Spatial and thematic assessment of object- based forest stands delineation using OFA-matrix

Validación de la cartografía generada del terreno a partir de una nuevo sistema de validación propuesto

MRI and Bidimensional relaxometry sequences for macro and microstructure assessment in food models.

Physico-chemical and organoleptic characteristics of food depend largely on the microscopic level distribution of gases and water, and connectivity and mobility through the pores. Microstructural characterization of food can be accomplished by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Nuclear Magnetic Spectroscopy (NMR) combined with the application of methods of dissemination and multidimensional relaxometry. In this work, funded by the EC Project InsideFood, several artificial food models, based on foams and gels were studied using MRI and 2D relaxometry. Two different kinds of foams were used: a sugarless and a sugar foam. Then, a half of a syringe was filled with the sugarless foam and the other half with the sugar foam. Then, MRI and NMR experiments were performed and the sample evolution was observed along 3 days in order to quantify macrostructural changes through proton density images and microstructural ones using T1T2 maps, using an inversion CPMG sequence. On the proton density images it may be seen that after 16 hours it was possible to differentiate the macrostructural changes, as the apparition of free water due to a syneresis phenomenon. On the interface it can be seen a brighter area after 16 hours, due to the occurrence of free water. Moreover, thanks to the bidimensional relaxometry (T1-T2) it was possible to differentiate among microscopic changes. Differences between the pores size can be observed as well as the microstructure evolution after 30.5 hours, as a consequence differences are shown on free water redistribution through larger pores and capillarity phenomena between both foams.

A regional comparison of the effects of climate change on agricultural crops in Europe

The effects of climate change will be felt by most farmers in Europe over the next decades. This study provides consistent results of the impact of climate change on arable agriculture in Europe by using high resolution climate data, socio-economic data, and impact assessment models, including farmer adaptation. All scenarios are consistent with the spatial distribution of effects, exacerbating regional disparities and current vulnerability to climate. Since the results assume no restrictions on the use of water for irrigation or on the application of agrochemicals, they may be considered optimistic from the production point of view and somewhat pessimistic from the environmental point of view. The results provide an estimate of the regional economic impact of climate change, as well as insights into the importance of mitigation and adaptation policies.

Quantity and degree assessment in an RDF.based semantic language

This paper introduces a semantic language developed with the objective to be used in a semantic analyzer based on linguistic and world knowledge. Linguistic knowledge is provided by a Combinatorial Dictionary and several sets of rules. Extra-linguistic information is stored in an Ontology. The meaning of the text is represented by means of a series of RDF-type triples of the form predicate (subject, object). Semantic analyzer is one of the options of the multifunctional ETAP-3 linguistic processor. The analyzer can be used for Information Extraction and Question Answering. We describe semantic representation of expressions that provide an assessment of the number of objects involved and/or give a quantitative evaluation of different types of attributes. We focus on the following aspects: 1) parametric and non-parametric attributes; 2) gradable and non-gradable attributes; 3) ontological representation of different classes of attributes; 4) absolute and relative quantitative assessment; 5) punctual and interval quantitative assessment; 6) intervals with precise and fuzzy boundaries

Indicators and Estimators in P-Adaptive Boundary Elements

The paper presents the possibility of implementing a p-adaptive process with the B.E.M. Although the exemples show that good results can be obtained with a limited amount of storage and with the simple ideas explained above, more research is needed in order to improve the two main problems of the method, i.e.: the criteria of where to refine and until what degree. Mathematically based reasoning is still lacking and will be useful to simplify the decission making. Nevertheless the method seems promising and, we hope, opens a path for a series of research lines of maximum interest. Although the paper has dealt only with plane potential problem the extension to plane elasticity as well as to 3-D potential problem is straight-forward.

Using multimedia and peer assessment to promote collaborative e-learning

Collaborative e-learning is increasingly appealing as a pedagogical approach that can positively affect student learning. We propose a didactical model that integrates multimedia with collaborative tools and peer assessment to foster collaborative e-learning. In this paper, we explain it and present the results of its application to the “International Seminars on Materials Science” online course. The proposed didactical model consists of five educational activities. In the first three, students review the multimedia resources proposed by the teacher in collaboration with their classmates. Then, in the last two activities, they create their own multimedia resources and assess those created by their classmates. These activities foster communication and collaboration among students and their ability to use and create multimedia resources. Our purpose is to encourage the creativity, motivation, and dynamism of the learning process for both teachers and students.

