Studio della gestione integrata dei rifiuti urbani nell'ambito della provincia di Bologna

This work is an analysis of integrated urban waste management in the province of Bologna. It consists of five chapters and one enclosure. Primarily, it focuses on the legislative framework at european, national and local level. Then the study analyses the situation of urban waste system adopted in the reference territory from 2003 to 2007 to show its evolution process. Chapter 3 is based on considerations about the percentage of effective recover of materials derived from separate collection that has been reached in the province of Bologna in 2006. The following chapter describes the urban waste management at national level using dates of 2005 and 2006 by APAT (National Agency for environmental protection). Then, it has been made a comparison with Emilia-Romagna and district of Bologna. Chapter 5 focuses on the description of innovative strategies introduced in the district of Bologna to increase separate collection level and optimize waste management. In particular, it analyses two sperimental projects: one based on door to door collection and the other founded on an integrated collection system which provides the application of two collection models (door to door collection in industrial areas and collection by containers in urban ones). Finally, in the enclosure, it is also descrided best practices of waste management sector about collection models, treatment plants and innovative strategies available at that moment in Europe.

Appartenenze, identità e ruoli di genere negli adolescenti di origine immigrata. Uno studio qualitativo nel territorio di Monza e della Brianza

Starting from the contexts on which the researches about migrant minors and adolescents have been concentrated so far, school, free time, friends, family, society integration, this work puts attention on gender dimension, supporting the ideas that socialization is a life-long process, that gender and gender roles are a cultural construction and the subject has multiple identities. The research aim to understand if being male or female, related with ethnic and cultural origin, influences the identity construction, the gender belonging and roles, the behaviours, in a different way, in interaction with the different everyday contexts. The research points out how being male or female affects: - daily choices, expectations and behaviours inside peer group, family and school; - future expectations as adult inside family, work and society; - idea about the adolescence and the self-decription as adolescent, female, male and immigrant. The analysis highlights that the gender belonging, as the ethnic and cultural belonging, doesn’t drive behaviours, attitudes, expectations totally to tradition or totally to “western way”, in the different everyday contexts. There is rather a combination of these ways, choosing the one or the other way in the different contexts according to be in a position in which there are more or less contacts with the society they live in. Differently, the self perception as adolescent and as individual is relatively independent from gender and ethniccultural belonging, over which prevail the idea of “ peer normality”. Above all, it is important to put in evidence that they are experiencing a very high level of complexity and change as adolescent and migrant or migrant’ son. Personal, cultural and social transitions can explain a large part of variability and our difficulty to construct high defined classifications.

Studio della trasduzione del Segnale Nucleare Inositide-Dipendente: identificazione di eEF1A2 come nuovo Fosfosubstrato di PKC βI

Introduction Phospholipase Cb1 (PLC-β1) is a key player in the regulation of nuclear inositol lipid signaling and of a wide range of cellular functions, such as proliferation and differentiation (1,2,3). PLCb1 signaling depends on the cleavage of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and the formation of the second messengers diacylglycerol and Inositol tris-phosphate which activate canonical protein kinase C (cPKC) isoforms. Here we describe a proteomic approach to find out a potential effector of nuclear PLC-b1 dependent signaling during insulin stimulated myogenic differentiation. Methods Nuclear lysates obtained from insulin induced C2C12 myoblasts were immunoprecipitated with anti-phospho-substrate cPKC antibody. Proteins, stained with Comassie blue, were excised, digested and subsequently analysed in LC-MS/MS. For peptide sequence searching, the mass spectra were processed and analyzed using the Mascot MS/MS ion search program with the NCBI database. Western blotting, GST-pull down and co-immunoprecipitation were performed to study the interaction between eEF1A2 and cPKCs. Site direct mutagenesis was performed to confirm the phosphorylated motif recognized by the antibody. Immunofluorescence analysis, GFP-tagged eEF1A2 vector and subcellular fractionation were performed to study nuclear localization and relative distribution of eEF1A2. Results We have previously shown that PLC-β1 is greatly increased at the nuclear level during insulin-induced myoblasts differentiation and that this nuclear localization is essential for induction of differentiation. Thus, nuclear proteins of insulin stimulated C2C12 myoblasts, were immunoprecipitated with an anti-phospho-substrate cPKC antibody. After Electrophoretic gel separation of proteins immunoprecipitated, several molecules were identified by LC-MS/MS. Among these most relevant and unexpected was eukaryotic elongation factor 1 alpha 2 (eEF1A2). We found that eEF1A2 is phosphorylated by PKCb1 and that these two molecules coimmunolocalized at the nucleolar level. eEF1A2 could be phosphorylated in many sites among which both threonine and serine residues. By site direct mutagenesis we demonstrated that it is the serine residue of the motif recognized by the antibody that is specifically phosphorylated by PKCb1. The silencing of PLCb1 gives rise to a reduction of expression and phosphorylation levels of eEF1A2 indicating this molecule as a target of nuclear PLCb1 regulatory network during myoblasts differentiation.

