[Conventional vs minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty. A prospective study of rehabilitation and complications]

BACKGROUND: In a prospective, nonrandomized study the outcome in terms of rehabilitation and complications of total hip arthroplasty (THA) through a superior capsulotomy exposure (study group) was compared to THA performed through a direct lateral exposure (control group). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study group (106 THA) and the control group (107 THA) were controlled for complexity and had no significant differences in age, sex, diagnosis, or body mass index. RESULTS: The study group had improved recovery at 6 weeks after surgery which was statistically significant (p<0.001). In addition, the study group had a lower incidence of perioperative complications. CONCLUSION: The current study demonstrates the potential that less-invasive surgical techniques with the philosophy of maximally preserving the abductors, posterior capsule, and short rotators may result in a safer operation with an accelerated recovery.

Diagnostic accuracy of coronary in-stent restenosis using 64-slice computed tomography: comparison with invasive coronary angiography

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of coronary binary in-stent restenosis (ISR) with angiography using 64-slice multislice computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) compared with invasive coronary angiography (ICA). BACKGROUND: A noninvasive detection of ISR would result in an easier and safer way to conduct patient follow-up. METHODS: We performed CTCA in 81 patients after stent implantation, and 125 stented lesions were scanned. Two sets of images were reconstructed with different types of convolution kernels. On CTCA, neointimal proliferation was visually evaluated according to luminal contrast attenuation inside the stent. Lesions were graded as follows: grade 1, none or slight neointimal proliferation; grade 2, neointimal proliferation with no significant stenosis (<50%); grade 3, neointimal proliferation with moderate stenosis (> or =50%); and grade 4, neointimal proliferation with severe stenosis (> or =75%). Grades 3 and 4 were considered binary ISR. The diagnostic accuracy of CTCA compared with ICA was evaluated. RESULTS: By ICA, 24 ISRs were diagnosed. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 92%, 81%, 54%, and 98% for the overall population, whereas values were 91%, 93%, 77%, and 98% when excluding unassessable segments (15 segments, 12%). For assessable segments, CTCA correctly diagnosed 20 of the 22 ISRs detected by ICA. Six lesions without ISR were overestimated as ISR by CTCA. As the grade of neointimal proliferation by CTCA increases, the median value of percent diameter stenosis increased linearly. CONCLUSIONS: Binary ISR can be excluded with high probability by CTCA, with a moderate rate of false-positive results.

Performance of a conventional sealant and a flowable composite on minimally invasive prepared fissures

Three different fissure preparation procedures were tested and compared to the non-invasive approach using a conventional unfilled sealant and a flowable composite. Eighty permanent molars were selected and divided into 4 groups of 20 teeth each. All the teeth were split into 2 halves, and the exposed fissures were photographed under a microscope (35x) before and after being prepared using the following methods: (I) Er:YAG laser (KEY Laser, KaVo) 600 mJ pulse energy, 6 Hz; (II) diamond bur; (III) Er: YAG laser (KEY Laser, KaVo) 200 mJ pulse energy, 4 Hz; (IV) Control group: Powder jet cleaner (Prophyflex, KaVo, Germany). The pre-and postimages were superimposed in order to evaluate the amount of hard tissue removed. Ten teeth in each group were then acid etched and sealed with an unfilled sealant (Delton opaque, Dentsply), while the remaining 10 teeth were acid etched, primed and bonded (Prime ; Bond NT, Dentsply) and sealed with a flowable composite (X-flow, DeTrey, Dentsply). Material penetration and microleakage were evaluated after thermocycling (5000 cycles) and staining with methylene blue 5%. ANOVA and Mann-Whitney tests were applied for statistical analysis. The laser 600 mJ and bur eliminated the greatest amount of hard tissue. The control teeth presented the least microleakage when sealed with Delton or X-flow. A correlation between material penetration and microleakage could not be statistically confirmed. Mechanical preparation prior to fissure sealing did not enhance the final performance of the sealant.

