Biofuels and high value added products from the yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides NCYC 921: Strategies towards a true cost-effective and environmentally sustainable integrated multiproduct driven biorefinery [Poster]

Single-cell oils (SCO) have been considered a promising source of 3rd generation biofuels mainly in the final form of biodiesel. However, its high production costs have been a barrier towards the commercialization of this commodity. The fast growing yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides NCYC 921 has been widely reported as a potential SCO producing yeast. In addition to its well-known high lipid content (that can be converted into biodiesel), is rich in high value added products such as carotenoids with commercial interest. The process design and integration may contribute to reduce the overall cost of biofuels and carotenoid production and is a mandatory step towards their commercialization. The present work addresses the biomass disruption, extraction, fractionation and recovery of products with special emphasis on high added valued carotenoids (beta-carotene, torulene, torularhodin) and fatty acids directed to biodiesel. The chemical structure of torularhodin with a terminal carboxylic group imposes an additional extra challenge in what concern its separation from fatty acids. The proposed feedstock is fresh biomass pellet obtained directly by centrifugation from a 5L fed-batch fermentation culture broth. The use of a wet instead of lyophilised biomass feedstock is a way to decrease processing energy costs and reduce downstream processing time. These results will contribute for a detailed process design. Gathered data will be of crucial importance for a further study on Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA).

Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida Energético (ACVE) de sistemas de vedação de habitações

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, 2015.

Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental, Valorização do Efluente e dos Resíduos Sólidos da Indústria Corticeira

A preocupação com o meio ambiente, nomeadamente na descarga de águas residuais, consumo de água excessivo e produção de resíduos industriais, está cada vez mais presente no quotidiano. Devido a estas problemáticas, efetuou-se a avaliação de impacte ambiental (AIA) do processo produtivo das rolhas de cortiça naturais, tratamento das águas de cozedura da cortiça (estudo da possível reutilização do efluente tratado) e valorização de subprodutos – resíduo sólido (raspa de cortiça), sendo estes os objetivos propostos para a realização da presente dissertação. Na AIA, efetuada no decorrer das fases da Análise do Ciclo de Vida (ACV), foram selecionadas 8 categorias de impacte – aquecimento global, acidificação, dessecação, toxicidade e ecotoxicidade, eutrofização, consumo de recursos não renováveis e oxidação foto-química. A água de cozedura caracterizou-se por uma elevada carga poluente, apresentando elevada concentração de cor, Carência Química de Oxigénio (CQO), taninos e lenhina e Sólidos Suspensos Totais (SST). O processo de tratamento proposto consistiu num pré-tratamento por ultrafiltração (UF), com membranas de 30.000 e 20.000 MWCO, seguido de adsorção por carvão ativado (comercial e produzido a partir de raspa de cortiça). No tratamento por UF, utilizando uma membrana de 30.000 MWCO, foram obtidas percentagens de remoção para a primeira amostra de água de cozedura de 74,8 % para a cor, 33,1 % para a CQO e para a segunda amostra de 85,2 % para a cor e 41,8 % para a CQO. Posteriormente, apenas para a segunda amostra de água de cozedura e com uma membrana de 20.000 MWCO, as percentagens de remoção obtidas foram superiores, de 93% para a cor, 68,9 % para a CQO, 88,4 % para taninos e lenhina e 43,0 % para azoto total. No tratamento por adsorção com carvão ativado estudou-se o tempo de equilíbrio do carvão ativado comercial e do carvão ativado produzido a partir de aparas de cortiça, seguindo-se o estudo das isotérmicas de adsorção, no qual foram analisados os parâmetros da cor e CQO para cada solução. Os ajustes dos modelos teóricos aos pontos experimentais demonstraram que ambos os modelos (Langmuir e Freundlich) poderiam ser considerados, uma vez que apresentaram ajustes idênticos. Relativamente ao tratamento de adsorção em contínuo do permeado, obtido por UF com membrana de 20.000 MWCO, constatou-se que ambos os carvões ativados (comercial e produzido) não ficaram saturados, tendo em consideração os tempos de saturação estimados pela capacidade máxima de adsorção (determinada para a isotérmica de Langmuir) e as representações gráficas dos valores experimentais obtidos para cada ensaio. No ensaio de adsorção com carvão ativado comercial verificou-se que o efluente tratado poderia ser descarregado no meio hídrico ou reutilizado no processo industrial (considerando os parâmetros analisados), uma vez que até aos 11 minutos de ensaio a concentração da solução à saída foi de 111,50 mg/L O2, para a CQO, e incolor, numa diluição de 1:20. Em relação à adsorção em contínuo com carvão ativado produzido verificou-se no ensaio 4 que o efluente resultante apresentou uma concentração de CQO de 134,5 mg/L O2 e cor não visível, numa diluição de 1:20, ao fim de 1h22 min de ensaio. Assim, concluiu-se que os valores obtidos são inferiores aos valores limite de emissão (VLE) presentes no Decreto-Lei n.º 236/98 de 1 de Agosto. O carvão ativado produzido apresentou elevada área superficial específica, com 870 m2/g, comparativamente ao carvão comercial que foi de 661 m2/g. O processo de extração da suberina a partir de raspa de cortiça isenta de extraíveis, efetuado através da metanólise alcalina, apresentou percentagens de extração superiores aos restantes métodos. No processo efetuado em scale-up, por hidrólise alcalina, obteve-se uma extração de 3,76 % de suberina. A aplicação da suberina no couro demonstrou que esta cera apresenta enormes potencialidades, uma vez que a sua aplicação confere ao couro um aspeto sedoso, com mais brilho e um efeito de “pull-up”.