Studio immunologico per l'individuazione di pazienti trapiantati per cirrosi HBV relata che potrebbero sospedere la terapia con immunoglobine specifiche (HBIG)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is associated with poor graft and patient survival. Treatment with HBV-specific immunoglobulins (HBIG) in combination with nucleos(t)ide analogs is effective in preventing HBV reinfection of the graft and improving OLT outcome. However, the combined immunoprophylaxis has several limitations, mainly the high cost and the lack of standard schedules about duration. So far, the identification of markers able to predict the reinfection risk is needed. Although the HBV-specific immune response is believed to play an essential role in disease outcome, HBV-specific cellular immunity in viral containment in OLT recipients is unclear. To test whether or not OLT recipients maintain robust HBV-specific cellular immunity, the cellular immune response against viral nucleocapsid and envelope-protein of HBV was assessed in 15 OLT recipients and 27 individuals with chronic and 24 subjects with self-limited HBV infection, respectively. The data demonstrate that OLT recipients mounted fewer but stronger clusters of differentiation (CD)8 T cell responses than subjects with self-limited HBV infection and showed a preferential targeting of the nucleocapsid antigen. This focused response pattern was similar to responses seen in chronically infected subjects with undetectable viremia, but significantly different from patients who presented with elevated HBV viremia and who mounted mainly immune responses against the envelope protein. In conclusion, virus-specific CD4 T cell–mediated responses were only detected in subjects with self-limited HBV infection. Thus, the profile of the cellular immunity against HBV was in immune suppressed patients similar to subjects with chronic HBV infection with suppressed HBV-DNA.

Study of materials and technology of ancient floor mosaics' substrate

Ancient pavements are composed of a variety of preparatory or foundation layers constituting the substrate, and of a layer of tesserae, pebbles or marble slabs forming the surface of the floor. In other cases, the surface consists of a mortar layer beaten and polished. The term mosaic is associated with the presence of tesserae or pebbles, while the more general term pavement is used in all the cases. As past and modern excavations of ancient pavements demonstrated, all pavements do not necessarily display the stratigraphy of the substrate described in the ancient literary sources. In fact, the number and thickness of the preparatory layers, as well as the nature and the properties of their constituent materials, are often varying in pavements which are placed either in different sites or in different buildings within a same site or even in a same building. For such a reason, an investigation that takes account of the whole structure of the pavement is important when studying the archaeological context of the site where it is placed, when designing materials to be used for its maintenance and restoration, when documenting it and when presenting it to public. Five case studies represented by archaeological sites containing floor mosaics and other kind of pavements, dated to the Hellenistic and the Roman period, have been investigated by means of in situ and laboratory analyses. The results indicated that the characteristics of the studied pavements, namely the number and the thickness of the preparatory layers, and the properties of the mortars constituting them, vary according to the ancient use of the room where the pavements are placed and to the type of surface upon which they were built. The study contributed to the understanding of the function and the technology of the pavements’ substrate and to the characterization of its constituent materials. Furthermore, the research underlined the importance of the investigation of the whole structure of the pavement, included the foundation surface, in the interpretation of the archaeological context where it is located. A series of practical applications of the results of the research, in the designing of repair mortars for pavements, in the documentation of ancient pavements in the conservation practice, and in the presentation to public in situ and in museums of ancient pavements, have been suggested.

