European mobility and local political incorporation: The case of British and Romanian residents in Spain

This paper analyses the impact of European mobility in the field of the political nomination of intra-EU migrants in local elections. The study contributes to the debates in the literature related to immigrant nomination and representation by showing how group resources and political opportunities in the country of residence interact with the political opportunities of the European citizenship regime. It argues that the symbolic and legal status of European identity, representation in the European Parliament and strong links between political institutions in the countries of destination and origin play a positive role in boosting immigrant political entrepreneurs’ visibility vis-à-vis host country political actors. In order to illustrate these findings, the paper provides a qualitative comparison of British and Romanian residents in Spain.

An Ever Closer Union? The Nationalisation of Political Parties in Switzerland, 1991–2015

The contribution of this research note is a systematic description of levels of party nationalisation in Switzerland, using results from the elections to the Swiss National Council between 1991 and 2015. Party nationalisation is understood as the territorial homogeneity of a party's electoral performance and measured using the inverted and standardised Gini index. Our results indicate a trend towards more nationalisation in the Swiss party system over the time period covered, and distinct patterns for single parties. The SVP and the GLP have made big leaps towards stronger nationalisation, with the former closing in on the levels of the SP and the FDP, while the CVP remains a weakly nationalised party, considering its size.

Representing Afghanistan: The United States and Democracy's Imposition

There is an ongoing mission in Afghanistan; a mission driven by external political forces. At its core this mission hopes to establish peace, to protect the populace, and to install democracy. Each of these goals has remained just that, a goal, for the past eight years as the American and international mission in Afghanistan has enjoyed varied levels of commitment. Currently, the stagnant progress in Afghanistan has led the international community to become increasingly concerned about the viability of a future Afghan state. Most of these questions take root in the question over whether or not an Afghan state can function without the auspices of international terrorism. Inevitably, the normative question of what exactly that government should be arises from this base concern. In formulating a response to this question, the consensus of western society has been to install representative democracy. This answer has been a recurring theme in the post Cold War era as states such as Bosnia and Somalia bear witness to the ill effects of external democratic imposition. I hypothesize that the current mold of externally driven state-building is unlikely to result in what western actors seek it to establish: representative democracy. By primarily examining the current situation in Afghanistan, I claim that external installation of representative democracy is modally flawed in that its process mandates choice. Representative democracy by definition constitutes a government reflective of its people, or electorate. Thus, freedom of choice is necessary for a functional representative democracy. From this, one can deduce that because an essential function of democracy is choice, its implementation lies with the presence of choice. State-building is an imposition that eliminates that necessary ingredient. The two stand as polar opposites that cannot effectively collaborate. Security, governing capacity, and development have all been targeted as measurements of success in Afghanistan. The three factors are generally seen as mutually constitutive; so improved security is seen as improving governing capacity. Thus, the recent resurgence of the Taliban in Afghanistan and a deteriorating security environment moving forward has demonstrated the inability of the Afghan government to govern. The primary reason for the Afghan government’s deficiencies is its lack of legitimacy among its constituency. Even the use of the term ‘constituency’ must be qualified because the Afghan government has often oscillated between serving the people within its territorial borders and the international community. The existence of the Afghan state is so dependent on foreign aid and intervention that it has lost policy-making and enforcing power. This is evident by the inability of Afghanistan to engage in basic sovereign state activities as maintaining a national budget, conducting elections, providing for its own national security, and deterring criminality. The Afghan state is nothing more than a shell of a government, and indicative of the failings that external state-building has with establishing democracy.