Resource use and greenhouse gas emissions from grain-finishing beef cattle in seven Australian feedlots: a life cycle assessment

Grain finishing of cattle has become increasingly common in Australia over the past 30 years. However, interest in the associated environmental impacts and resource use is increasing and requires detailed analysis. In this study we conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) to investigate impacts of the grain-finishing stage for cattle in seven feedlots in eastern Australia, with a particular focus on the feedlot stage, including the impacts from producing the ration, feedlot operations, transport, and livestock emissions while cattle are in the feedlot (gate-to-gate). The functional unit was 1 kg of liveweight gain (LWG) for the feedlot stage and results are included for the full supply chain (cradle-to-gate), reported per kilogram of liveweight (LW) at the point of slaughter. Three classes of cattle produced for different markets were studied: short-fed domestic market (55–80 days on feed), mid-fed export (108–164 days on feed) and long-fed export (>300 days on feed). In the feedlot stage, mean fresh water consumption was found to vary from 171.9 to 672.6 L/kg LWG and mean stress-weighted water use ranged from 100.9 to 193.2 water stress index eq. L/kg LWG. Irrigation contributed 57–91% of total fresh water consumption with differences mainly related to the availability of irrigation water near the feedlot and the use of irrigated feed inputs in rations. Mean fossil energy demand ranged from 16.5 to 34.2 MJ lower heating values/kg LWG and arable land occupation from 18.7 to 40.5 m2/kg LWG in the feedlot stage. Mean greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the feedlot stage ranged from 4.6 to 9.5 kg CO2-e/kg LWG (excluding land use and direct land-use change emissions). Emissions were dominated by enteric methane and contributions from the production, transport and milling of feed inputs. Linear regression analysis showed that the feed conversion ratio was able to explain >86% of the variation in GHG intensity and energy demand. The feedlot stage contributed between 26% and 44% of total slaughter weight for the classes of cattle fed, whereas the contribution of this phase to resource use varied from 4% to 96% showing impacts from the finishing phase varied considerably, compared with the breeding and backgrounding. GHG emissions and total land occupation per kilogram of LWG during the grain finishing phase were lower than emissions from breeding and backgrounding, resulting in lower life-time emissions for grain-finished cattle compared with grass finishing.

