967 resultados para Hamelmann, Hermann, 1525-1595.


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通过对长白山西麓山间沼泽分地钻孔沉积物孢粉的定量分析,结合对长白山植被与现代表土花粉关系的研究以及对当地现代沼泽体空间分布的调查的结果,认为该地区一万余年以来植被和环境经历了以下五个发展阶段,(1)约10300-1000年BP,森林植被为云冷杉林,洼地积水形成浅水湖泊,气候寒冷潮湿;(2)10000-9000年BP,以桦木林为主,并混生有一定数量的阔叶树,湖泊演化形成沼泽,低位苔草沼泽和中位落叶松-藓类沼泽发育,气候逐渐转暖;(3)9000-2900年BP,落叶阔叶林和阔叶红松林繁盛,落叶松—藓类沼泽进一步发育,气候温暖;(4)2900-950年BP,以阔叶红松林和红松云冷杉林为主,沼泽演化形成高位落叶松—狭叶杜香—泥炭藓沼泽,气候温凉潮湿;(5)950-0年BP,森林逐渐演化形成今日之阔叶红松林,沼泽退化为中低位苔草—藓类沼泽,气候温凉略干。

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The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) accident in the northern Gulf of Mexico occurred on April 20, 2010 at a water depth of 1525 meters, and a deep-sea plume was detected within one month. Oil contacted and persisted in parts of the bottom of the deep-sea in the Gulf of Mexico. As part of the response to the accident, monitoring cruises were deployed in fall 2010 to measure potential impacts on the two main soft-bottom benthic invertebrate groups: macrofauna and meiofauna. Sediment was collected using a multicorer so that samples for chemical, physical and biological analyses could be taken simultaneously and analyzed using multivariate methods. The footprint of the oil spill was identified by creating a new variable with principal components analysis where the first factor was indicative of the oil spill impacts and this new variable mapped in a geographic information system to identify the area of the oil spill footprint. The most severe relative reduction of faunal abundance and diversity extended to 3 km from the wellhead in all directions covering an area about 24 km2. Moderate impacts were observed up to 17 km towards the southwest and 8.5 km towards the northeast of the wellhead, covering an area 148 km2. Benthic effects were correlated to total petroleum hydrocarbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and barium concentrations, and distance to the wellhead; but not distance to hydrocarbon seeps. Thus, benthic effects are more likely due to the oil spill, and not natural hydrocarbon seepage. Recovery rates in the deep sea are likely to be slow, on the order of decades or longer.

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This report outlines the approaches for estimating the carbon budget for the United States, a data rich subcontinental area, and presents an overview of problems encountered and preliminary results obtained.

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EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): Four cores recovered from Little Packer Lake in Glenn County, California, have provided a paleoflood record for the past 800 years. ... The sequence of flood deposits in the top 2 meters of the record shows a reasonable agreement with the known history of floods during the past 150 years. At least three major flood events are indicated for AD 1400-1525, although these dates may have to be revised when more dates become available.

