De la crónica medieval a la crónica de Indias : algunas reflexiones sobre la escritura de la historia en los umbrales de la Modernidad

En las últimas dos décadas ha ido ganando importancia la consideración del género cronístico en el marco de los estudios literarios y culturales, tanto del ámbito hispanomedieval como del americano colonial. De este modo, mientras se realizaban aportes a una "historia de la historiografía", el objetivo primordial fue alcanzar una mejor comprensión de la manera en que se elaboró el relato cronístico durante el período bajomedieval y renacentista, haciendo hincapié en el análisis de los procedimientos narrativos y de las estrategias de organización textual de la crónica. Al mismo tiempo, las concepciones actualmente dominantes de la historiografía indiana enfatizan su singularidad, así como la radical novedad del objeto histórico americano y la conexión de la perspectiva cronística con el imaginario cultural moderno. Frente a ese panorama, este trabajo se propone revisar esos supuestos, mediante el estudio de las formas concretas de continuidad, desvío, reformulación y ruptura de las tradiciones discursivas medievales en las crónicas de Indias. Para ello se trabajará con pasajes de las crónicas de Bernal Díaz del Castillo y Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo. Importará, finalmente, aludir al impacto del pasaje de la cultura manuscrita a la cultura impresa en las primeras décadas de emergencia de la historiografía indiana.

Cuestiones teóricas en la historia medieval española

Fil: Astarita, Carlos Alberto Tomás. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

El discurso auxiliar al servicio del texto en el libro de caballerías medieval Historia de Enrique fi de Oliva

El poema épico del siglo XII Doon de la Roche ha tenido poca fortuna en las letras españolas. Sin embargo, su huella más notable es, sin duda, Historia de Enrique, fi de Oliva, evocación de esa epopeya a través de refundiciones y prosificaciones que hoy en día siguen siendo analizadas. Historia de Enrique fi de Oliva es un libro de caballerías castellano del siglo XIV de gran difusión en su época, que nos ha llegado por medio de nueve testimonios impresos entre 1498 y 1580. El objetivo de este trabajo será proponer una lectura de las portadas de dichos ejemplares, testimonios del derrotero de la industria editorial, del diálogo que sostiene la literatura española con la antigüedad clásica, y de la recepción del libro en diferentes contextos histórico culturales.

Pollen records from Elbe-Weser Dreieck

A long-running interdisciplinary research project on the development of landscape, prehistoric habitation and the history of vegetation within a "siedlungskammer" (limited habitation areal from neolithic to modern times has been carried out in the NW German lowlands, The siedlungskammer Flögeln is situated between the rivers Weser and EIbe and comprises about 23.5 km^2. It is an isolated pleistocene area surrounded by bogs, the soils consisting mainly of poor sands. In this siedlungskammer large-seale archaeological excavations and mappings have been performed, parallel to pedological, historical and above all pollen analytical investigations. The aim of the project is to record the individual phases in time, to delimit the respective settlement areas and to reconstruct the conditions of life and economy for each time period. A dense network of 10 pollen diagrams has been constructed. Several of them derive from the marginal area and from the centre of the large raised bog north of the siedlungskammer. These diagrams reflect the history of vegetation and habitation of a large region; due to the large pollen source area the habitation phases in the diagrams are poorly defined. Even in the utmost marginal diagram of this woodless bog, a great village with adjoining fields, situated only 100 m away from it, is registered with only low values of anthropogenic indicators. In contrast to this, the numerous pollen diagrams from kettle-hole bogs inside the siedlungskammer yield an exact picture of the habitation of the siedlungskammer and their individual parts. Early traces of habitation can be identified in the pollen diagram soon after the elm decline (around 5190 BP). Some time later in the middle neolithic period there follows a marked habitation phase, which starts between 4500 and 4400 BP and reflects the immigration of the trichterbecher culture. It corresponds to the landnam phase of Iversen in Denmark and begins with a sharp decline of the pollen curves of lime and oak, followed by the increase of anthropogenic indicators pointing to arable and pastural farming. High values of wild grasses and Calluna witness extensive forest grazing. This middle to late neolithic habitation is also registered archaeologically by settlements and numerous graves. After low human activity during Bronze Age and Older Iron Age times the archaeological and pollen analytical records of Roman and Migration periods is again very strong. This is followed by a gap in habitation during the 6th and 7th centuries and afterwards in the western part of the siedlungskammer from about 700 AD until the 14th century by the activity of the medieval village of Dalem, that was also excavated and whose fields were recorded by phosphate mapping to a size of 117 hectares. This medieval settlement phase is marked by much cereal cultivation (mainly rye). The dense network of pollen diagrams offers an opportunity to register the dispersion of the anthropogenic indicators from the areas of settlement to different distances and thus to obtain quantitative clues for the assessment of these anthropogenic indicators in pollen diagrams. In fig. 4 the reflection of the neolithic culture in the kettle-hole bogs and the large raised bog is shown in 3 phases: a) pre landnam, b) TRB-landnam, c) post landnam. Among arboreal pollen the reaction of Quercus is sharp close to the settlement but is not found at more distant profiles, whilst in contrast to this Tilia shows a significant decline even far away from the settlements. The record of most anthropogenic indicators outside the habitation area is very low, in particular cereal pollen is poorly dispersed; much more certain as an indicator for habitation (also for arable farming!) is Plantago lanceolata. A strong increase of wild grasses (partly Calluna aswell) some distance from the habitation areas indicates far reaching forest grazing. Fig. 5 illustrates the reflection of the anthropogenie indicators from the medieval village Dalem. In this instance the field area could be mapped exactly using phosphate investigations, and it has been possible to indicate the precise distances of the profile sites from the medieval fields. Here also, there is a clear correlation between decreasing anthropogenic indicators and increasing distance. In a kettle-hole bog (FLH) a distance of 3000 m away this marked settlement phase is not registered. The contrast between the pollen diagrams SWK and FLH (fig. 2 + 3, enclosure), illustrates the strong differences between diagrams from kettlehole bogs close to and distant from the settlements, for the neolithic as well as for the medieval period. On the basis of the examples presented here, implications concerning the interpretation of pollen diagrams with respect to habitation phases are discussed.