Diagnostic accuracy of 64-slice computed tomography for detecting angiographically significant coronary artery stenosis in an unselected consecutive patient population: comparison with conventional invasive angiography

BACKGROUND: Multislice computed tomography (MSCT) is a promising noninvasive method of detecting coronary artery disease (CAD). However, most data have been obtained in selected series of patients. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the accuracy of 64-slice MSCT (64 MSCT) in daily practice, without any patient selection. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using 64-slice MSCT coronary angiography (CTA), 69 consecutive patients, 39 (57%) of whom had previously undergone stent implantation, were evaluated. The mean heart rate during scan was 72 beats/min, scan time 13.6 s and the amount of contrast media 72 mL. The mean time span between invasive coronary angiography (ICAG) and CTA was 6 days. Significant stenosis was defined as a diameter reduction of > 50%. Of 966 segments, 884 (92%) were assessable. Compared with ICAG, the sensitivity of CTA to diagnose significant stenosis was 90%, specificity 94%, positive predictive value (PPV) 89% and negative predictive value (NPV) 95%. With regard to 58 stented lesions, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 93%, 96%, 87% and 98%, respectively. On the patient-based analysis, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of CTA to detect CAD were 98%, 86%, 98% and 86%, respectively. Eighty-two (8%) segments were not assessable because of irregular rhythm, calcification or tachycardia. CONCLUSION: Sixty-four-MSCT has a high accuracy for the detection of significant CAD in an unselected patient population and therefore can be considered as a valuable noninvasive technique.

Reduced incidence of insect-bite hypersensitivity in Icelandic horses is associated with a down-regulation of interleukin-4 by interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-beta1

Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is an allergic dermatitis of horses caused by IgE-mediated reactions to bites of insects of the genus Culicoides. IBH does not occur in Iceland due to the absence of Culicoides. However, Icelandic horses exported to mainland Europe as adults (1st generation) have a >/=50% incidence of developing IBH. In contrast, their progeny (2nd generation) has a <10% incidence of IBH. Here we show that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from Icelandic horses born in mainland Europe and belonging either to the IBH or healthy subgroup produce less interleukin (IL)-4 after polyclonal or allergen-specific stimulation when compared with counterparts from horses born in Iceland. We examined a role of IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 in down-regulation of IL-4 in healthy 2nd generation Icelandic horses. Supernatants of PBMC from 2nd generation healthy horses down-regulated the proportion of IL-4-producing cells and IL-4 production in stimulated cultures of PBMC from 1st generation IBH. This inhibition was mimicked by a combination of IL-10 and TGF-beta1 but not by the single cytokines. Cultures of stimulated PBMC of healthy 2nd generation horses produced a low level of IL-4, but IL-4 production was increased by anti-equine IL-10 and anti-human TGF-beta1. This shows for the first time that in horses, IL-10 and TGF-beta1 combined regulate IL-4 production in vitro. It is suggested that in this naturally occurring IgE-mediated allergy, IL-10 and TGF-beta1 have a role in the down-regulation of IL-4-induced allergen-specific Th2 cells, thereby reducing the incidence of IBH.

Treatment of tibial fractures with plates using minimally invasive percutaneous osteosynthesis in dogs and cats

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the here described case series was to develop and evaluate the minimally invasive percutaneous osteosynthesis for the plate fixation of tibial fractures in dogs and cats. METHODS: Six dogs and four cats with shaft fractures of the tibia were treated using minimally invasive percutaneous osteosynthesis. Follow-up radiographs four to six weeks after fracture fixation were evaluated for fracture healing. For the long-term follow-up (minimum 2.4 years), owners were contacted by phone to complete a questionnaire. RESULTS: All fractures healed without the need for a second procedure. Follow-up radiographs obtained after four to six weeks in seven cases showed advanced bony healing with callus formation and filling of the fracture gaps with calcified tissue in all seven. All the patients had a good to excellent long-term result with full limb function. The time needed for regaining full limb use was two to three months. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Minimally invasive percutaneous osteosynthesis seems to be a useful technique for the treatment of tibial shaft fractures in dogs and cats.