The Moderating Role of Electoral Pressure on Congressional Ideological Polarization: A Cross-Sectional Time-Series Analysis

Reelection and self-interest are recurring themes in the study of our congressional leaders. To date, many studies have already been done on the trends between elections, party affiliation, and voting behavior in Congress. However, because a plethora of data has been collected on both elections and congressional voting, the ability to draw a connection between the two provides a very reasonable prospect. This project analyzes whether voting shifts in congressional elections have an effect on congressional voting. Will a congressman become ideologically more polarized when his electoral margins increase? Essentially, this paper assumes that all congressmen are ideologically polarized, and it is elections which serve to reel congressmen back toward the ideological middle. The election and ideological data for this study, which spans from the 56th to the 107th Congress, finds statistically significant relationships between these two variables. In fact, congressman pay attention to election returns when voting in Congress. When broken down by party, Democrats are more exhibitive of this phenomenon, which suggest that Democrats may be more likely to intrinsically follow the popular model of representation. Meanwhile, it can be hypothesized that insignificant results for Republicans indicate that Republicans may follow a trustee model of representation.

A Median Voter Theorem for Postelection Politics

We analyze a model of 'postelection politics', in which (unlike in the more common Downsian models of 'preelection politics') politicians cannot make binding commitments prior to elections. The game begins with an incumbent politician in office, and voters adopt reelection strategies that are contingent on the policies implemented by the incumbent. We generalize previous models of this type by introducing heterogeneity in voters' ideological preferences, and analyze how voters' reelection strategies constrain the policies chosen by a rent-maximizing incumbent. We first show that virtually any policy (and any feasible level of rent for the incumbent) can be sustained in a Nash equilibrium. Then, we derive a 'median voter theorem': the ideal point of the median voter, and the minimum feasible level of rent, are the unique outcomes in any strong Nash equilibrium. We then introduce alternative refinements that are less restrictive. In particular, Ideologically Loyal Coalition-proof equilibrium also leads uniquely to the median outcome.

Recognizing a Single-Issue Spatial Election

A single-issue spatial election is a voter preference profile derived from an arrangement of candidates and voters on a line, with each voter preferring the nearer of each pair of candidates. We provide a polynomial-time algorithm that determines whether a given preference profile is a single-issue spatial election and, if so, constructs such an election. This result also has preference representation and mechanism design applications.

Campaign contributions to congressional candidates by the healthcare sector from 1990 to 2008

Stakeholder groups with special interests as donors to finance congressional campaigns have been a controversial issue in the United Sates. While previous studies concentrated on whether a connection existed between the campaign contributions provided by stakeholder groups and the voting behavior of congressional members, there is little evidence to show the trend of allocation of their campaign contributions to their favorite candidates during the elections. This issue has become increasingly important in the health sector since the health care reform bill was passed in early 2010.^ This study examined the long-term trend of campaign contributions offered by various top healthcare stakeholder groups to particular political parties (i.e. Democrat and Republican). The main focus of this paper was to observe and describe the financial donations provided by these healthcare stakeholder groups in the congressional election cycles from 1990 to 2008 in order to obtain an overview of their patterns of campaign contributions. Their contributing behaviors were characterized based on the campaign finance data collected by the Center for Responsive Politics (CRP). Specifically, I answered the questions: (1) to which political party did specific healthcare stakeholder groups give money and (2) what was the pattern of their campaign contributions from 1990 to 2008?^ The findings of my study revealed that the healthcare stakeholder groups had different political party preferences and partisanship orientations regarding the Democratic or Republican Party. These differences were obvious throughout the election cycles from 1990 to 2008 and their distinct patterns of financial contribution were evident across industries in the health sector as well. Among all the healthcare stakeholder groups in this study, physicians were the top contributors in the congressional election. The pharmaceutical industry was the only group where the majority of contribution funds were allocated to Republicans in every election period studied. This study found that no interest group has succeeded in electing the preferred congressional candidate by giving the majority of its financial support to the winning party in every election. Chiropractors, hospitals/nursing homes, and health services/HMOs performed better than other healthcare stakeholder groups by supporting the electoral winner 8 out of 9 election cycles.^