Performance of UV-enhanced PMMA fresnel lenses and impact on LCOE

Tiny increases in the transmittance of optical materials within a CPV module can have an important impact on the economy of a plant. This is certainly true in systems comprising multi-junction solar cells, whose high performance, based on a balanced photocurrent generation among the series-connected junctions, is very sensitive to spectrum variations. Every efficiency point gained causes not only an increase in the kilowatts hour produced, but a higher benefit on it, since the difference between electricity tariff and Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) rises. This work studies the impact on the LCOE of a plant based on modules comprising PMMA lenses of two different types, standard UV blocking grade which is normally used for outdoor applications at high DNI climate and a specialty stabilized UV-enhanced transmittance acrylic (see Figure 1). Energy production will be compared for these two systems throughout the year at different sites to analyze when (season, time of the day) and where the usage of the enhanced PMMA is justified.

Feasibility of a wireless health monitoring system for prevention and health assessment of elderly people

The work presented in this paper comprises the methodology and results of a pilot study on the feasibility of a wireless health monitoring system designed under main EU challenges for the promotion of healthy and active ageing. The system is focused on health assessment, prevention and lifestyle promotion of elderly people. Over a hundred participants including elderly users and caregivers tested the system in four pilot sites across Europe. Tests covered several scenarios in senior centers and real home environments, including performance and usability assessment. Results indicated strong satisfactoriness on usability, usefulness and user friendliness, and the acceptable level of reliability obtained supports future investigation on the same direction for further improvement and transfer of conclusions to the real world in the healthcare delivery.

Repercusión medioambiental del uso de la cerámica estructural en España. Energía embebida y huella de carbono