The effect of linseed oil on the properties of lime-based restoration mortars

The traditional lime mortar is composed of hydrated lime, sand and water. Besides these constituents it may also contain additives aiming to modify fresh mortar´s properties and/or to improve hardened mortar´s strength and durability. Already in the first civilizations various additives were used to enhance mortar´s quality, among the organic additives, linseed oil was one of the most common. From literature we know that it was used already in Roman period to reduce water permeability of a mortar, but the mechanism and the technology, e.g. effects of different dosages, are not clearly explained. There are only few works studying the effect of oil experimentally. Knowing the function of oil in historical mortars is important for designing a new compatible repair mortar. Moreover, linseed oil addition could increase the sometimes insufficient durability of lime-based mortars used for reparation and it could be a natural alternative to synthetic additives. In the present study, the effect of linseed oil on the properties of six various lime-based mortars has been studied. Mortars´ compositions have been selected with respect to composition of historical mortars, but also mortars used in a modern restoration practise have been tested. Oil was added in two different concentrations – 1% and 3% by the weight of binder. The addition of 1% of linseed oil has proved to have positive effect on mortars´ properties. It improves mechanical characteristics and limits water absorption into mortar without affecting significantly the total open porosity or decreasing the degree of carbonation. On the other hand, the 3% addition of linseed oil is making mortar to be almost hydrophobic, but it markedly decreases mortars´ strength. However, all types of tested lime-based mortars with the oil addition showed significantly decreased water and salt solution absorption by capillary rise. Addition of oil into mortars is also decreasing the proportion of pores which are easily accessible to water. Furthermore, mortars with linseed oil showed significantly improved resistance to salt crystallization and freeze-thaw cycles. On the base of the obtained results, the addition of 1% of linseed oil can be taken into consideration in the design of mortars meant to repair or replace historic mortars.

Sintesi di catalizzatori supportati Au/Cu e studio della loro reattività per l'ossidazione selettiva del 5-idrossimetilfurfurale

Al giorno d’oggi i combustibili fossili come carbone, olio e gas naturale forniscono più del 75% dell’energia mondiale. Tuttavia, la crescente richiesta di queste fonti di energia non rinnovabili, si manifesta in un momento in cui le riserve naturali si stanno esaurendo; è stato infatti stimato che le riserve petrolifere di tutto il mondo possano essere sufficienti per fornire energia e produrre prodotti chimici per i prossimi quarant’anni. Per questo motivo la conversione delle biomasse per produrre energia e prodotti chimici sta diventando una valida alternativa per diversificare le fonti energetiche e ridurre il surriscaldamento globale. Le biomasse, infatti, oltre ad essere una fonte rinnovabile, generano minori emissioni di gas serra rispetto ai combustibili fossili, perché la CO2 rilasciata nei processi di utilizzo viene bilanciata da quella consumata nel processo di crescita delle biomasse stesse. Lo sfruttamento delle biomasse per la produzione di building blocks per la chimica suscita particolare interesse, poiché le molecole ottenute sono già parzialmente funzionalizzate; ciò significa che la sintesi di prodotti chimici specifici richiede un minor numero di stadi rispetto ai building blocks petroliferi, con conseguente diminuzione di prodotti di scarto e sottoprodotti. Un esempio di queste potenziali “molecole piattaforma” è il 5-idrossimetilfurfurale (HMF), un importante composto derivato dalla disidratazione di zuccheri, intermedio chiave per la sintesi di un’ampia varietà di prodotti chimici e combustibili alternativi, tra cui l’acido 2,5- furandicarbossilico (FDCA), che è stato identificato tra i dodici composti chimici più importanti degli ultimi anni. Per esempio, il FDCA è un possibile sostituto dell’acido tereftalico, usato per produrre il polietilentereftalato (PET). Recentemente alcuni autori hanno riportato interessanti risultati sull’ossidazione dell’HMF a FDCA utilizzando catalizzatori a base di Au supportato. Questi catalizzatori mostrano però significativi problemi di disattivazione. Lo scopo di questo lavoro di tesi è stato quindi lo sviluppo di catalizzatori attivi e stabili nella reazione di ossidazione dell’HMF a FDCA. Il lavoro portato avanti ha avuto come obbiettivi principali: l’ottimizzazione della sintesi di nanoparticelle di oro e oro/rame a diverso rapporto molare, mediante un processo di sintesi, in acqua, a basso impatto ambientale. Tale metodo di sintesi si basa sull’azione riducente del sistema glucosio-NaOH ed è stato messo a punto in lavori di tesi precedenti. Le nanoparticelle sintetizzate sono state utilizzate, quali fase attiva, per la preparazione di catalizzatori supportati su TiO2 e CeO2 lo studio dell’attività catalitica e riusabilità dei catalizzatori preparati nell’ossidazione in fase liquida del HMF a FDCA.

