Solvent-induced novel morphologies in diblock copolymer blend thin films

We report the morphology and phase behaviors of blend thin films containing two poly styrene-b-poly (methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) diblock copolymers with different blending compositions induced by a selective solvent for the PMMA block, which were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The neat asymmetric PS-b-PMMA diblock copolymers employed in this study, respectively coded as a(1) and a(2), have similar molecular weights but different volume fractions of PS block (f(PS) = 0.273 and 0.722). Another symmetric PS-b-PMMA diblock copolymer, coded as s, which has a PS block length similar to that of a(1), was also used. For the asymmetric a(1)/a(2) blend thin films, circular multilayered structures were formed. For the asymmetric a(1)/symmetric s blend thin films, inverted phases with PMMA as the dispersed domains were observed, when the weight fraction of s was less than 50%. The origins of the morphology formation in the blend thin films via solvent treatment are discussed. Combined with the theoretical prediction by Birshtein et al. (Polymer 1992, 33, 2750), we interpret the formation of these special microstructures as due to the packing frustration induced by the difference in block lengths and the preferential interactions between the solvent and PMMA block.

Effect of crystallization on the lamellar orientation in thin films of symmetric poly(styrene)-b-poly(L-lactide) diblock copolymer

The effect of crystallization on the lamellar orientation of poly( styrene)-b-poly(L-lactide) (PS-PLLA) semicrystalline diblock copolymer in thin films has been investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In the melt state, microphase separation leads to a symmetric wetting structure with PLLA blocks located at both polymer/substrate and polymer/air interfaces. The lamellar period is equal to the long period L in bulk determined by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Symmetric wetting structure formed in the melt state provides a model structure to study the crystallization of PLLA monolayer tethered on glassy (T-c < T-g,T-PS) or rubber (T-c > T-g,T-PS) PS substrate. In both cases, it is found that the crystallization of PLLA results in a "sandwich" structure with amorphous PS layer located at both folding surfaces. For T-c <= T-g,T- PS, the crystallization induces a transition of the lamellar orientation from parallel to perpendicular to substrate in between and front of the crystals. In addition, the depletion of materials around the crystals leads to the formation of holes of 1/2 L, leaving the adsorbed monolayer exposure at the bottom of the holes.

Inverted to normal phase transition in solution-cast polystyrene-poly(methyl methacrylate) block copolymer thin films

We have investigated the inverted phase formation and the transition from inverted to normal phase for a cylinder-forming polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) diblock copolymer in solution-cast films with thickness about 300 nm during the process of the solution concentrating by slow solvent evaporation. The cast solvent is 1, 1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (Tetra-CE), a good solvent for both blocks but having preferential affinity for the minority PMMA block. During such solution concentrating process, the phase behavior was examined by freeze-drying the samples at different evaporation time, corresponding to at different block copolymer concentrations, phi. As phi increases from similar to 0.1 % (nu/nu), the phase structure evolved from the disordered sphere phase (DS), consisting of random arranged spheres with the majority PS block as I core and the minority PMMA block as a corona, to ordered inverted phases including inverted spheres (IS), inverted cylinders (IC), and inverted hexagonally perforated lamellae (IHPL) with the minority PMMA block comprising the continuum phase, and then to the lamellar (LAM) phase with alternate layers of the two blocks, and finally to the normal cylinder (NC) phase with the majority PS block comprising the continuum phase. The solvent nature and the copolymer solution concentration are shown to be mainly responsible for the inverted phase formation and the phase transition process.

Crystallization and phase behavior of crystalline syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene/isotactic polypropylene blends in solution-cast thin films

Crystallization and phase behavior in solution-cast thin films of crystalline syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene (s-1,2-PB) and isotactic polypropylene (i-PP) blends have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) techniques. Thin films of pure s-1,2-PB consist of parallel lamellae with the c-axis perpendicular to the film plane and the lateral scale in micrometer size, while those of i-PP are composed of cross-hatched and single-crystal-like lamellae. For the blends, TEM and AFM observations show that with addition of i-PP, the s-1,2-PB long lamellae become bended and i-PP itself tends to form dispersed convex regions oil a continuous s-1,2-PB phase even when i-PP is the predominant component, which indicates a strong phase separation between the two polymers during film formation. FESEM micrographs of both lower and upper surfaces of the films reveal that the s-1,2-PB lamellae pass through i-PPconvex regions from the bottom, i.e. the dispersed i-PP regions lie on the continuous s-1,2-PB phase. The structural development is attributed to an interplay of crystallization and phase separation of the blends in the film forming process.

