An estimate of the number of tropical tree species

The high species richness of tropical forests has long been recognized, yet there remains substantial uncertainty regarding the actual number of tropical tree species. Using a pantropical tree inventory database from closed canopy forests, consisting of 657,630 trees belonging to 11,371 species, we use a fitted value of Fisher's alpha and an approximate pantropical stem total to estimate the minimum number of tropical forest tree species to fall between similar to 40,000 and similar to 53,000, i.e., at the high end of previous estimates. Contrary to common assumption, the Indo-Pacific region was found to be as species-rich as the Neotropics, with both regions having a minimum of similar to 19,000-25,000 tree species. Continental Africa is relatively depauperate with a minimum of similar to 4,500-6,000 tree species. Very few species are shared among the African, American, and the Indo-Pacific regions. We provide a methodological framework for estimating species richness in trees that may help refine species richness estimates of tree-dependent taxa.

ANRC Hybrid Test Bed Implementation and an End-to-End Performance Characterization of Dynamic Spectrum Access

An abundance of spectrum access and sensing algorithms are available in the dynamic spectrum access (DSA) and cognitive radio (CR) literature. Often, however, the functionality and performance of such algorithms are validated against theoretical calculations using only simulations. Both the theoretical calculations and simulations come with their attendant sets of assumptions. For instance, designers of dynamic spectrum access algorithms often take spectrum sensing and rendezvous mechanisms between transmitter-receiver pairs for granted. Test bed designers, on the other hand, either customize so much of their design that it becomes difficult to replicate using commercial off the shelf (COTS) components or restrict themselves to simulation, emulation /hardware-in-Ioop (HIL), or pure hardware but not all three. Implementation studies on test beds sophisticated enough to combine the three aforementioned aspects, but at the same time can also be put together using COTS hardware and software packages are rare. In this paper we describe i) the implementation of a hybrid test bed using a previously proposed hardware agnostic system architecture ii) the implementation of DSA on this test bed, and iii) the realistic hardware and software-constrained performance of DSA. Snapshot energy detector (ED) and Cumulative Summation (CUSUM), a sequential change detection algorithm, are available for spectrum sensing and a two-way handshake mechanism in a dedicated control channel facilitates transmitter-receiver rendezvous.

Synthesis and characterization of magnetic and conductive nickel ferrite-polyaniline nanocomposites

Conducting polymer/ferrite nanocomposites with an organized structure provide a new functional hybrid between organic and inorganic materials. The most popular among the conductive polymers is the polyaniline due to its wide application in different fields. In the present work nickel ferrite nanoparticles were prepared by sol-gel citrate-nitrate method. Polyaniline/nickel ferrite nanocomposites were synthesized by a simple general and inexpensive in-situ polymerization in the presence of nickel ferrite nanoparticles. The effects of nickel ferrite nanoparticles on the DC-electrical and magnetic properties of polyaniline were investigated. The structural, morphological and thermal stability of nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, FTIR, scanning electron micrograph and TGA. The DC conductivity of polyaniline/nickel ferrite nanocomposites have been measured as a function of temperature in the range of 80K to 300K. The magnetic properties of the nanocomposites were measured using vibrating sample magnetometer in the temperature range 300-10K up to 30 kOe magnetic field.

Insights into stabilizing interactions in the distorted domain-swapped dimer of Salmonella typhimurium survival protein

The survival protein SurE from Salmonella typhimurium (StSurE) is a dimeric protein that functions as a phosphatase. SurE dimers are formed by the swapping of a loop with a pair of beta-strands and a C-terminal helix between two protomers. In a previous study, the Asp230 and His234 residues were mutated to Ala to abolish a hydrogen bond that was thought to be crucial for C-terminal helix swapping. These mutations led to functionally inactive and distorted dimers in which the two protomers were related by a rotation of 167 degrees. New salt bridges involving Glu112 were observed in the dimeric interface of the H234A and D230A/H234A mutants. To explore the role of these salt bridges in the stability of the distorted structure, E112A, E112A/D230A, E112A/H234A, E112A/D230A/H234A, R179L/H180A/H234A and E112A/R179L/H180A/H234A mutants were constructed. X-ray crystal structures of the E112A, E112A/H234A and E112A/D230A mutants could be determined. The dimeric structures of the E112A and E112A/H234A mutants were similar to that of native SurE, while the E112A/D230A mutant had a residual rotation of 11 degrees between the B chains upon superposition of the A chains of the mutant and native dimers. The native dimeric structure was nearly restored in the E112A/H234A mutant, suggesting that the new salt bridge observed in the H234A and D230A/H234A mutants was indeed responsible for the stability of their distorted structures. Catalytic activity was also restored in these mutants, implying that appropriate dimeric organization is necessary for the activity of SurE.

