Hierarchical Three-level Ontology for Text Processing

The principal feature of ontology, which is developed for a text processing, is wider knowledge representation of an external world due to introduction of three-level hierarchy. It allows to improve semantic interpretation of natural language texts.

Hierarchical, ultrathin single-crystal nanowires of CdS conveniently produced in laser-induced thermal field

Hierarchical nanowires (HNWs) exhibit unique properties and have wide applications, while often suffering from imperfect structure. Herein, we report a facile strategy toward ultrathin CdS HNWs with monocrystal structure, where a continuous-wave (CW) Nd:YAG laser is employed to irradiate an oleic acid (OA) solution containing precursors and a light absorber. The high heating rate and large temperature gradient generated by the CW laser lead to the rapid formation of tiny zinc-blende CdS nanocrystals which then line up into nanowires with the help of OA molecules. Next, the nanowires experience a phase transformation from zinc-blende to wurtzite structure, and the transformation-induced stress creates terraces on their surface, which promotes the growth of side branches and eventually results in monocrystal HNWs with an ultrathin diameter of 24 nm. The one-step synthesis of HNWs is conducted in air and completes in just 40 s, thus being very simple and rapid. The prepared CdS HNWs display photocatalytic performance superior to their nanoparticle counterparts, thus showing promise for catalytic applications in the future.

The Wiener, Eccentric Connectivity and Zagreb Indices of the Hierarchical Product of Graphs

Let G1 = (V1, E1) and G2 = (V2, E2) be two graphs having a distinguished or root vertex, labeled 0. The hierarchical product G2 ⊓ G1 of G2 and G1 is a graph with vertex set V2 × V1. Two vertices y2y1 and x2x1 are adjacent if and only if y1x1 ∈ E1 and y2 = x2; or y2x2 ∈ E2 and y1 = x1 = 0. In this paper, the Wiener, eccentric connectivity and Zagreb indices of this new operation of graphs are computed. As an application, these topological indices for a class of alkanes are computed. ACM Computing Classification System (1998): G.2.2, G.2.3.

An adaptive hierarchical approach to the extraction of high resolution medial surfaces

We introduce a novel algorithm for medial surfaces extraction that is based on the density-corrected Hamiltonian analysis. The approach extracts the skeleton directly from a triangulated mesh and adopts an adaptive octree-based approach in which only skeletal voxels are refined to a lower level of the hierarchy, resulting in robust and accurate skeletons at extremely high resolution. The quality of the extracted medial surfaces is confirmed by an extensive set of experiments. © 2012 IEEE.

Fractal Analysis for Cancer Research: Case Study and Simulation of Fractals

2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 65D18.

The fractal properties of the retinal vascular architecture

Purpose: The human retinal vasculature has been demonstrated to exhibit fractal, or statistically self similar properties. Fractal analysis offers a simple quantitative method to characterise the complexity of the branching vessel network in the retina. Several methods have been proposed to quantify the fractal properties of the retina. Methods: Twenty five healthy volunteers underwent retinal photography, retinal oximetry and ocular biometry. A robust method to evaluate the fractal properties of the retinal vessels is proposed; it consists of manual vessel segmentation and box counting of 50 degree retinal photographs centred on the fovea. Results: Data is presented on the associations between the fractal properties of the retinal vessels and various functional properties of the retina. Conclusion Fractal properties of the retina could offer a promising tool to assess the risk and prognostic factors that define retinal disease. Outstanding efforts surround the need to adopt a standardised protocol for assessing the fractal properties of the retina, and further demonstrate its association with disease processes.

Facile synthesis of hierarchical Cu2O nanocubes as visible light photocatalysts

Hierarchically structured Cu2O nanocubes have been synthesized by a facile and cost-effective one-pot, solution phase process. Self-assembly of 5 nm Cu2O nanocrystallites induced through reduction by glucose affords a mesoporous 375 nm cubic architecture with superior visible light photocatalytic performance in both methylene blue dye degradation and hydrogen production from water than conventional non-porous analogues. Hierarchical nanocubes offer improved accessible surface active sites and optical/electronic properties, which act in concert to confer 200–300% rate-enhancements for the photocatalytic decomposition of organic pollutants and solar fuels.

Tracing the evolution of physics on the backbone of citation networks

Many innovations are inspired by past ideas in a nontrivial way. Tracing these origins and identifying scientific branches is crucial for research inspirations. In this paper, we use citation relations to identify the descendant chart, i.e., the family tree of research papers. Unlike other spanning trees that focus on cost or distance minimization, we make use of the nature of citations and identify the most important parent for each publication, leading to a treelike backbone of the citation network. Measures are introduced to validate the backbone as the descendant chart. We show that citation backbones can well characterize the hierarchical and fractal structure of scientific development, and lead to an accurate classification of fields and subfields. © 2011 American Physical Society.

Hierarchical mesoporous Pd/ZSM-5 for the selective catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of m-cresol to methylcyclohexane

Mesopore incorporation into ZSM-5 enhances the dispersion of Pd nanoparticles throughout the hierarchical framework, significantly accelerating m-cresol conversion relative to a conventional microporous ZSM-5, and dramatically increasing selectivity towards the desired methylcyclohexane deoxygenated product. Increasing the acid site density further promotes m-cresol conversion and methylcyclohexane selectivity through efficient dehydration of the intermediate methylcyclohexanol.