Assessment and Life-Cycle Analysis of Recycled Materials for Sustainable Highway

Recycled materials replacing part of virgin materials in highway applications has shown great benefits to the society and environment. Beneficial use of recycled materials can save landfill places, sparse natural resources, and energy consumed in milling and hauling virgin materials. Low price of recycled materials is favorable to cost-saving in pavement projects. Considering the availability of recycled materials in the State of Maryland (MD), four abundant recycled materials, recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), recycled asphalt pavement (RAP), foundry sand (FS), and dredged materials (DM), were studied. A survey was conducted to collect the information of current usage of the four recycled materials in States’ Department of Transportation (DOTs). Based on literature review, mechanical and environmental properties, recommendations, and suggested test standards were investigated separately for the four recycled materials in different applications. Constrains in using these materials were further studied in order to provide recommendations for the development of related MD specifications. To measure social and environmental benefits from using recycled materials, life-cycle assessment was carried out with life-cycle analysis (LCA) program, PaLATE, and green highway rating system, BEST-in-Highway. The survey results indicated the wide use of RAP and RCA in hot mix asphalt (HMA) and graded aggregate base (GAB) respectively, while FS and DM are less used in field. Environmental concerns are less, but the possibly low quality and some adverse mechanical characteristics may hinder the widely use of these recycled materials. Technical documents and current specifications provided by State DOTs are good references to the usage of these materials in MD. Literature review showed consistent results with the survey. Studies from experimental research or site tests showed satisfactory performance of these materials in highway applications, when the substitution rate, gradation, temperature, moisture, or usage of additives, etc. meet some requirements. The results from LCA revealed significant cost savings in using recycled materials. Energy and water consumption, gas emission, and hazardous waste generation generally showed reductions to some degree. Use of new recycled technologies will contribute to more sustainable highways.

Facteurs de risque pour les maladies diarrhéiques chez les enfants à Dakar : une analyse multi-niveaux avec variables latentes

Au Sénégal, les maladies diarrhéiques constituent un fardeau important, qui pèse encore lourdement sur la santé des enfants. Ces maladies sont influencées par un large éventail de facteurs, appartenant à différents niveaux et sphères d'analyse. Cet article analyse ces facteurs de risque et leur rôle relatif dans les maladies diarrhéiques de l'enfant à Dakar. Ce faisant, elle illustre une nouvelle approche pour synthétiser le réseau de ces déterminants. Une analyse en classes latentes (LCA) est d’abord menée, puis les variables latentes ainsi construites sont utilisées comme variables explicatives dans une régression logistique sur trois niveaux. Les résultats confirment que les déterminants des diarrhées chez l'enfant appartiennent aux trois niveaux d'analyse et que les facteurs comportementaux et l'assainissement du quartier jouent un rôle prépondérant. Les résultats illustrent aussi l'utilité des LCA pour synthétiser plusieurs indicateurs, afin de créer une image causale intégrée, tout en utilisant des modèles statistiques parcimonieux.

Aspectos de uma transição : a reconstrução do Direito Civil para um Direito Civil-Constitucional à luz da teoria dos sistemas, da tópica e da dignidade da pessoa humana

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Direito, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito, 2016.

Sustainable Energy Production in the United States: Life Cycle Assessment of Biofuels and Bioenergy

The United States of America is making great efforts to transform the renewable and abundant biomass resources into cost-competitive, high-performance biofuels, bioproducts, and biopower. This is the key to increase domestic production of transportation fuels and renewable energy, and reduce greenhouse gas and other pollutant emissions. This dissertation focuses specifically on assessing the life cycle environmental impacts of biofuels and bioenergy produced from renewable feedstocks, such as lignocellulosic biomass, renewable oils and fats. The first part of the dissertation presents the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy demands of renewable diesel (RD) and hydroprocessed jet fuels (HRJ). The feedstocks include soybean, camelina, field pennycress, jatropha, algae, tallow and etc. Results show that RD and HRJ produced from these feedstocks reduce GHG emissions by over 50% compared to comparably performing petroleum fuels. Fossil energy requirements are also significantly reduced. The second part of this dissertation discusses the life cycle GHG emissions, energy demands and other environmental aspects of pyrolysis oil as well as pyrolysis oil derived biofuels and bioenergy. The feedstocks include waste materials such as sawmill residues, logging residues, sugarcane bagasse and corn stover, and short rotation forestry feedstocks such as hybrid poplar and willow. These LCA results show that as much as 98% GHG emission savings is possible relative to a petroleum heavy fuel oil. Life cycle GHG savings of 77 to 99% were estimated for power generation from pyrolysis oil combustion relative to fossil fuels combustion for electricity, depending on the biomass feedstock and combustion technologies used. Transportation fuels hydroprocessed from pyrolysis oil show over 60% of GHG reductions compared to petroleum gasoline and diesel. The energy required to produce pyrolysis oil and pyrolysis oil derived biofuels and bioelectricity are mainly from renewable biomass, as opposed to fossil energy. Other environmental benefits include human health, ecosystem quality and fossil resources. The third part of the dissertation addresses the direct land use change (dLUC) impact of forest based biofuels and bioenergy. An intensive harvest of aspen in Michigan is investigated to understand the GHG mitigation with biofuels and bioenergy production. The study shows that the intensive harvest of aspen in MI compared to business as usual (BAU) harvesting can produce 18.5 billion gallons of ethanol to blend with gasoline for the transport sector over the next 250 years, or 32.2 billion gallons of bio-oil by the fast pyrolysis process, which can be combusted to generate electricity or upgraded to gasoline and diesel. Intensive harvesting of these forests can result in carbon loss initially in the aspen forest, but eventually accumulates more carbon in the ecosystem, which translates to a CO2 credit from the dLUC impact. Time required for the forest-based biofuels to reach carbon neutrality is approximately 60 years. The last part of the dissertation describes the use of depolymerization model as a tool to understand the kinetic behavior of hemicellulose hydrolysis under dilute acid conditions. Experiments are carried out to measure the concentrations of xylose and xylooligomers during dilute acid hydrolysis of aspen. The experiment data are used to fine tune the parameters of the depolymerization model. The results show that the depolymerization model successfully predicts the xylose monomer profile in the reaction, however, it overestimates the concentrations of xylooligomers.