Definition of a serum marker panel for glioblastoma discrimination and identification of Interleukin 1 beta in the microglial secretome as a novel mediator of endothelial cell survival induced by C-reactive protein

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant adult primary brain tumor. We profiled 724 cancer-associated proteins in sera of healthy individuals (n = 27) and GBM (n = 28) using antibody microarray. While 69 proteins exhibited differential abundance in GBM sera, a three-marker panel (LYAM1, BHE40 and CRP) could discriminate GBM sera from that of healthy donors with an accuracy of 89.7% and p < 0.0001. The high abundance of C-reactive protein (CRP) in GBM sera was confirmed in 264 independent samples. High levels of CRP protein was seen in GBM but without a change in transcript levels suggesting a non-tumoral origin. Glioma-secreted Interleukin 6 (IL6) was found to induce hepatocytes to secrete CRP, involving JAK-STAT pathway. The culture supernatant from CRP-treated microglial cells induced endothelial cell survival under nutrient-deprivation condition involving CRP-Fc gamma RIII signaling cascade. Transcript profiling of CRP-treated microglial cells identified Interleukin 1 beta (IL1 beta) present in the microglial secretome as the key mediator of CRP-induced endothelial cell survival. IL1 beta neutralization by antibody-binding or siRNA-mediated silencing in microglial cells reduced the ability of the supernatant from CRP-treated microglial cells to induce endothelial cell survival. Thus our study identifies a serum based three-marker panel for GBM diagnosis and provides leads for developing targeted therapies. Biological significance A complex antibody microarray based serum marker profiling identified a three-marker panel - LYAM1, BHE40 and CRP as an accurate discriminator of glioblastoma sera from that of healthy individuals. CRP protein is seen in high levels without a concomitant increase of CRP transcripts in glioblastoma. Glioma-secreted IL6 induced hepatocytes to produce CRP in a JAK-STAT signaling dependent manner. CRP induced microglial cells to release IL1 beta which in turn promoted endothelial cell survival. This study, besides defining a serum panel for glioblastoma discrimination, identified IL1 beta as a potential candidate for developing targeted therapy. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Study on Low Temperature DC Electrical Conductivity of SnO2 Nanomaterial Synthesized by Simple Gel Combustion Method

Nanocrystalline tin oxide (SnO2) material of different particle size was synthesized using gel combustion method by varying oxidizer (HNO3) and keeping fuel as a constant. The prepared samples were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Analysis X-ray Spectroscope (EDAX). The effect of oxidizer in the gel combustion method was investigated by inspecting the particle size of nano SnO2 powder. The particle size was found to be increases with the increase of oxidizer from 8 to 12 moles. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the calcined product showed the formation of high purity tetragonal tin (IV) oxide with the particle size in the range of 17 to 31 nm which was calculated by Scherer's formula. The particles and temperature dependence of direct (DC) electrical conductivity of SnO2 nanomaterial was studied using Keithley source meter. The DC electrical conductivity of SnO2 nanomaterial increases with the temperature from 80 to 300K and decrease with the particle size at constant temperature.

Structural studies on tobacco streak virus coat protein: Insights into the pleomorphic nature of ilarviruses