La producción y el transporte a obra de los productos cerámicos de carácter estructural suponen un importante consumo energético, que conlleva la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero a la atmósfera. El objetivo de la presente Tesis es demostrar la existencia de importantes diferencias en el valor del impacto ambiental asociado a los productos de cerámica estructural fabricados en España, y que estas diferencias podrían quedar cuantificadas y reflejadas mediante un análisis de Huella de Carbono y de la Energía Embebida. Se parte de la inexistencia en España, de base de datos contrastada y consensuada, que establezca las cargas medioambientales en función del tipo de producto cerámico a utilizar. Se realiza en la primera parte del estudio una revisión del estado actual de la Huella de Carbono y la Energía Embebida en el campo de los materiales de construcción, y más concretamente en el sector de la cerámica estructural, que sirve para acotar los límites del estudio y justificar el objeto de la Tesis. La investigación se acota a las etapas de producción y transporte a obra de los productos (estudio cuna a puerta con opciones), al considerar que son éstas, a priori, las que tienen una mayor incidencia en el comportamiento ambiental del producto. Siguiendo los pasos definidos en la normativa aplicable (definición del mapa de procesos – límites y alcance – inventario – cálculo y evaluación), se establece un método específico de identificación y cuantificación de las variables que determinan la Huella de Carbono y Energía Embebida de los productos cerámicos, en función de la tipología de producto. La información necesaria (inventario) se obtiene principalmente con recogida de datos “in situ” de fábricas de productos cerámicos, lo que garantiza que la información tratada en este estudio es de primer nivel. La información se complementa/contrasta con fuentes bibliográficas. Se determinan 6 variables con influencia global en el impacto ambiental, 44 variables principales y 39 secundarias, estableciendo las fórmulas de cálculo a partir de dichas variables. Los resultados de cálculo y evaluación determinan que, para unas mismas condiciones de fabricación, las diferencias entre productos cerámicos llegan hasta un 27% para la Huella de Carbono y un 35% para Energía Embebida. La relevancia que alcanza el impacto asociado al transporte del producto a obra puede llegar hasta un 40% del total. El método de cálculo y las fórmulas desarrolladas se integran en una hoja de cálculo, para el cálculo de Huella de Carbono y Energía Embebida de los productos cerámicos, que permite, a su vez, conocer la repercusión medioambiental que tiene la introducción de modificaciones o innovaciones en el proceso de producción o transporte a obra. Así mismo, el trabajo desarrollado ha servido para poner en relieve una serie de problemas y falta de información en el campo de la cerámica estructural y el medioambiente que pueden ser objeto de futuras líneas de investigación, tanto para el sector de la edificación como para la comunidad científica, pudiendo implementar la metodología desarrollada en otras investigaciones. Se considera que la investigación realizada y sus resultados suponen una aportación importante para conocer y reducir el impacto ambiental de los edificios, desde la perspectiva del ciclo de vida y considerando que el impacto ambiental de un edificio comienza desde el momento en que se extraen las materias primas para la fabricación de los materiales con los que se construyen los edificios. ABSTRACT The production and transport of structural ceramic products involves an important energy consumption, which leads to the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The objective of the research is to demonstrate the existence of significant differences in the value of the environmental impact of structural ceramic products manufactured in Spain, and these differences could be quantified by the Carbon Footprint and Embodied Energy. It starts from the absence in Spain, of contrasted and agreed databases that establish the environmental loads depending on the type of ceramic product. In the first part of the study reviews the current state of the Carbon Footprint and Embedded Energy in the field of building materials, and more specifically in the field of structural ceramics, which serves to limit the scope of the study and justify the purpose of this Thesis. The Research is bounded to production and transportation stages of (cradle to gate with options), considering they are the stages that have a greater impact on the environmental performance of the product. Following the steps defined in applicable rules (definition of process map - boundaries and scope – inventory analysis- calculation and impact assessment), it sets a specific method for the identification and quantification of the variables that determine the Carbon Footprint and Embedded Energy of structural ceramic products, depending on the type of product. The information (inventory) is given mainly with a data collection in ceramic factories (and in a consultation with the manufactures of the products), ensuring that the information handled in this Thesis is a first rate data. It is established 6 variables with a global influence in the environmental impact, 44 primary and 39 secondary variables, establishing calculation formula from these variables. The results of calculation and assessment determined that, for same manufacturing conditions, the differences between ceramic products reach 27% for Carbon Footprint and 35% for Embodied Energy. The relevance that reaches the impact of transport can reach 40% of the total. The method of calculation and formulas developed are integrated into a simple calculation tool, excel base, to calculate the Carbon Footprint and Embodied Energy of structural ceramic products, which allows, know the environmental impact of changes or innovations in the production process or transport to work. The work also has served to find a problems and gaps in the field of structural ceramics and the environment that may well be the subject of future research, both for the building sector to the scientific community, implementing the methodology developed in other research. It is considered that the research and its results represent an important contribution to understand and reduce the environmental impact of buildings from the perspective of the life cycle, considering that the environmental impact of a building starts from the time that the raw materials are extracted for the manufacture of building materials.

Neutron spectra and dosimetric assessment around a neutron Howitzer container

The neutron Howitzer container at the Neutron Measurements Laboratory of the Nuclear Engineering Department of the Polytechnic University of Madrid (UPM), is equipped with a 241Am-Be neutron source of 74 GBq in its center. The container allows the source to be in either the irradiation or the storage position. To measure the neutron fluence rate spectra around the Howitzer container, measurements were performed using a Bonner spheres spectrometer and the spectra were unfolded using the NSDann program. A calibrated neutron area monitor LB6411 was used to measure the ambient dose equivalent rates, H*(10). Detailed Monte-Carlo simulations were performed to calculate the measured quantities at the same positions. The maximum relative deviation between simulations and measurements was 19.53%. After validation, the simulated model was used to calculate the equivalent dose rate in several key organs of a voxel phantom. The computed doses in the skin and lenses of the eyes are within the ICRP recommended dose limits, as is the H*(10) value for the storage position.