THE PERFORMANCE AND MODIFICATION OF RECYCLED ELECTRONIC WASTE PLASTICS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF ASPHALT PAVEMENT MATERIALS

Bulk electric waste plastics were recycled and reduced in size into plastic chips before pulverization or cryogenic grinding into powders. Two major types of electronic waste plastics were used in this investigation: acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS). This research investigation utilized two approaches for incorporating electronic waste plastics into asphalt pavement materials. The first approach was blending and integrating recycled and processed electronic waste powders directly into asphalt mixtures and binders; and the second approach was to chemically treat recycled and processed electronic waste powders with hydro-peroxide before blending into asphalt mixtures and binders. The chemical treatment of electronic waste (e-waste) powders was intended to strengthen molecular bonding between e-waste plastics and asphalt binders for improved low and high temperature performance. Superpave asphalt binder and mixture testing techniques were conducted to determine the rheological and mechanical performance of the e-waste modified asphalt binders and mixtures. This investigation included a limited emissions-performance assessment to compare electronic waste modified asphalt pavement mixture emissions using SimaPro and performance using MEPDG software. Carbon dioxide emissions for e-waste modified pavement mixtures were compared with conventional asphalt pavement mixtures using SimaPro. MEPDG analysis was used to determine rutting potential between the various e-waste modified pavement mixtures and the control asphalt mixture. The results from this investigation showed the following: treating the electronic waste plastics delayed the onset of tertiary flow for electronic waste mixtures, electronic waste mixtures showed some improvement in dynamic modulus results at low temperatures versus the control mixture, and tensile strength ratio values for treated e-waste asphalt mixtures were improved versus the control mixture.

QR-VEY: Una piattaforma software per la creazione di sondaggi basata sulla tecnologia del QR-Code

Le metodologie per la raccolta delle idee e delle opinioni si sono evolute a pari passo con il progresso tecnologico: dalla semplice comunicazione orale si è passati alla diffusione cartacea, fino a che l'introduzione e l'evoluzione di internet non hanno portato alla digitalizzazione e informatizzazione del processo. Tale progresso ha reso possibile l'abbattimento di ogni barriera fisica: se in precedenza la diffusione di un sondaggio era limitata dall'effettiva possibilità di distribuzione del sondaggio stesso, lo sviluppo della rete globale ha esteso tale possibilità (virtualmente) a tutto il mondo. Nonostante sia un miglioramento non indifferente, è importante notare come la valorizzazione della diffusione di un sondaggio abbia inevitabilmente portato a trascurarne le proprietà e i vantaggi intrinsechi legati alla sua diffusione prettamente locale. Ad esempio, un sondaggio che mira a valutare la soddisfazione degli utenti riguardo alla recente introduzione di una nuova linea di laptop ottiene un guadagno enorme dall'informatizzazione, e dunque delocalizzazione, del processo di raccolta dati; dall'altro lato, un sondaggio che ha come scopo la valutazione dell'impatto sui cittadini di un recente rinnovamento degli impianti di illuminazione stradale ha un guadagno pressoché nullo. L'idea alla base di QR-VEY è la ricerca di un ponte tra le metodologie classiche e quelle moderne, in modo da poter sfruttare le proprietà di entrambe le soluzioni. Tale ponte è stato identificato nella tecnologia del QR-Code: è possibile utilizzare un generico supporto che presenti proprietà di localizzazione, come un foglio cartaceo, ma anche un proiettore di una conferenza, come base per la visualizzazione di tale codice, ed associare alla scansione dello stesso funzionalità automatizzate di raccolta di dati e opinioni.