Tobacco streak virus (TSV), the type member of Ilarvirus genus, is a major plant pathogen. TSV purified from infected plants consists of a ss-RNA genome encapsidated in spheroidal particles with diameters of 27, 30 and 33 nm constructed from multiple copies of a single species of coat protein (CP) subunits. Apart from protecting the viral genome, CPs of ilarviruses play several key roles in the life cycle of these viruses. Unlike the related bromo and cucumoviruses, ilarvirus particles are labile and pleomorphic, which has posed difficulties in their crystallization and structure determination. In the current study, a truncated TSV-CP was crystallized in two distinct forms and their structures were determined at resolutions of 2.4 angstrom and 2.1 angstrom, respectively. The core of TSV CP was found to possess the canonical beta-barrel jelly roll tertiary structure observed in several other viruses. Dimers of CP with swapped C-terminal arms (C-arm) were observed in both the crystal forms. The C-arm was found to be flexible and is likely to be responsible for the polymorphic and pleomorphic nature of TSV capsids. Consistent with this observation, mutations in the hinge region of the C-arm that reduce the flexibility resulted in the formation of more uniform particles. TSV CP was found to be structurally similar to that of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) accounting for similar mechanism of genome activation in alfamo and ilar viruses. This communication represents the first report on the structure of the CP from an ilarvirus. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Structural studies on chimeric Sesbania mosaic virus coat protein: Revisiting SeMV assembly

The capsid protein (CP) of Sesbania mosaic virus (SeMV, a T=3 plant virus) consists of a disordered N-terminal R-domain and an ordered S-domain. Removal of the R-domain results in the formation of T=1 particles. In the current study, the R-domain was replaced with unrelated polypeptides of similar lengths: the B-domain of Staphylococcus aureus SpA, and SeMV encoded polypeptides P8 and P10. The chimeric proteins contained T=3 or larger virus-like particles (VLPs) and could not be crystallized. The presence of metal ions during purification resulted in a large number of heterogeneous nucleoprotein complexes. N Delta 65-B (R domain replaced with B domain) could also be purified in a dimeric form. Its crystal structure revealed T=1 particles devoid of metal ions and the B-domain was disordered. However, the B-domain was functional in N Delta 65-B VLPs, suggesting possible biotechnological applications. These studies illustrate the importance of N-terminal residues, metal ions and robustness of the assembly process. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Density control of ZnO nanowires grown using Au-PMMA nanoparticles and their growth behavior.

Au nanoparticles stabilized by poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were used as a catalyst to grow vertically aligned ZnO nanowires (NWs). The density of ZnO NWs with very uniform diameter was controlled by changing the concentration of Au-PMMA nanoparticles (NPs). The density was in direct proportion to the concentration of Au-PMMA NPs. Furthermore, the growth process of ZnO NWs using Au-PMMA NPs was systematically investigated through comparison with that using Au thin film as a catalyst. Au-PMMA NPs induced polyhedral-shaped bases of ZnO NWs separated from each other, while Au thin film formed a continuous network of bases of ZnO NWs. This approach provides a facile and cost-effective catalyst density control method, allowing us to grow high-quality vertically aligned ZnO NWs suitable for many viable applications.

Evaluación del efecto antídoto de fluxofenin sobre Digitaria Eriantha y Panicum Coloratum cv. Klein para aplicar herbicidas preemergentes