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水力结构就是植物在特定的自然环境条件下,为适应生存竞争的需要所形成的不同形态结构和水分运输供给策略,它对于植物物种的分布、抗逆能力等方面起关键性作用。喀斯特常绿阔叶林生长的特有植物种类以其独特的形态解剖特征和生理适应性,很好的适应了喀斯特地区独特的水分和土壤环境,以维持自身的生存和最适生长。植物的水分关系是喀斯特地区特有植物种类适应环境的核心生理生态学问题之一。贵州喀斯特地区石漠化正日益加剧,因此,对贵州植物水力结构和环境适应性进行研究具有重要的意义。 目前,国内外学者在“冲洗法”中使用的不同冲洗溶质可能对植物木质部水力结构的测定结果等产生较大影响,因此本文首先研究了三种溶质的冲洗溶液对毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)和油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)枝条的水力导度和抵抗空穴化能力的影响。实验结果表明: 相对于去离子水,用0.01 M 的草酸和0.03 M KCl溶液作为冲洗溶液,均导致毛白杨木质部导管和油松管胞的水力导度测定值的增大。KCl导致毛白杨和油松木质部抵抗空穴化能力的测定值提高,草酸导致杨树抵抗空穴化能力测定值增强但导致油松抗空穴化能力测定值显著(P<0.01)减弱。小枝水平上,毛白杨和油松的水分运输效率和抗空穴化能力之间没有显著相关性。另外,在截枝实验中发现毛白杨小枝木质部水力导度随长度增加变化不大,而油松枝条的木质部水力导度有逐渐增大的趋势。以上的实验结果表明不同溶质下毛白杨和油松枝条的木质部水力导度和抵抗空穴化能力不同,草酸和KCl可能对木质部管道系统及纹孔处的果胶等产生作用,从而使毛白杨和油松的水力结构发生变化。毛白杨与油松水力结构在去离子水、草酸和KCl的作用下的不同结果及两物种截枝试验下水力导度的不同变化趋势,表明导管运输系统和管胞运输系统可能具有不同的水分运输影响因素。 在贵州花江、普定、荔波等地选择当地森林中39种优势木本植物作为研究对象,对其枝条的水力结构进行研究,结果表明: 该地区优势木本植物的水力结构与其他森林类型相比,其木质部抗栓塞化能力介于热带雨林和热带干热森林之间,而水力导度高于各森林类型的平均值。在石漠化程度不同的地区,植物总体的水力导度和水分运输的安全性没有呈现出明显的规律,但是同种植物在较为干旱的严重石漠化地区,其木质部安全性较高,植物在周围环境的影响下木质部水力结构朝着更适应周围环境的方向发展。 贵州喀斯特地区常绿植物和落叶植物的水力结构差异较为明显(P<0.05)。落叶树种主要在夏季生长,其最大水力导度较高,而冬季依靠落叶等方式度过不利的生长环境,因此其木质部安全性较常绿树种更为脆弱。总体而言,贵州喀斯特森林优势木本植物的在水力导度与安全性之间存在权衡关系,说明在大尺度水平上随着水力导度的提高即水分运输效率的提高,植物木质部抗空穴化的能力降低。

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Rubisco 是催化光合暗反应第一步反应的酶,是唯一能将CO2 转变成碳水化合物的酶,由它固定和最后转化成的碳水化合物提供了植物、动物和微生物的食物和能量。但是,Rubisco 催化该反应的效率十分低,使之成为光合作用的限速步骤。由于Rubisco 的合成和催化过程十分复杂,人们很难通过直接改造Rubisco 提高植物固定CO2 的能力。而Rubisco 活化酶能活化Rubisco,使植物在生理CO2 浓度下具有最大的CO2 同化速率,因此研究活化酶有重要意义。水稻活化酶有2 个同工酶,大型同工酶比小型同工酶C 端多37 个氨基酸,其中包括两个Cys 残基。这两个Cys 残基的存在使活化酶大型同工酶对ADP 的存在更加敏感,其活性在硫氧还蛋白的介导下能被基质中氧化还原状态的变化所调节。由于活化酶大型同工酶对调节Rubisco 的活性具有的这种特殊作用,在本研究中,将活化酶大型同工酶rca基因用正义和反义引入水稻基因组,获得了过量表达活化酶大型同工酶基因和反义抑制活化酶基因表达的转基因植株,对其光合作用进行了生理和生化分析。 本研究的主要结果如下: Rubisco 活化酶大型同工酶基因的克隆:从水稻镇恢249 中克隆了1525 bp 的活化酶大型同工酶cDNA 序列。经过测序,它与报道的粳稻品种活化酶大型同工酶cDNA 序列(rca)完全相同。 构建了4 个植物表达载体:3 个为过量表达rca的载体,分别是pCBUbirca,pCBSrca 和 pCBSUbirca ,其中rca分别在水稻中高效表达的玉米Ubiquitin 启动子、受光调控的Rubisco 小亚基基因启动子和由这两个启动子构成的双启动子控制下表达; 1 个在Ubiquitin 启动子控制的反义rca载体,即 pCBUbi-antirca。 获得了转化rca的水稻再生植株:用日本晴,台北309,武育梗7 号和籼稻品种培矮64S 水稻成熟种子诱导愈伤组织。用改良的农杆菌浸染法将rca基因转化这些愈伤组织,在潮霉素筛选压力下获得抗性愈伤组织,经过2 天的干燥处理后,转入到含山梨醇的高渗分化培养基上培养,能迅速获得大量的芽和转化体再生植株。 获得了转rca基因的水稻植株:抗性愈伤组织和再生水稻幼苗的叶片经GUS 染色呈蓝黑色。PCR 扩增转基因水稻基因组内的潮霉素基因和rca,大部分转基因水稻中含有841 bp 的潮霉素基因片段和1525 bp 长的rca cDNA 片段。251 粒T1 代转基因水稻种子中189粒呈现潮霉素抗性,抗性种子/非抗性种子的比率约为3:1,接近孟德尔分离规律。Southern杂交表明rca序列已整合到水稻基因组,一般含1-2个拷贝。Western 杂交显示Rubisco 活化酶含量在转pCBUbi -antirca 的水稻中和对照比,几乎看不出,被反义抑制;转pCBUbirca 的水稻与对照含量相差无几;转pCBSUbirca,pCBSrca 载体的水稻中活化酶的含量比对照有极显著的增加。 T1 代转rca水稻的光合作用发生显著变化:转pCBSrca 和pCBSUbirca 的水稻在饱和光强下的Rubisco 初始活性、羧化效率、光合速率都明显高于对照,但是表观量子效率、色素含量和Rubisco 总活性与对照相似。两者相比,前者比后者更高;转反义rca(pCBUbi-antirca)基因的水稻饱和光强下的光合速率、表观量子效率、羧化效率、Rubisco 初始活性明显降低,色素含量和Rubisco 总活性基本不变;转pCBUbirca 的水稻中,光合作用的各项参数与对照基本相似。 T1 代转rca水稻的叶绿素荧光明显改变:转pCBSrca 和pCBSUbirca 的水稻ΦPSII 的值明显高于对照,而且前者qP 的值明显高于对照。两者相比,前者的ΦPSII 和qP 的值比后者高;转反义rca的水稻ΦPSII,F′v/F′m,qP 值和对照比都明显降低,但qN 的值升高;转pCBUbirca 载体的水稻中,叶绿素荧光的各项参数与对照基本相似。 转rca基因的水稻生长发育的变化:转pCBUbirca 载体的水稻整个生长发育过程与对照相似;转化pCBSrca 和pCBSUbirca 载体的水稻和对照比,植株高大,生长发育速度加快,抽穗、开花和结籽的时间提前。两者本身相比,前者比后者明显;转反义rca(pCBUbi-antirca)基因的水稻生长发育延迟,植株矮小,种子败育。 由上可见,Rubisco 活化酶大型同工酶rca基因在Rubisco 小亚基基因启动子、Ubiquitin 基因启动子和Rubisco 小亚基基因启动子共同控制下正义转入水稻的转基因植物光合作用的参数最好,光合效率提高,植物表型最好,生长发育加快,提前开花结籽。这一研究可能为获得高光合效率和高产量的水稻奠定了基础。