Processi cognitivi nella relazione con interfacce digitali: l'uso delle icone

Questo è uno studio sui processi cognitivi dell'essere umano che rendono più facile la lettura delle interfacce web. Precisamente si focalizza sulle icone, su come e perché il carico cognitivo viene ridotto quando vengono usate correttamente all'interno di una interfaccia web ma anche su come l'impatto di una immagine sia molto più forte di una parola. Arrivati a interiorizzare queste argomentazioni verranno utilizzate per poter scoprire il mondo dell'e-commerce e di come un utente possa essere più o meno portato a comprare grazie alla buona creazione dell'interfaccia grafica.

Potential mitigation of midwest grass-finished beef production emissions with soil carbon sequestration in the United States of America

Beef production can be environmentally detrimental due in large part to associated enteric methane (CH4) production, which contributes to climate change. However, beef production in well-managed grazing systems can aid in soil carbon sequestration (SCS), which is often ignored when assessing beef production impacts on climate change. To estimate the carbon footprint and climate change mitigation potential of upper Midwest grass-finished beef production systems, we conducted a partial life cycle assessment (LCA) comparing two grazing management strategies: 1) a non-irrigated, lightly-stocked (1.0 AU/ha), high-density (100,000 kg LW/ha) system (MOB) and 2) an irrigated, heavily-stocked (2.5 AU/ha), low-density (30,000 kg LW/ha) system (IRG). In each system, April-born steers were weaned in November, winter-backgrounded for 6 months and grazed until their endpoint the following November, with average slaughter age of 19 months and a 295 kg hot carcass weight. As the basis for the LCA, we used two years of data from Lake City Research Center, Lake City, MI. We included greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with enteric CH4, soil N2O and CH4 fluxes, alfalfa and mineral supplementation, and farm energy use. We also generated results from the LCA using the enteric emissions equations of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). We evaluated a range of potential rates of soil carbon (C) loss or gain of up to 3 Mg C ha-1 yr-1. Enteric CH4 had the largest impact on total emissions, but this varied by grazing system. Enteric CH4 composed 62 and 66% of emissions for IRG and MOB, respectively, on a land basis. Both MOB and IRG were net GHG sources when SCS was not considered. Our partial LCA indicated that when SCS potential was included, each grazing strategy could be an overall sink. Sensitivity analyses indicated that soil in the MOB and IRG systems would need to sequester 1 and 2 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 for a net zero GHG footprint, respectively. IPCC model estimates for enteric CH4 were similar to field estimates for the MOB system, but were higher for the IRG system, suggesting that 0.62 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 greater SCS would be needed to offset the animal emissions in this case.

Terra e Sviluppo: impatti di genere delle acquisizioni di terra su larga scala in Africa

Secondo il Report IFAD sulla povertà rurale, nel 2008, circa due terzi della popolazione africana viveva nelle aree rurali ed era in qualche modo coinvolta in attività agricole commerciali o di sussistenza (IFAD, 2011). L’agricoltura rappresenta il più importante settore economico per la popolazione africana e le donne risultano cruciali per la produzione agricola: rappresentano infatti il 62,8 per cento della forza lavoro (FAO, 2014). Dopo la crisi alimentare del 2007-2008 si è andato intensificando il fenomeno delle acquisizione di terre su larga scala in paesi del Sud del mondo, in particolare nel continente africano, da parte di multinazionali, governi, aziende nazionali e singoli soggetti privati. Questo processo è stato denominato anche land grabbing dalle principali organizzazioni internazionali e della società civile e ha avuto grande impatto mediatico a livello internazionale. L'intensificarsi del fenomeno ha portato a una progressiva perdita di controllo e accesso ad ampie porzioni di territorio da parte delle comunità locali, che non possono più disporre delle risorse naturali collegate alla terra. La cessione di ampi terreni avviene in molti casi senza trasparenza informativa, con violazione dei diritti umani e senza il consenso delle comunità che vi abitano e che coltivano tali aree, e a cui viene imposto un cambio radicale di vita. La terra è una risorsa centrale per l'identità, il sostentamento e la sicurezza alimentare di una comunità, dunque le conseguenze sono molteplici a livello sociale, culturale, economico e politico. Gli impatti sulle relazioni di genere e in particolare sulle donne delle comunità rurali risultano essere cruciali nel discorso sullo sviluppo. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è indagare come le relazioni di genere, a seguito delle trasformazioni nella gestione della terra, si modificano amplificando squilibri già esistenti e creando conseguenze sulle logiche di potere delle comunità rurali e sulle vite delle persone che ne fanno parte.