Studio dell'ammonossidazione in fase gas di etanolo ad acetonitrile

Lo sviluppo di nuovi processi per la chimica industriale vede come fulcro della ricerca l’armonizzazione tra gli aspetti economici, sociali, ambientali e quelli relativi alla sicurezza; questi ultimi incidono profondamente sull’approccio scientifico indirizzando il chimico moderno verso una chimica focalizzata sulla catalisi e sulla manipolazione di sostanze con basso pericolo intrinseco. Un esempio di obbiettivo da perseguire è quindi lo studio, l’ottimizzazione e la messa in opera di processi che utilizzino bioetanolo come “building-block” per la sintesi di intermedi, quali per esempio acetonitrile, attualmente ottenuto principalmente come sottoprodotto della sintesi industriale dell’acrilonitrile. Il lavoro di tesi, che ha visto coinvolta la mia partecipazione, ha permesso di evidenziare gli aspetti positivi, nonché quelli critici nella reazione di sintesi di acetonitrile mediante ammonossidazione in fase gas a partire da etanolo, in cui come catalizzatore modello è stato utilizzato pirofosfato di vanadile. Investigando il contributo apportato dai vari componenti della miscela di reazione, dei parametri operativi, quali temperatura e tempo di contatto, è stato possibile studiare la reazione in ogni suo aspetto mettendo in evidenza anche i limiti derivanti dall’utilizzo di questo particolare sistema catalitico.

Studio spettroscopico della reazione fotochimica solido-solido del 9,10-dinitro-antracene ad antrachinone

Questa tesi riguarda lo studio della reazione fotoindotta del 9-10 dinitroantracene (DNO2A) ad antrachinone (AQ) con l’ausilio di una tecnica spettroscopica senza precedenti nel campo. Lo studio tramite spettroscopia Raman dei fononi reticolari (variazioni fisiche) e dei modi intramolecolari (variazioni chimiche) di reagente e prodotto, simultaneamente al manifestarsi della reazione, è infatti un metodo potente, diretto, in situ e non distruttivo per studiare una reazione solido-solido che coinvolge spettacolari movimenti micro-meccanici nel cristallo singolo del reagente durante l’irraggiamento. L’ulteriore vantaggio della confocalità amplia ulteriormente il campo di applicazione di questa tecnica, permettendo un’analisi su scala spaziale inferiore al micrometro, con la possibilità di mappature a livello molecolare da confrontare con l’immagine microscopica del campione[9]. Abbiamo inoltre visto che ampie ricostruzioni strutturali avvengono nel corso della reazione. Le conseguenze, a livello microscopico, si riflettono sulla modificazione strutturale della cella elementare; quelle a livello macroscopico mostrano una sorprendente relazione fotone incidente/energia meccanica prodotta. Infine lo studio di questa reazione in celle ad alta pressione ha ampliato il corpo di conoscenze della reazione oggetto della tesi.