No temporal association between influenza outbreaks and invasive pneumococcal infections

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the influenza peak in populations precedes the annual peak for invasive pneumococcal infections (IPI) in winter. DESIGN: Ecological study. Active surveillance data on influenza A and IPI in children up to 16 years of age collected from 1997 to 2003 were analysed. SETTING: Paediatric hospitals in Germany. Patients: Children under 16 years of age. RESULTS: In all years under study, the influenza A season did not appear to affect the IPI season (p = 0.49). Specifically, the influenza peak never preceded the IPI peak. CONCLUSION: On a population level there was no indication that the annual influenza epidemic triggered the winter increase in the IPI rate or the peak of the IPI distribution in children.

Increased invasive potential and up-regulation of MMP-2 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells expressing the beta3 integrin subunit

Integrins are a family of transmembrane adhesion receptors that might transduce signals from the extracellular matrix into the inside of cells after ligand binding. In order to investigate whether beta3 integrins expressed in tumor cells might mediate such outside-in signaling, human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells that were stably transfected with either beta3 integrin or mock-transfected were investigated in a matrigel degradation assay and a grafting experiment was performed on the developing chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). After cultivation on matrigel for time periods between one and five days, more matrigel was digested in the wells in which beta3 integrin expressing cells were incubated than in wells of mock-transfected cells. Furthermore, extracts of beta3 integrin expressing cells contained higher levels of MMP-2 protein as determined by immunoblotting and more MMP-2 associated gelatinase activity as detected by zymography than extracts of mock-transfected cells. Matrigel degradation and gelatinase activity as well as MMP-2 expression were elevated when beta3 integrin expressing cells were incubated in the presence of the RGD peptide (mimicking an integrin ligand). After grafting on 10 day-old embryonic chicken CAM for three to five days, beta3 integrin expressing cells assembled in spheroids showed higher rates of spreading on the CAM surface and CAM invasion as well as a significant MMP-2 up-regulation compared to mock-transfected cells. The results from the in vivo and in vitro experiments allow the conclusion that the presence of beta3 integrin in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells induced an increased MMP-2 expression and activity that might contribute to the enhanced invasive potential observed.

Non-invasive neurally adjusted ventilatory assist in rabbits with acute lung injury

OBJECTIVE: Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist uses the electrical activity of the diaphragm (EAdi)-a pneumatically-independent signal-to control the timing and pressure of the ventilation delivered, and should not be affected by leaks. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether NAVA can deliver assist in synchrony and proportionally to EAdi after extubation, with a leaky non-invasive interface. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective, controlled experimental study in an animal laboratory. ANIMALS: Ten rabbits, anesthetized, mechanically ventilated. INTERVENTIONS: Following lung injury, the following was performed in sequential order: (1) NAVA delivered via oral endotracheal tube with PEEP; (2) same as (1) without PEEP; (3) non-invasive NAVA at unchanged NAVA level and no PEEP via a single nasal prong; (4) no assist; (5) non-invasive NAVA at progressively increasing NAVA levels. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: EAdi, esophageal pressure, blood gases and hemodynamics were measured during each condition. For the same NAVA level, the mean delivered pressure above PEEP increased from 3.9[Symbol: see text]+/-[Symbol: see text]1.4[Symbol: see text]cmH(2)O (intubated) to 7.5[Symbol: see text]+/-[Symbol: see text]3.8[Symbol: see text]cmH(2)O (non-invasive) (p[Symbol: see text]<[Symbol: see text]0.05) because of increased EAdi. No changes were observed in PaO(2) and PaCO(2). Increasing the NAVA level fourfold during non-invasive NAVA restored EAdi and esophageal pressure swings to pre-extubation levels. Triggering (106[Symbol: see text]+/-[Symbol: see text]20[Symbol: see text]ms) and cycling-off delays (40[Symbol: see text]+/-[Symbol: see text]21[Symbol: see text]ms) during intubation were minimal and not worsened by the leak (95[Symbol: see text]+/-[Symbol: see text]13[Symbol: see text]ms and 33[Symbol: see text]+/-[Symbol: see text]9[Symbol: see text]ms, respectively). CONCLUSION: NAVA can be effective in delivering non-invasive ventilation even when the interface with the patient is excessively leaky, and can unload the respiratory muscles while maintaining synchrony with the subject's demand.