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In this study gamma radiation (3, 6 and 9 kGy) in combination with low temperature (-20°C) were applied to retain the quality and shelf-life of shrimp, Penaeus monodon for a longer period. The quality was assessed by monitoring microbiological changes (TBC, TMC, TYC, TCC and Salmonella count) in irradiated and non-irradiated (control) samples. Among microbiological indicators of spoilage, total bacterial count (TBC) values for irradiated shrimps were found to be 1875, 1625 and 1525 cfugˉ¹ of sample at 3, 6 and 9 kGy respectively after 90 days whereas for non-irradiated samples it was found 2475 cfugˉ¹ of sample. Total moulds count (TMC) value for non-irradiated samples after 90 days were found 425 cfugˉ¹ sample whereas that for irradiated shrimps at 3, 6 and 9 kGy were found to be 275, 250 and 200 cfugˉ¹ sample respectively. Total yeast count (TYC) value for non-irradiated samples after 90 days were found 4125 cfugˉ¹ sample whereas that for irradiated shrimps at 3, 6 and 9 kGy were found to be 2850, 2150 and 1725 cfugˉ¹ sample respectively. Total coliform count and Salmonella count showed that those were absent during 90 days storage period. From this study, it was clear that gamma radiation in combination with low temperature showed shelf-life extension (90 days) in each dose of radiation used but during the use of 9 kGy radiation, Penaeus monodon showed best quality.

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 报道了30 例正常产妇的初乳和成熟乳的碘含量分别为135165±58128×10- 2 Lmo löL 和54188

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生殖道的免疫学与抗精子局部免疫贲昆龙配子的运输和成熟,受精和受精卵的着床都是在生殖道内进行的。存在于生殖道内的免疫因素(细胞、抗体、细胞素及其它成分)同生殖系统的相互作用、与生殖的顺利进行、免疫因素引起的不育症以及免疫避孕技术的发展等都有密切的关系。...