An experimental and numerical study of ductile failure under quasi-static and impact loadings of Inconel 718 nickel-base superalloy

A numerical and experimental study of ballistic impacts at various temperatures on precipitation hardened Inconel 718 nickel-base superalloy plates has been performed. A coupled elastoplastic-damage constitutive model with Lode angle dependent failure criterion has been implemented in LS-DYNA non-linear finite element code to model the mechanical behaviour of such an alloy. The ballistic impact tests have been carried out at three temperatures: room temperature (25 °C), 400 °C and 700 °C. The numerical study showed that the mesh size is crucial to predict correctly the shear bands detected in the tested plates. Moreover, the mesh size convergence has been achieved for element sizes on the same order that the shear bands. The residual velocity as well as the ballistic limit prediction has been considered excellent for high temperature ballistic tests. Nevertheless, the model has been less accurate for the numerical simulations performed at room temperature, being though in reasonable agreement with the experimental data. Additionally, the influence that the Lode angle had on quasi-static failure patterns such as cup-cone and slanted failure has been studied numerically. The study has revealed that the combined action of weakened constitutive equations and Lode angle dependent failure criterion has been necessary to predict the previously-mentioned failure patterns

Peer Assessment and Self-assessment: Effective Learning Tools in Higher Education.

When used appropriately, self- and peer-assessment are very effective learning tools. In the present work, instructor formative assessment and feedback, self-assessment (SA), and peer-assessment (PA) have been compared. During the first part of a semester, the students followed a continuous formative assessment. Subsequently, they were divided into two subgroups based on similar performances. One subgroup performed SAs, and the other followedPAduring the last part of the course. The performances of the two groups in solving problems were compared. Results suggest that PA is a more effective learning tool than SA, and both are more effective than instructor formative assessment. However, a survey that was conducted at the end of the experiment showed higher student confidence in instructor assessment than in PA. The students recognized the usefulness of acting as peer assessors, but believed that SA helped them more than PA.

Experimental and numerical assessment of the aeroelastic stability of blade pair packages

The stabilizing effect of grouping rotor blades in pairs has been assessed both, numerically and experimentally. The bending and torsion modes of a low aspect ratio high speed turbine cascade tested in the non-rotating test facility at EPFL (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) have been chosen as the case study. The controlled vibration of 20 blades in travelling wave form was performed by means of an electromagnetic excitation system, enabling the adjustement of the vibration amplitude and inter blade phase at a given frequency. Unsteady pressure transducers located along the blade mid-section were used to obtain the modulus and phase of the unsteady pressure caused by the airfoil motion. The stabilizing effect of the torsion mode was clearly observed both in the experiments and the simulations, however the effect of grouping the blades in pairs in the minimum damping at the tested frequency was marginal in the bending mode. A numerical tool was validated using the available experimental data and then used to extend the results at lower and more relevant reduced frequencies. It is shown that the stabilizing effect exists for the bending and torsion modes in the frequency range typical of low-pressure turbines. It is concluded that the stabilizing effect of this configuration is due to the shielding effect of the pressure side of the airfoil that defines the passage of the pair on the suction side of the same passage, since the relative motion between both is null. This effect is observed both in the experiments and simulations.

Environmental costs and benefits of growing Miscanthus for bioenergy in the UK

Funded by BBSRC. Grant Number: LK0863 Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Carbo-BioCrop project. Grant Number: NE/H01067X/1 MAGLUE project

Incremental lines of von Ebner in dinosaurs and the assessment of tooth replacement rates using growth line counts

Dinosaur dentine exhibits growth lines that are tens of micrometers in width. These laminations are homologous to incremental lines of von Ebner found in extant mammal and crocodilian teeth (i.e., those of amniotes). The lines likely reflect daily dentine formation, and they were used to infer tooth development and replacement rates. In general, dinosaur tooth formation rates negatively correlated with tooth size. Theropod tooth replacement rates negatively correlated with tooth size, which was due to limitations in the dentine formation rates of their odontoblasts. Derived ceratopsian and hadrosaurian dinosaurs retained relatively rapid tooth replacement rates through ontogeny. The evolution of dental batteries in hadrosaurs and ceratopsians can be explained by dentine formation constraints and rapid tooth wear. In combination with counts of shed dinosaur teeth, tooth replacement rate data can be used to assess population demographics of Mesozoic ecosystems. Finally, it is of historic importance to note that Richard Owen appears to have been the first to observe incremental lines of von Ebner in dinosaurs more than 150 years ago.