La cultura política en Corrientes

En esta tesis se aborda la historia política correntina del período 1909- 1930, centrándose en la actuación de los partidos políticos, en las elecciones y prácticas políticas y electorales con el objeto de contribuir a la reconstrucción y comprensión de la cultura política provincial y aportar al conocimiento de la historia política argentina de esa etapa. La provincia de Corrientes, constituye un caso peculiar en el contexto nacional, al convertirse en la única que no tuvo un gobierno radical en todo el período posterior a la sanción de la ley electoral de 1912. Lo que aquí se trató de demostrar fue que los mecanismos que permitieron la permanencia de los gobiernos conservadores en esa provincia fueron tanto institucionales como culturales. Entre ellos, se destacan la adecuación al nuevo sistema político por medio de una reforma de la Constitución Provincial que confirmó el sistema de representación proporcional en lugar del sistema de lista incompleta y la reorganización de los partidos conservadores a través de la instauración de la política del acuerdo. Así, la permanencia de éste sector en el gobierno durante todo el período analizado, estuvo más vinculada con la puesta en práctica de estos mecanismos, que con el incremento de la participación del electorado o la influencia de elementos discursivos o ideológicos.

La trastienda de un estreno : las elecciones presidenciales de 1916 en Santa Fe

Es historia conocida el rol crucial que tuvieron los diecinueve electores de la provincia de Santa Fe en la elección del presidente en 1916. Después de algunas marchas y contramarchas, estos hombres pertenecientes al Radicalismo «disidente» santafesino volcaron sus votos en favor de Yrigoyen, otorgándole la mayoría en el colegio electoral necesaria para su consagración como presidente. Sin embargo, conocemos menos de la trama que posibilita este desenlace. Es allí donde este trabajo se detiene: en la coyuntura pautada por las elecciones a gobernador de la provincia de Santa Fe, de febrero de 1916, las presidenciales de abril de ese mismo año, y la reunión del colegio electoral en junio para elegir la fórmula presidencial. Interesa reconstruir el juego político en el distrito provincial santafesino, en esa coyuntura que tiene como nota sobresaliente el «estreno» de la ley Sáenz Peña en la elección de presidente, a través del análisis del comportamiento del Radicalismo, partido que detenta el poder provincial desde 1912, y que en la coyuntura estudiada se encuentra dividido entre «oficialistas» y «disidentes».

La inacabada construcción de la democracia interna : el voto directo en la UCR y el Partido Demócrata de Córdoba (1941-1942)

En Argentina, los primeros ensayos de voto directo en las elecciones internas de los partidos políticos tuvieron lugar en las décadas del treinta y el cuarenta del siglo XX. Con anterioridad, los candidatos eran elegidos por notables que imponían sus decisiones en las convenciones partidarias. En este artículo, se plantea analizar su implementación en Córdoba por la UCR y el Partido Demócrata, a partir de una coyuntura cuya relevancia trascendía los límites provinciales: las últimas elecciones parlamentarias nacionales antes del golpe militar de junio de 1943. La reconstrucción historiográfica muestra sus alcances así como las resistencias a la democratización en ambos partidos.

A mulher na política do Brasil

O artigo discute a desigualdade de gênero entre homens e mulheres no Brasil na ocupaçao de cargos políticos eletivos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental que utiliza os dados estatísticos do Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE) das eleiçoes de 2006, 2008, 2010 e 2012 para avaliar se houve um aumento real de mulheres ocupando cargos políticos eletivos com a criaçao da lei No 12.034/2009 que obrigou partidos/coligaçoes a reservar, no mínimo, 30 das vagas para candidatura femininas. Os resultados mostram apesar do Brasil em 2010 ter eleito a primeira mulher Presidenta do país, das mulheres serem a maioria da populaçao segundo o IBGE (2010) e representarem 52 do eleitorado do país conforme o TSE (2010), elas ainda sao "subrepresentadas" nos cargos políticos eletivos, ocupados por maioria masculina. Visto que a média de mulheres eleitas no Brasil é, em torno, de 10 do total, mesmo com o maior número de candidaturas femininas em decorrência da exigência Legal

