The source of sustainable growth in Costa Rica

Costa Rica has some concerns for the "middle income trap" stemming from her perceived weakening export competitiveness, intensifying competition in attracting FDI inflow; and apparent lack of innovation capabilities. Quantitative analyses on the impact of recent FTAs suggest only large firms benefit from FTAs suggesting the need for improving utilization by smaller firms. Continuing attraction of potential MNCs backed by human capital development is necessary. In pursuing its development goals, Costa Rica should be mindful of its reputation as an environmentally friendly place.

Industrial agglomeration in Costa Rica : a descriptive analysis

This paper investigates the current situation of industrial agglomeration in Costa Rica, utilizing firm-level panel data for the period 2008-2012. We calculated Location Quotient and Theil Index based on employment by industry and found that 14 cantons have the industrial agglomerations for 9 industries. The analysis is in line with the nature of specific industries, the development of areas of concentration around free zones, and the evolving participation of Costa Rica in GVCs.

Using the input-output approach to measure participation in GVCs : the case of Costa Rica

In order to illustrate how the input-output approach can be used to explore various aspects of a country's participation in GVCs, this paper applies indicators derived from the concept of trade in value-added (TiVA) to the case of Costa Rica. We intend to provide developing countries that seek to foster GVC-driven structural transformation with an example that demonstrates an effective way to measure progress. The analysis presented in this paper makes use of an International Input-Output Table (IIOT) that was constructed by including Costa Rica's first Input-Output Table (IOT) into an existing IIOT. The TiVA indicator has been used to compare and contrast import flows, export flows and bilateral trade balances in terms of gross trade and trade in value-added. The country's comparative advantage is discussed based on a TiVA-related indicator of revealed comparative advantage. The paper also decomposes the domestic content of value added in each sector and measures the degree of fragmentation in the value chains in which Costa Rica participates, highlighting the partner countries that add the most value.

Mejora del abastecimiento de agua a la comunidad rural de Sierpe, Costa Rica

Este proyecto se localiza en una comunidad rural del Pacífico-Sur de Costa Rica, en la península de Osa, muy cerca del Parque Nacional de Corcovado. Sierpe es una comunidad de unos 1.100 habitantes que vive principalmente de los ingresos del turismo, la palma aceitera y las explotaciones forestales de Teca. Frente a esta realidad social, se presenta la necesidad de mantener los recursos naturales y las zonas de bosque tropical donde se localiza la captación del acueducto rural. El objetivo general de este trabajo es elaborar un Plan de Seguridad de Agua para mejorar el abastecimiento y el saneamiento de agua en la comunidad rural de Sierpe, siguiendo las instrucciones básicas de la OMS (Organización Mundial de la Salud) y de las administraciones costarricenses. El proyecto consta de tres partes importantes: una de Diagnóstico y análisis de riesgos, en la que se describirá la situación actual del acueducto, describiendo detalladamente sus 4 partes (Captación, Tratamiento-Almacenaje, Conducción-Distribución, Consumo-Saneamiento). Seguidamente, y teniendo en cuenta el diagnóstico realizado se presentará el Plan de Mejoras por ejes estratégicos para aportar soluciones a los problemas encontrados en el mantenimiento y la gestión del acueducto. Por último, se dará gran importancia en un apartado propio a la Acción Participativa, ya que al tratarse de un proyecto de cooperación es muy importante conocer la opinión de la gente local e intentar colaborar estrechamente con los responsables del acueducto rural. Como resultado se indican una veintena de mejoras en las que se define una priorización de ciertas actuaciones sobre otras dependiendo de factores temporales, financieros y de máxima necesidad. Se presenta, para terminar, una valoración económica de cada una de las tres prioridades atendiendo al contexto social, económico y ambiental y a que sean técnicamente viables en la zona.

Identificación de la percepción del cliente de la calidad del servicio en las empresas de turismo de aventura analizadas en España, italia y Costa Rica en relación a la segmentación del país analizado, a través de la percepción del responsable de la empresa.

DECRIBE LA PERCEPCIÓN QUE POSEE EL EMPRESARIO DE LO QUE EL CLIENTE CONIDERA OPTIMOM EN EL SERVICIO

Land cover dynamics and climate change implications on water resources in South Pacific Costa Rica

Water is fundamental to human life and the availability of freshwater is often a constraint on human welfare and economic development. Consequently, the potential effects of global changes on hydrology and water resources are considered among the most severe and vital ones. Water scarcity is one of the main problems in the rural communities of Central America, as a result of an important degradation of catchment areas and the over-exploitation of aquifers. The present Thesis is focused on two critical aspects of global changes over water resources: (1) the potential effects of climate change on water quantity and (2) the impacts of land cover and land use changes on the hydrological processes and water cycle. Costa Rica is among the few developing countries that have recently achieved a land use transition with a net increase in forest cover. Osa Region in South Pacific Costa Rica is an appealing study site to assess water supply management plans and to measure the effects of deforestation, forest transitions and climate change projections reported in the region. Rural Community Water Supply systems (ASADAS) in Osa are dealing with an increasing demand of freshwater due to the growing population and the change in the way of life in the rural livelihoods. Land cover mosaics which have resulted from the above mentioned processes are characterized by the abandonment of marginal farmland with the spread over these former grasslands of high return crops and the expansion of secondary forests due to reforestation initiatives. These land use changes have a significant impact on runoff generation in priority water-supply catchments in the humid tropics, as evidenced by the analysis of the Tinoco Experimental Catchment in the Southern Pacific area of Costa Rica. The monitoring system assesses the effects of the different land uses on the runoff responses and on the general water cycle of the basin. Runoff responses at plot scale are analyzed for secondary forests, oil palm plantations, forest plantations and grasslands. The Oil palm plantation plot presented the highest runoff coefficient (mean RC=32.6%), twice that measured under grasslands (mean RC=15.3%) and 20-fold greater than in secondary forest (mean RC=1.7%). A Thornthwaite-type water balance is proposed to assess the impact of land cover and climate change scenarios over water availability for rural communities in Osa Region. Climate change projections were obtained by the downscaling of BCM2, CNCM3 and ECHAM5 models. Precipitation and temperature were averaged and conveyed by the A1B, A2 and B1 IPCC climate scenario for 2030, 2060 and 2080. Precipitation simulations exhibit a positive increase during the dry season for the three scenarios and a decrease during the rainy season, with the highest magnitude (up to 25%) by the end of the 21st century under scenario B1. Monthly mean temperature simulations increase for the three scenarios throughout the year with a maximum increase during the dry season of 5% under A1B and A2 scenarios and 4% under B1 scenario. The Thornthwaite-type Water Balance model indicates important decreases of water surplus for the three climate scenarios during the rainy season, with a maximum decrease on May, which under A1B scenario drop up to 20%, under A2 up to 40% and under B1 scenario drop up to almost 60%. Land cover scenarios were created taking into account current land cover dynamics of the region. Land cover scenario 1 projects a deforestation situation, with forests decreasing up to 15% due to urbanization of the upper catchment areas; land cover scenario 2 projects a forest recovery situation where forested areas increase due to grassland abandonment on areas with more than 30% of slope. Deforestation scenario projects an annual water surplus decrease of 15% while the reforestation scenario projects a water surplus increase of almost 25%. This water balance analysis indicates that climate scenarios are equal contributors as land cover scenarios to future water resource estimations.