Buildup of gold nanoparticle multilayer thin films based on the covalent-bonding interaction between boronic acids and polyols

A novel method for the fabrication of gold nanoparticle multilayer films based on the covalent-bonding interaction between boronic acid and polyols, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), was developed. The multilayer buildup was monitored by UV-vis absorbance, spectroscopy, which showed a linear increase of the film absorbance with the number of adsorbed Au layers and indicated the stepwise and uniform assembling process. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) image showed that a compact gold multilayer thin film was successfully assembled. The residual boronic acid group on the surface of thin film Could incorporate glycosylated-protein horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and good catalytic activity for H2O2 could be observed.

Photoluminescent properties of sol-gel derived (La, Gd)MgB5O10 : Ce3+/Tb3+ nanocrystalline thin films

Ce3+ and/or Tb3+-doped (La,Gd)MgB5O10 nanocrystalline thin films were deposited on silica glass substrates by a sol-gel dip-coating process using triethyl borate B(OC2H5)(3) as the boron source. The results of XRD indicated that the films have fully crystallized after annealing at 800 degrees C. The films are transparent, uniform and crack free with a thickness of about 300 nm, consisting of particles with an average grain size of 50 nm. The luminescence and energy transfer properties of Ce3+ and Tb3+ have been studied in the films. It is confirmed that the excitation energy of Ce3+ transfers to the Gd3+, migrates over the Gd3+ sublattices, trapped by the Tb3+ and resulted in its characteristic green emission (D-5(4)-F-7(5) at 543 nm) in GdMgB5O10 nanocrystalline films as in the powder phosphors.

Boundary effect of relief structure on crystallization of diblock copolymer in thin films

In this Letter, crystal growth of a symmetric crystalline-amorphous diblock copolymer, poly(styrene-b-epsilon-caprolactone) (PS-b-PCL), in thin films was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), Relief structures of holes and islands were formed during annealing the film at the molten state, and the in situ observation of subsequent crystal growth at room temperature indicated that the crystals were preferred to occur at the edge of holes or islands and grew into the interior area. It was concluded that the stretched PCL blocks at the edge of relief structures, caused by material transportation or deformation of the interface, could act as nucleation agents during polymer crystallization. The crystal growth rate of individual lamellae varied both from lamellae to lamellae and in time, but the area occupied by crystals increased constantly with time. At 22 degreesC, the growth rate was 1.2 x 10(-2) mum(2)/min with the scan size 2 x 2 mum(2).

Crystallization of weakly segregated poly(styrene-b-epsilon-caprolactone) diblock copolymer in thin films

The surface morphology and crystallization behavior of a weakly segregated symmetric diblock copolymer, poly(styrene-b-6-caprolactone) (PS-b-PCL), in thin films were investigated by optical microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). When the samples were annealed in the molten state, surface-induced ordering, that is, relief structures with uniform thickness or droplets in the adsorbed monolayer, were observed depending on the annealing temperature. The polar PCL block preferred to wet the surface of a silicon wafer, while the PS block wet the air interface. This asymmetric wetting behavior led to the adsorbed monolayer with a PCL block layer having a thickness of around 4.0 nm. The crystallization of PCL blocks could overwhelm the microphase-separated structure because of the weak segregation. In situ observation of crystal growth indicated that the nucleation process preferred to occur at the edge of the thick parts of the film, that is, the relief structures or droplets. The crystal growth rate was presented by the time dependence of the distance between the tip of crystal clusters and the edge. At 22 and 17 degreesC, the average crystal growth rates were 55 +/- 10 and 18 +/- 4 nm/min, respectively.