Environmental assessment of industrial chemical and primary sector processes from a life cycle perspective

During the PhD program in chemistry at the University of Bologna, the environmental sustainability of some industrial processes was studied through the application of the LCA methodology. The efforts were focused on the study of processes under development, in order to assess their environmental impacts to guide their transfer on an industrial scale. Processes that could meet the principles of Green Chemistry have been selected and their environmental benefits have been evaluated through a holistic approach. The use of renewable sources was assessed through the study of terephthalic acid production from biomass (which showed that only the use of waste can provide an environmental benefit) and a new process for biogas upgrading (whose potential is to act as a carbon capture technology). Furthermore, the basis for the development of a new methodology for the prediction of the environmental impact of ionic liquids has been laid. It has already shown good qualities in identifying impact trends, but further research on it is needed to obtain a more reliable and usable model. In the context of sustainable development that will not only be sector-specific, the environmental performance of some processes linked to the primary production sector has also been evaluated. The impacts of some organic farming practices in the wine production were analysed, the use of the Cereal Unit parameter was proposed as a functional unit for the comparison of different crop rotations, and the carbon footprint of school canteen meals was calculated. The results of the analyses confirm that sustainability in the industrial production sector should be assessed from a life cycle perspective, in order to consider all the flows involved during the different phases. In particular, it is necessary that environmental assessments adopt a cradle-to-gate approach, to avoid shifting the environmental burden from one phase to another.

Criteri e strumenti per l'applicazione dell'H-BIM. La gestione digitalizzata dei processi tra teoria e prassi

La ricerca si pone l’obiettivo di analizzare strumenti e metodi per l’applicazione dell’H-BIM comprendendone le criticità e fornendo soluzioni utili in questo campo. Al contempo la finalità non è circoscrivibile alla semplice produzione di modelli 3D semanticamente strutturati e parametrici a partire da una nuvola di punti ottenuta con un rilievo digitale, ma si propone di definire i criteri e le metodiche di applicazione delle H-BIM all’interno dell’intero processo. L’impostazione metodologica scelta prevede un processo che parte dalla conoscenza dello stato dell’arte in tema di H-BIM con lo studio dell’attuale normativa in materia e i casi studio di maggior rilevanza. Si è condotta una revisione critica completa della letteratura in merito alla tecnologia BIM e H-BIM, analizzando esperienze di utilizzo della tecnologia BIM nel settore edile globale. Inoltre, al fine di promuovere soluzioni intelligenti all’interno del Facility Management è stato necessario analizzare le criticità presenti nelle procedure, rivedere i processi e i metodi per raccogliere e gestire i dati, nonché individuare le procedure adeguate per garantire il successo dell’implementazione. Sono state evidenziate le potenzialità procedurali e operative legate all’uso sistematico delle innovazioni digitali nell’ottica del Facility Management, oltre che allo studio degli strumenti di acquisizione ed elaborazione dei dati e di post-produzione. Si è proceduto al testing su casi specifici per l’analisi della fase di Scan-to-BIM, differenziati per tipologia di utilizzo, data di costruzione, proprietà e localizzazione. Il percorso seguito ha permesso di porre in luce il significato e le implicazioni dell’utilizzo del BIM nell’ambito del Facility Management, sulla base di una differenziazione delle applicazioni del modello BIM al variare delle condizioni in essere. Infine, sono state definite le conclusioni e formulate raccomandazioni riguardo al futuro utilizzo della tecnologia H-BIM nel settore delle costruzioni. In particolare, definendo l’emergente frontiera del Digital Twin, quale veicolo necessario nel futuro della Costruzione 4.0.