode of access: Internet.

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The Cu-Al2O3 composite ceramic combines the phase of alumina, which is extremely hard and durable, yet very brittle, to metallic copper phase high ductility and high fracture toughness. These characteristics make this material a strong candidate for use as a cutting tool. Al2O3-Cu composite powders nanocrystalline and high homogeneity can be produced by high energy milling, as well as dense and better mechanical structures can be obtained by liquid phase sintering. This work investigates the effect of high-energy milling the dispersion phase Al2O3, Cu, and the influence of the content of Cu in the formation of Cu-Al2O3 composite particles. A planetary mill Pulverisatte 7 high energy was used to perform the experiments grinding. Al2O3 powder and Cu in the proportion of 5, 10 and 15% by weight of Cu were placed in a container for grinding with balls of hard metal and ethyl alcohol. A mass ratio of balls to powder of 1:5 was used. All powders were milled to 100 hours, and powder samples were collected after 2, 10, 20, 50 and 70 hours of grinding. Composite powders with compact cylindrical shape of 8 mm diameter were pressed and sintered in uniaxial matrix resistive furnace to 1200, 1300 to 1350 °C for 60 minutes under an atmosphere of argon and hydrogen. The heating rate used was 10°C/min. The powders and structures of the sintered bodies were characterized by XRD, SEM and EDS. Analysis TG, DSC and particle size were also used to characterize the milled powders, as well as dilatometry was used to observe the contraction of the sintered bodies. The density of the green and sintered bodies was measured using the geometric method (mass / volume). Vickers microhardness with a load of 500 g for 10 s were performed on sintered structures. The Cu-Al2O3 composite with 5% copper density reached 61% of theoretical density and a hardness of 129 HV when sintered at 1300 ° C for 1h. In contrast, lower densities (59 and 51% of the theoretical density) and hardness (110 HV and 105) were achieved when the copper content increases to 10 and 15%.

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The use of composite materials for the construction industry has been the subject of numerous scientific papers in Brazil and in the world. One of the factors that motivate this quest is the housing deficit that countries especially the third world face. In Brazil this deficit reaches more than 6.5 million homes, around 12% of all US households . This paper presents a composite that was obtained from waste generated in processes for the production of granite and marble slabs, cement, gypsum, sand, crushed EPS and water. These wastes cause great damage to the environment and are thrown into landfi lls in bulk. The novelty of the work is in the combined study thermal, mechanical and acoustic composite obtained in real situation of rooms that are part of an experimental housing. Many blocks were made from cement compositions, plaster, foam, sand, marb le and / or granite, preliminary tests of mechanical and thermal resistance were made by choosing the most appropriate proportion. Will be given the manufacturing processes and assembly units 500 units 10 x 80 x 28 cm produced for the construction of an ex perimental home. We studied what kind of block and residue, marble or granite, made it more feasible for the intended purpose. The mechanical strength of the produced blocks were above 3.0 MPa. The thermal resistance of the blocks was confirmed by the maxi mum temperature difference between the inner and outer walls of rooms built around 8.0 ° C. The sound absorption for optimal room was around 31%. Demonstrated the feasibility of using the blocks manufactured with composite material proposed for construction.