Sol-gel synthesis and photoluminescent properties of LaPO4 : A (A = Eu3+, Ce3+, Tb3+) nanocrystalline thin films

Rare-earth ion (Eu3+, Tb3+, Ce3+)- doped LaPO4 nanocrystalline thin films and their patterning were fabricated by a Pechini sol-gel process combined with soft lithography on silicon and silica glass substrates. X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microcopy (SEM), optical microscopy, absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra as well as lifetimes were used to characterize the resulting films. The results of XRD indicate that the films begin to crystallize at 700 degreesC and the crystallinity increases with increasing annealing temperature. The morphology of the thin film depends on the annealing temperature and the number of coating layers. The 1000 degreesC annealed single layer film is transparent to the naked eye, uniform and crack-free with a thickness of about 200 nm and an average grain size of 100 nm. Patterned thin films with different strip widths ( 5 - 50 mm) were obtained by micromolding in capillaries ( soft lithography). The doped rare earth ions show their characteristic emission in the nanocrystalline LaPO4 films, i.e., Eu3+ D-5(0)-F-7(J) (J = 1, 2, 3, 4), Tb3+ D-5(3,4) - F-7(J) ( J = 6, 5, 4, 3, 2) and Ce3+ 5d-4f transition emissions, respectively. Both the lifetimes and the PL intensities of Eu3+ and Tb3+ increase with increasing annealing temperature, and the optimum concentrations for them were determined to be 5 mol% and 16 mol% of La3+ in LaPO4 thin films, respectively. An energy transfer phenomenon from Ce3+ to Tb3+ has been observed in LaPO4 nanocrystalline thin films, and the energy transfer efficiency depends on the doping concentration of Tb3+ if the concentration of Ce3+ is fixed.

Sol-gel fabrication, patterning and photoluminescent properties of LaPO4 : Ce3+, Tb3+ nanocrystalline thin films

Ce3+ and/or Tb3+-doped LaPO4 nanocrystalline thin films and their patterning were fabricated by a sol-gel process combined with soft lithography on silicon and quartz glass substrates. The results of XRD indicated that the films began to crystallize at 700 degreesC. The 1000 degreesC annealed single layer films are transparent by eyes, uniform and crack-free with a thickness of about 200 nm and an average grain size of 100 nm. Patterned thin film with different band widths (5-50 mum) were obtained by micro-molding in capillaries technique. The luminescence and energy transfer properties of Ce3+ and Tb3+ were studied in LaPO4 films.

Luminescence properties of RP1-xVxO4: A (R=Y, Gd, La; A=Sm3+Er3+ x=0, 0.5, 1) thin films prepared by pechini sol-gel process

Thin film phosphors with compositions of RP1-xVxO4: A (R = Y, Gd, La; A = Sm3+, Et3+; x = 0, 0.5, 1) have been prepared by a Pechini sol-gel process. X-Ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy (AFM), photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra were utilized to characterize the thin film phosphors. The results of XRD showed that a solid solution formed in YVxP1-xO4: A film series from x = 0 to x = 1 with zircon structure, which also held for GdVO4: A film. However, LaVO4: A film crystallized with a different structure, monazite. AFM study revealed that the phosphor films consisted of homogeneous particles ranging from 90 to 400 nm depending on the compositions. Upon short ultraviolet excitation, the films exhibit the characteristic Sm(3+ 4)G(5/2)-H-6(J) (J=5/2, 7/2, 9/2) emission in the red region and Er3+ H-2(11/2), S-4(3/2)-I-4(15/2) emission in the green region, respectively With the increase of x values in YVxP1-xO4: SM3+ (Er3+) films, the emission intensity Of SM3+ (Er3+) increases due to the increase of energy transfer probability from VO43- to Sm3+ (Er3+). Due to the structural effects, the Sm3+ (Er3+) shows similar spectral properties in YVO4 and GdVO4 films, which are much different from those in LaVO4 film.