Pollen profile from sediment core Höllerer See

(expanded by Eberhard Grüger, Göttingen) The site "Höllerer See" is a lake in the northern foreland of the Alps, about 30 km north of the city of Salzburg/Austria, situated in the south-western part of Oberösterreich/Austria. A 2 m long piston core from this locality, consisting entirely of calcareous gyttja, was studied by pollen analysis. The three lowermost samples (1.98, 1.95 and 1.92 m) were deposited during the Preboreal when Pinus and Betula were still the dominating forest trees. High pollen values of thermophilous woody species (mainly Corylus and Quercus, but also Ulmus, Tilia, Fraxinus) prove the Boreal age of the next younger sample (1.91 m). The following two pollen spectra attest that Alnus (1.89 m) and - later (1.88 m) - Fagus had become important members of the local (Alnus) and the regional (Fagus) vegetation. From this level up to the top of the profile these two tree taxa contribute - together with Betula - always 50 to 80 % to the arboreal pollen sum. The upper 1.89 m of sediment of the Höllerer See core evidently date from the Subboreal and the Subatlantic. As Preboreal sediment was stated at the base of the profile it must be concluded that most of the Boreal and the Atlantic is - for whatever reason - not represented by sediment in this core. As no radiocarbon dates are available age estimates of the distinguished pollen zones can be achieved only by correlating major changes of the former vegetation with historical events which probably influenced the then contemporary vegetation. The pollen grains of the Triticum and Hordeum type found in samples of zone 2.1 might indicate the growing of cereals in the region during the Late Bronze Age. The first pollen grains of Secale date from the boundary Hallstatt/Latène Age (zone 2.2). The cereal curves become continuous in Bavarian times (Bajuwarenzeit, Middle Ages, zone 3.3). The Plantago laceolata curve, continuous since 1.7 m depth (zone 2.1), points to animal breeding since the Early Subatlantic (Hallstattzeit). This curve reaches its absolute maximum in Roman time (zone 3.1). Roman time forest clearance caused a drastic decrease of tree pollen curves (start of zone 3.1). Values of anthropogenic indicators as high as in zone 3.1 are found again - after a distinct decrease in zone 3.2 - not till the Bavarians settled in the region (6th century). Maximal Fagus values and the simultaneous total lack of anthropogenic indicators mark the Migration Period (zone 3.2). The Younger Subatlantic (zone 4) is characterized by a decrease of deciduous forests due to medieval forest clearance. At the same time the conifers Pinus and Picea gained in importance. The lake was probably used for retting hemp in Medieval times. The distinction of the pollen grains of Cannabis and Humulus might not be certain in all cases. It is known that hemp as well as hop was cultivated in the study area. Markers were added to the samples at the beginning of pollen preparation (13500 Lycopodium spores, sample volume 0.5 cm**3) and counted together with the pollen grains. Therefore pollen concentrations can be calculated: Concentration = C * F / V (with C = number of grains of a particular pollen type, V = volume of the untreated pollen sample, F = marker added/marker counted). F ranges from 39 to 1688. Factors that large are not suited to produce reliably interpretable pollen concentrations. Consequently no use was made of the pollen concentrations in this thesis, although a concentration diagram is added.

La construcción medieval de bóvedas

Problemas geométricos y constructivos de las bóvedas de arista medievales y conceptos fundamentales de las bóvedas de crucería.

Fortificación fronteriza y organización territorial medieval: los castillos de Soria

La frontera bajomedieval entre Castilla y Aragón en la parte soriana oriental no está físicamente determinada por significativos accidentes geográficos; por el contrario, todo esta área geográfica supone una transición o comunicación entre el Duero con el Jalón y el Ebro. La precisión de la frontera hubo de realizarse artificialmente mediante la sistemática construcción de castillos. El avanzado estado de ruina que amenaza su conservación impulsa su conocimiento histórico y constructivo. Su rehabilitación es improbable y económicamente insostenible, pero al menos se hace necesaria su consolidación. A pesar de que estas edificaciones carecen de incentivos artísticos que aumenten su interés, su valor actual reside en que forman parte integrante del paisaje cultural. En su día surgieron como sistema de organización del territorio y esta escala geográfica y paisajística es la que le da importancia y valor actual.