Template-free and eco-friendly synthesis of hierarchical Ag3PO4 microcrystals with sharp corners and edges for enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light

Herein, we demonstrate a template-free and eco-friendly strategy to synthesize hierarchical Ag3PO4 microcrystals with sharp corners and edges via silver–ammine complex at room temperature. The as-synthesized hierarchical Ag3PO4 microcrystals were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–vis DRS), BET surface area analyzer, and photoluminescence analysis (PL). Our results clearly indicated that the as-synthesized Ag3PO4 microcrystals possess a hierarchical structure with sharp corners and edges. More attractively, the adsorption ability and visible light photocatalytic activity of the as-synthesized hierarchical Ag3PO4 is much higher than that of conventional Ag3PO4.

Hierarchical ZnO “rod like” architecture synthesized via reverse micellar route for improved photocatalytic activity

Hierarchical ZnO “rod like” architecture was successfully synthesized via reverse micellar route and characterized by various techniques. The FESEM studies show controlled decomposition of zinc oxalate into ZnO “rod like” architecture at 500 °C with slow heat rate at 1°/min. Interestingly, improved photocatalytic activity was observed for the degradation of Rhodamine B, due to the self assembly of hexagonal nanoparticles of zinc oxide forming hierarchical ZnO “rod like” architecture which can greatly enhance the light utilization rate due to its special architecture and enlarge the specific surface area, providing more reaction sites and promoting mass transfer. More importantly, the reusability studies of this architecture were most economical.

Modifying the hierarchical porosity of SBA-15 via mild-detemplation followed by secondary treatments

Fenton-chemistry-based detemplation combined with secondary treatments offers options to tune the hierarchical porosity of SBA-15. This approach has been studied on a series of SBA-15 mesophases and has been compared to the conventional calcination. The as-synthesized and detemplated materials were studied with regard to their template content (TGA, CHN), structure (SAXS, TEM), surface hydroxylation (Blin-Carterets approach), and texture (high-resolution argon physisorption). Fenton detemplation achieves 99% of template removal, leading to highly hydroxylated materials. The structure is better preserved when a secondary treatment is applied after the Fenton oxidation, due to the intense capillary forces during drying in water. Two successful approaches are presented: drying in a low-surface-tension solvent (such as n-BuOH) and a hydrothermal stabilization to further condense the structure and make it structurally more robust. Both approaches give rise to remarkably low structural shrinkage, lower than calcination and the direct water-dried Fenton. Interestingly, the derived textural features are remarkably different. The n-BuOH exchange route gives rise to highly hierarchical structures with enhanced interconnecting pores and the highest surface areas. The hydrothermal stabilization produces large-pore SBA-15 structures with high pore volume, intermediate interconnectivity, and minimal micropores. Therefore, the hierarchical texture can be fine-tuned in these two fashions while the template is removed under mild conditions.

The multiple hierarchical legislatures in representative democracy

Multiple hierarchical models of representative democracies in which, for instance, voters elect county representatives, county representatives elect district representatives, district representatives elect state representatives and state representatives a president, reduces the number of electors a representative is answerable for, and therefore, considering each level separately, these models could come closer to direct democracy. In this paper we show that worst case policy bias increases with the number of hierarchical levels. This also means that the opportunities of a gerrymanderer increase in the number of hierarchical levels.

Eredményes projektszervezet kialakítása funkcionális, hierarchikus szervezetek esetén: egy példa az államigazgatásból (Development of effective project organization in functional, hierarchical organizations: an example from public administration)

Az államigazgatásban – itthon és külföldön is – a projektek jelentős százaléka időben csúszik, nem azt eredményezi, amit eredetileg elvártak, a szakmai résztvevők szerint túladminisztrált, a munkatársak tevékenysége nem áttekinthető. Ezeknek a problémáknak a nagy része a projektszervezet és a hierarchikusfunkcionális- hivatali szervezet egymás mellett éléséből és a nehezen szinkronizálható együttműködésből fakad. A cikkben egy, a gyakorlatban bevált módszertant mutat be a szerző, amely adott feltételrendszer mellett nagymértékben kiküszöböli a fent említett hiányosságokat és a szervezet napi működésébe illeszkedő tevékenységek sorozatára vezeti vissza a projekttevékenységeket. A módszer egy gyakorlati problémából – a volt APEH-es és VP-s rendszerek integrálása a NAV-ba – indult ki, azonban a szerző véleménye szerint alkalmazható más, funkcionális alapokon felépülő szervezetnél is. _____ The high percentage of public sector projects slips in time, the result is not that what was expected initially, those are overadministrated by according to the professional participants’ opinion, and the activity of staff does not clear. In this article the author describes a best practice methodology, which led the project activities to series of activities which fit to the organization’s daily operations. The method started from a practical problem, but according to the author’s opinion it can be applied to other structured functional basis organizations.

The Multiple Hierarchical Legislatures in a Representative Democracy: Districting for Policy Implementation

We build a multiple hierarchical model of a representative democracy in which, for instance, voters elect county representatives, county representatives elect district representatives, district representatives elect state representatives, and state representatives elect a prime minister. We use our model to show that the policy determined by the final representative can become more extreme as the number of hierarchical levels increases because of increased opportunities for gerrymandering. Thus, a sufficiently large number of voters gives a district maker an advantage, enabling her to implement her favorite policy. We also show that the range of implementable policies increases with the depth of the hierarchical system. Consequently, districting by a candidate in a hierarchical legislative system can be viewed as a type of policy implementation device.