Direct electrochemistry and surface plasmon resonance characterization of alternate layer-by-layer self-assembled DNA-myoglobin thin films on chemically modified gold surfaces

Alternate layer-by-layer (L-by-L) polyion adsorption onto gold electrodes coated with chemisorbed cysteamine gave stable, electroactive multilayer films containing calf thymus double stranded DNA (CT ds-DNA) and myoglobin (Mb). Direct, quasi-reversible electron exchange between gold electrodes and proteins involved the Mb heme Fe2+/Fe3+ redox couple. The formation of L-by-L (DNA/Mb), films was characterized by both in situ surface plasmon resonance (SPR) monitoring and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The effective thickness of DNA and Mb monolayers in the (DNA/Mb)l bilayer were 1.0 +/- 0.1 and 2.5 +/- 0.1 mn, corresponding to the surface coverage of similar to65% and similar to89% of its full packed monolayer, respectively. A linear increase of film thickness with increasing number of layers was confirmed by SPR characterizations. At pH 5.5, the electroactive Mb in films are those closest to the electrode surface; additional protein layers did not communicate with the electrode. CV studies showed that electrical communication might occur through hopping conduction via the electrode/base pair/Mb channel, thanks to the DNA-Mb interaction. After the uptake of Zn2+, a special electrochemical behavior, where MbFe(2+) acts as a DNA-binding reduction catalyst in the Zn2+-DNA/Mb assembly, takes place.

Electrochemiluminescence sensor using tris(2,2 '-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) immobilized in Eastman-AQ55D-silica composite thin-films

An electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor with good long-term stability and fast response time has been developed. The sensor was based on the immobilization of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)) into the Eastman-AQ55D-silica composite thin films on a glassy carbon electrode. The ECL and electrochemistry of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) immobilized in the composite thin films have been investigated, and the modified electrode was used for the ECL detection of oxalate, tripropylamine (TPA) and chlorpromazine (CPZ) in a flow injection analysis system and showed high sensitivity. Because of the strong electrostatic interaction and low hydrophobicity of Eastman-AQ55D, the sensor showed no loss of response over 2 months of dry storage. In use, the electrode showed only a 5% decrease in response over 100 potential cycles. The detection limit was 1 mumol l(-1) for oxalate and 0.1 mumol l(-1) for both TPA and CPZ (S/N = 3), respectively. The linear range extended from 50 mumol l(-1) to 5 mmol l(-1) for oxalate, from 20 mumol l(-1) to 1 mmol l(-1) for TPA, and from 1 mumol l(-1) to 200 mumol l(-1) for CPZ.

Luminescent self-assembled thin films based on rare earth-heteropolytungstate

earth (Eu3+, Dy3+)-heteropolytungstate thin films were fabricated by self-assembly method successfully. The thin films give off strong fluorescence, which can be observed by eyes upon UV irradiation. The characteristic emission behaviors of the rare earth ions in self-assembled thin film were investigated compared with those of the corresponding solids. It is noticed that the intensity ratio between D-5(0) --> F-7(2) and D-5(0) --> F-7(1) of Eu3+ and the intensity ratio between F-4(9/2) --> H-6(13/2) and F-4(9/2) --> H-6(15/2) of Dy3+ in the self-assembled films are different from those of the corresponding solids. Furthermore, the self-assembled films present shorter fluorescence lifetimes than the corresponding solids. The reasons for these results have been discussed.

Electrochemiluminescence of tris(2,2 '-bipyridyl)ruthenium (II) ion-exchanged in polyelectrolyte-silica composite thin-films

The organic-inorganic hybrid, PSS-silica composite material was developed for the immobilization of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)) on glassy carbon electrode via ion-exchange (PSS stands for poly(sodium 4-styrene-sulfonate)). The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) and electrochemistry of Ru(bpy)(3)(2-) immobilized in the composite thin films have been investigated with tripropylamine (TPA) as the coreactant. The immobilized Ru(bpy)(3)(2-) underwent a surface process. The modified electrode was used for the ECL detection of TPA and showed high sensitivity. Detection limit was 0,1 mumol L-1 for TPA (S/N = 3) with a linear range from 0.5 mumol L-1 to 5 mmol L-1 (R = 0.998), Moreover, the resulting modified electrode was stable over six months and the good stability may be due to the strong interaction between Ru(bpy)(3)(2-) and the high ion-exchange able PSS-silica composite films on GCE. Compared with other materials. the PSS-silica composite films containing incorporated Ru(bpy)(3)(2-) showed improved sensitivity and long-term stability, Thus, such composite thin film can be a promising material for the construction of ECL sensor.