Employment Realm in Technical Education in Kerala-A Study on the Problem of Unemployment among Engineers

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Employment and Income of Workers on Indonesian Oil Palm Plantations: Food Crisis at the Micro Level

The importance of oil palm sector for Indonesia is inevitable as the country currently serves as the world’s largest producer of crude palm oil. This paper focuses on the situation of workers on Indonesian oil palm plantations. It attempts to investigate whether the remarkable development of the sector is followed by employment opportunities and income generation for workers. This question is posed within the theoretical framework on the link between trade liberalisation and labour rights, particularly in a labour-intensive and low-skilled sector. Based on extensive field research in Riau, this paper confirms that despite the rapid development of the oil palm plantation sector in Indonesia, the situations of workers in the sector remain deplorable, particularly their employment status and income. This also attests that trade liberalisation in the sector adversely affects labour rights. The poor working conditions also have ramifications for food security at the micro level.

Integrating top down policies and bottom up practices in Urban and Periurban Agriculture: an Italian dilemma

The paper deals with some relevant and contradictory aspects of urban and peri-urban agriculture in Italy: the traditional exclusion of agricultural areas from the goals of territorial planning; the separation between top-down policies and bottom-up practices; the lack of agricultural policies at local scale. In the first part the paper summarises the weak relation between urban planning and agriculture, showing how in Italy this gap has been only partially overcome by new laws and plans. Moreover the paper focuses on how, due to the lack of suitable solutions coming from regional and local planning, a large number of vibrant initiatives were started by local stakeholders. In order to show the limitations and the potentialities of these various approaches, three peculiar experiences based on Milan, Turin and Pisa are presented. They give a cross-section of the variegated Italian situation, demonstrating that a major challenge in Italian context affects the fields of governance and inclusiveness.

How do domestic policies affect the integration of Ethiopian fertiliser markets with world markets?

Frequent shifts in policy on fertiliser markets have occurred in Ethiopia with the aim of facilitating both physical and economic access of farmers to fertiliser. The last shift was the introduction of a monopoly on each stage of the supply chain in 2008. Furthermore, government control of prices and margins as well as stockholding programmes are also present on the markets. This paper evaluates the effect of these policies on the integration of domestic with world markets of fertiliser, using cointegration methods. Time series data of diammonium phosphate (DAP) and urea prices on world, import and retail markets between 1971 and 2012 are used. The findings show high transmission of price signals from world markets to import prices for both DAP and urea. However, between import and retail prices there is no evidence of cointegration for urea, while for DAP full price transmission is concluded. In the retail market, domestic transaction costs associated with storing large volumes of fertiliser act as a buffer between import and retail prices, especially for urea. Therefore, economic benefits could be achieved by reducing the size of stocks and revising the demand estimation process.

The allometry of non-employment. What can compositional data analysis tell us about labour market performance across the UK's regions?

The low levels of unemployment recorded in the UK in recent years are widely cited as evidence of the country’s improved economic performance, and the apparent convergence of unemployment rates across the country’s regions used to suggest that the longstanding divide in living standards between the relatively prosperous ‘south’ and the more depressed ‘north’ has been substantially narrowed. Dissenters from these conclusions have drawn attention to the greatly increased extent of non-employment (around a quarter of the UK’s working age population are not in employment) and the marked regional dimension in its distribution across the country. Amongst these dissenters it is generally agreed that non-employment is concentrated amongst older males previously employed in the now very much smaller ‘heavy’ industries (e.g. coal, steel, shipbuilding). This paper uses the tools of compositiona l data analysis to provide a much richer picture of non-employment and one which challenges the conventional analysis wisdom about UK labour market performance as well as the dissenters view of the nature of the problem. It is shown that, associated with the striking ‘north/south’ divide in nonemployment rates, there is a statistically significant relationship between the size of the non-employment rate and the composition of non-employment. Specifically, it is shown that the share of unemployment in non-employment is negatively correlated with the overall non-employment rate: in regions where the non-employment rate is high the share of unemployment is relatively low. So the unemployment rate is not a very reliable indicator of regional disparities in labour market performance. Even more importantly from a policy viewpoint, a significant positive relationship is found between the size of the non-employment rate and the share of those not employed through reason of sickness or disability and it seems (contrary to the dissenters) that this connection is just as strong for women as it is for men

Relación entre el impuesto de renta y la generación de empleo en Colombia - Externalidades generadas en las empresas y en los inversionistas

El artículo analiza la relación que ha existido en Colombia a partir de la década de los años 90 s- entre el impuesto de renta y la generación de empleo. En el estudio se identificaron los principales obstáculos que enfrenta la política tributaria colombiana; entre ellos los altos costos laborales salariales y no salariales (impuestos a la nómina), la acción de los grupos de presión, el desempleo, excesos en la formulación de exenciones y descuentos tributarios injustificados al igual que la necesidad de formular políticas tributarias y laborales viables a mediano y largo plazo. Como puede verse a lo largo de la investigación, estos elementos han impedido la consecución de una política tributaria óptima que contemple los principios de equidad, progresividad, eficiencia y flexibilidad.

INFO2009 Employment Legislation Overview

Summary of key areas of employment legislation

Confianza inversionista. Inversión extranjera directa en Colombia. Periodo 2002–2010

Desde el surgimiento de las doctrinas económicas sobre el crecimiento endógeno, se ha determinado que la inversión extranjera es un factor que contribuye al crecimiento económico, ya que facilita la transferencia de tecnología y conocimientos en técnicas de producción, de mercadeo y de gestión en mercado extranjeras donde la competencia permite la existencia de incrementos en la productividad de los factores. Hacia el año 2000 la política de IED en Colombia, contemplaba unas políticas de gobierno centradas en la paz, reformas estructurales y promoción a las exportaciones. Dadas estas condiciones, los retos concernientes a aumentar la inversión extranjera eran bastante exigentes al momento de iniciar el periodo de gobierno de Álvaro Uribe Vélez (2002 – 2010), razón por la cual el objetivo de esta investigación es analizar los resultados al finalizar los dos periodos consecutivos de mandato del Presidente Uribe. Durante su gobierno, el Presidente Uribe Vélez, logró que la inversión extranjera directa alcanzara un notable incremento en sectores específicos como el minero y el petrolero, acompañando el proceso de crecimiento económico, sin embargo, este crecimiento no figura generalizado y contrariamente los índices de desempleo se incrementaron y las utilidades generadas se convierten en remesas al exterior conllevando baja reinversión en el país y estancamiento de otros sectores. Centraré la investigación en las situaciones inicial y final del periodo presidencial, en los aspectos concernientes a los niveles de inversión captados en Colombia, los sectores más favorecidos con dicha inversión, el origen de los recursos y la relación que estos flujos han tenido en los resultados de indicadores de crecimiento económico, productividad, competitividad, empleo y reinversión de utilidades.

Addressing endogeneity in the relationship between health and employment through a simultaneous equations model

Este documento analiza la relación de doble causalidad entre salud y empleo y su comportamiento dinámico usando datos de Estados Unidos tomados del PSID (Pane Study of Income Dynamics). Este estudio usa dos variables dependientes (Estado de salud auto-reportado y Empleo), las cuales son estimadas usando un modelo probit bivariado para abordar el problema de endegeneidad presente en dicha relación. Los resultados muestran evidencia significativa de la existencia de dicha endogeneidad y del impacto positivo que tiene sobre la probabilidad de ser empleado tener un buen estado de salud y vicesersa, sin embargo, el impacto de la situación de empleo sobre el estado de salud se encuentra que no es significativa.