Las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias : Orígenes y desarrollo de una particular conjunción entre marxismo, peronismo y lucha armada [1960-1973]

Desde mediados de la década del cincuenta hasta la última dictadura militar, la Argentina vivió un período de gran conflictividad social y política. Particularmente desde el Cordobazo de 1969, amplios sectores de la clase trabajadora, el campo cultural, la iglesia y el movimiento estudiantil protagonizaron un intenso proceso de politización, dando lugar a un conjunto de movimientos de oposición de diverso orden. Las organizaciones armadas, al desafiar el monopolio estatal de la violencia legítima y establecer diversos lazos con el movimiento de protesta social más amplio, fueron uno de los actores destacados de ese proceso. Entre ellas, las 'Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias' [FAR] condensan varias problemáticas de relevancia en el período: el proceso de identificación con el peronismo de numerosos sectores de izquierda, la reivindicación de la violencia como forma de intervención política y la opción por la lucha armada como modalidad específica de ponerla en práctica. Pese a su importancia, hasta el momento no se había realizado ningún trabajo académico específico sobre esta organización. La presente tesis analiza los orígenes y el desarrollo de las FAR considerando el período que va desde los primeros sesenta, en que comenzaron a perfilarse sus grupos fundadores, hasta las elecciones presidenciales del 11 de marzo de 1973. Desde entonces no sólo cambia notablemente la dinámica política nacional, sino que la realidad de la organización ya está signada por el proceso de fusión con Montoneros, que fue anunciada de modo público en octubre de ese año. El problema de investigación articula dos ejes analíticos. Por un lado, el proceso de identificación de las FAR con el peronismo, cuyos antecedentes se remontan a las sucesivas reinterpretaciones realizadas por sus grupos fundadores sobre el fenómeno. El segundo, con su dinámica de funcionamiento como organización político-militar de actuación nacional y urbana, gestada al calor de los cambios de estrategias que se plantearon aquellos grupos fundadores para lograr el proceso de liberación nacional y social que impulsaban. Ambas líneas de análisis implican, además, adentrarse en los modos en que la organización concibió sus vínculos con sectores más amplios de la sociedad, particularmente con aquellos que buscaba movilizar. Para realizar la tesis se apeló a una estrategia metodológica cualitativa. Se relevaron fuentes escritas [diarios y revistas de alcance nacional, documentos de las FAR y de otras organizaciones con que se vincularon] y se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a ex-miembros de la organización

Extranjeros y poder municipal en la campaña bonaerense : Alcances e influencias en el control del poder municipal en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX

Este trabajo analiza el papel de los inmigrantes en el régimen municipal en la campaña bonaerense. Se indaga la relación entre los extranjeros y un poder local marcado por la dinámica de los avances fronterizos y la construcción de nuevos espacios económicos y sociales. Analizaremos los inicios del régimen en la década de 1850, la posición legal que los extranjeros habrían de ocupar y el papel del Estado provincial controlando esos mecanismos de representación. Se examinan los resultados de las elecciones municipales de 1886 en 16 partidos, con la intención de dimensionar los índices de participación que registraron las colectividades extranjeras

El Partido Demócrata de Córdoba ante las elecciones de noviembre de 1931

El trabajo analiza el accionar de los dirigentes del Partido Demócrata de Córdoba (PD) a partir de la orquestación de una salida electoral a la dictadura uriburista, atendiendo al resultado de los comicios; a la estrategia de integrar una coalición nacional antiyrigoyenista (el Partido Demócrata Nacional) y la reacción que ello trajo aparejada al interior de la agrupación. Si bien el PD triunfó cómodamente en las elecciones provinciales y municipales; la victoria del PDN no fue tan pronunciada. El integrar esta coalición le significó al partido provincial la deserción de dirigentes que vieron en ello la pérdida del progresismo que caracterizaba al partido cordobés.