Resumen: En la región semiárida central, las gramíneas perennes megatérmicas contribuyen a disminuir los riesgos de erosión, a incrementar la receptividad en los sistemas de producción basados en pastizales naturales y a disminuir los costos de producción. Una de las especies de mayor difusión es pasto llorón (Eragrostis curvula). La resistencia a las bajas temperaturas invernales (-17°C), alta producción primaria y resistencia al pastoreo son algunas de las virtudes de esta especie. No obstante, durante el semestre frío y seco (otoño-invierno) el valor nutritivo del forraje diferido es muy bajo. La suplementación con concentrados energéticos –proteicos soluciona este problema, aunque incrementa los costos y complica el manejo. La identificación y evaluación de otras especies con características semejantes a pasto llorón, pero de mayor valor nutritivo sobre todo durante el invierno, fue una línea de trabajo importante en el INTA San Luis. De éste trabajo, surgieron dos especies actualmente en difusión en los sistemas de producción, a saber: Digitaria (Digitaria eriantha) y Mijo perenne (Panicum coloratum). Si bien la adopción de esta tecnología es importante, podría ser aún más elevada. Las dificultades de implantación es una causa relevante, sobre todo en potreros que han sido cultivados con especies anuales durante muchos años. En estos sitios, existe un importante banco de semilla de malezas gramíneas, que dificultan el control sin afectar la digitaria. El desarrollo de herbicidas preemergentes con gran poder residual, como así de compuestos químicos que funcionan como antídotos para proteger las especies que son afectadas por estos herbicidas, podrían resultar valiosos. Se dispone en el mercado de herbicidas de presiembra o preemergentes residuales formulados en base a acetamidas, a saber: i) S-metolaclor y ii) Acetoclor que controlan un amplio espectro de malezas incluidas las malezas problemas mencionadas. También se dispone de una sustancia química que funciona como antídoto-protector (fluxofenin) con el nombre comercial de Concep II y es utilizado para sembrar exitosamente el cultivo de sorgo. Se desconoce si éste compuesto podría proteger a las plántulas de digitaria y panicum. Se hipotetiza que la aplicación en el suelo de los herbicidas mencionados y la posterior siembra de semillas de digitaria y panicum protegidas con antídoto, no afectaría la germinación ni el desarrollo normal de plántulas de ambas especies. El objetivo de éste trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del antídoto, de los herbicidas y de la combinación de ambos sobre la germinación, crecimiento y sobrevivencia de plántulas de digitaria y panicum. El trabajo se desarrolló en el Laboratorio de semillas de la EEA San Luis del INTA, próxima a la ciudad de Villa Mercedes (Pcia. de San Luis). Se diseñaron 12 tratamientos con cuatro repeticiones para evaluar el efecto de cuatro dosis de antídoto (0; 20; 40 y 60 cc cada 100 kg de semilla) sin la aplicación de herbicidas (Sin), y la combinación de cada dosis de antídoto con dos herbicidas: SM (S-metolaclor) y A (Acetoclor) con la dosis recomendada comercialmente. Los tratamientos fueron: T1= (0:Sin); T2=(20:Sin); T3=(40:Sin); T4=(60:Sin); T5=(20:SM); T6=(40:SM); T7= (60:SM); T8=(20:A); T9=(40:A); T10=(60:A); T11=(0:SM); T12=(0:A). Se utilizaron 48 bandejas de plástico por especie forrajera de 15x10x3,5 cm, con 150 Se realizó la siembra al voleo con 0,5 gr de semilla en cada bandeja. Se compactó en forma semejante y cada bandeja se colocó en una bolsa de nylon para evitar la deshidratación. Luego se llevaron las 96 bandejas (2 especies forrajeras por 12 tratamientos por 4 repeticiones) a la cámara de cultivo con 30°C con 8 hs de luz y 20 °C con 16 hs de oscuridad. El ensayo tuvo una duración de 57 días. Se hicieron 14 mediciones de altura y n° de plantas. La unidad experimental fue la bandeja. Las variables respuesta (altura de hoja (mm) y el número de plantas) fueron sometidos a análisis de varianza y las medias comparadas utilizando el test de LSD. El nivel de significación utilizado en el trabajo es del 5%. Los resultados obtenidos: En Digitaria (Digitaria eriantha): I) El desarrollo y número de plantas fue mayor sin antídoto y sin herbicida, (p≤0,05) II) El tratamiento 6 (40:SM) resultó la mejor combinación para obtener un adecuado crecimiento y número de plántulas, aunque inferior al testigo (p≤0,05). III) Se logra efecto protector para el herbicida S-metolaclor con una dosis de antídoto entre 20cc y 40cc. IV) El antídoto es fitotóxico para la Digitaria Eriantha en dosis de 60cc (p≤0,05). V) El antídoto no protege a la Digitaria Eriantha en ninguna de sus dosis del herbicida Acetoclor En Mijo perenne (Panicum coloratum).: I) La aplicación de antídoto en la menor dosis (20 cc) no afectó el crecimiento ni el número de las plantas. En esta última variable, aún las dosis mayores del antídoto (40 y 60 cc) no tuvieron efectos negativos respecto al testigo (p≤0,05), II) La combinación del herbicida s-metolaclor (SM) con las dosis intermedias (20 y 40cc) de antídoto tuvo un ligero efecto negativo sobre el crecimiento y número de plantas respecto al testigo, aunque con diferencias significativas (p≤0,05) III) La aplicación del herbicida Acetoclor con todas las dosis del antídoto afectó significativamente el crecimiento y el número de plantas (p≤0,05). Se concluye que el tratamiento con antídoto en dosis bajas (20cc) no afecta el desarrollo ni el número de plantas de digitaria y panicum. Esta última especie es menos afectada que digitaria aún con mayores dosis. La mejor combinación de antídoto y herbicida SM, es de 20 cc para digitaria y 60 cc para panicum. El herbicida Acetoclor tuvo efectos negativos en ambas especies. Se recomienda realizar nuevos ensayos en condiciones reales de producción.

Evaluación del rendimiento y análisis económico de seis cultivares de maiz (Zea mays L.) en el municipio de Pueblo Nuevo, Estelí

El experimento fue conducido en las condiciones de productores de maíz (Zea Mays L) en Pueblo Nuevo, Estelí, en la postrera de 2000. El ensayo fue establecido en un diseño de Bloque Completo al Azar (BCA) con seis tratamientos (cuatro híbridos y dos variedades mejoradas) y cuatro repeticiones. El trabajo tuvo el objetivo de evaluar el rendimiento, y realizar un análisis económico de la producción de cuatro híbridos de maíz (H-59, H-53, HR-93, HS-5G) y dos variedades mejoradas (NBS y NB-6.) Se tomaron siete variables. Los datos fueron sometidos a un ANDEVA utilizando el paquete estadístico SAS. También se realizó la prueba de separación de medias de tukey al 5 y un contraste ortogonal para la variable rendimiento. Los análisis mostraron que la variedad mejorada NB-6, fue la que mejor rendimiento obtuvo (3,379.30 kg/ha) superando a todos los híbridos y a la variedad mejorada NBS. Desde el punto de vista financiero, NB-6 obtuvo el mayor beneficio neto. Todos los híbridos resultaron dominados. La tasa de retorno marginal de pasar de NBS a NB-6 es infinita dado que NB-6 obtuvo mayor beneficio neto en relación a NBS con el mismo costo, o sea que no hubo inversión marginal.

Caracterización y evaluación de seis híbridos y seis variedades de polinización libre de maíz (Zea mays L.) en El Viejo, Chinandega

Con el propósito de comparar materiales genéticos y contribuir al incremento de la producción de maíz, se desarrolló el presente estudio en la finca “La Frutalosa” en El Viejo, Chinandega. Se estableció un diseño en Bloques Completos al Azar con cuatro bloques y el factor estudio fueron 12 cultivares de maíz (híbridos: HQ-INTA 993, H-53, H-INTA 991, C-343, C-385, HS-56; sintéticos: NB-NUTR INTA, NB-6, NBS, NB-9043; criollos: MAICITO y MAIZON). Los resultados obtenidos fueron objetos de un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA), separación de medias según Tukey (∞=0.05), análisis de correlación y contrastes ortogonales. Los cultivares evaluados presentaron variación en la mayoría de los descriptores de crecimiento y desarrollo. Los materiales criollos obtuvieron mayor altura de planta que los híbridos y sintéticos. En promedio de rendimiento los sintéticos superaron a los criollos e híbridos. Los materiales de mayor rendimiento fueron MAIZON (3534.6 kg ha-1), NB-9043 (2964.8 kg ha-1) y HS-56 (2922.4 kg ha-1). La distancia apical se correlacionó de manera negativa con las variables peso de mazorca, longitud de mazorca y el rendimiento, lo que indica que la mayoría de los materiales evaluados de altos rendimientos tienen poca cobertura de mazorca.

Superelastic And Spring Properties Of Si3N4 Microcoils

Silicon nitride with helical structure was prepared on a large scale by CVD. On the microscale, these coiled Si3N4 ceramics still possess superelasticity and can recover their original shapes after cyclic loadings without noticeable deformations. These results suggest helical microcoils could have potential in microdevices for MEMS, motors, electromagnets, generators, and related equipment.

Dynamic Fracture Instability Of Tough Bulk Metallic Glass

We report the observations of a clear fractographic evolution from vein pattern, dimple structure, and then to periodic corrugation structure, followed by microbranching pattern, along the crack propagation direction in the dynamic fracture of a tough Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 (Vit.1) bulk metallic glass (BMGs) under high-velocity plate impact. A model based on fracture surface energy dissipation and void growth is proposed to characterize this fracture pattern transition. We find that once the dynamic crack propagation velocity reaches a critical fraction of Rayleigh wave speed, the crack instability occurs; hence, crack microbranching goes ahead. Furthermore, the correlation between the critical velocity of amorphous materials and their intrinsic strength such as Young's modulus is uncovered. The results may shed new insight into dynamic fracture instability for BMGs. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics.