Demócrito y Epicuro: el átomo como elemento y como límite onto-lógico

El presente artículo ofrece una interpretación parcialmente heterodoxa del atomismogriego que interpreta aquella revolucionaria teoría como: 1) Un salto adelante respecto de la ontología eleática que suministra una nueva base más sólida al principio básico de ésta,a saber, "El ser no puede generarse a partir del no-ser" (tesis más bien convencional y ya clásica). 2) Una respuesta, tímidamente formulada, a la pregunta pitagórica por una universalismensura de cada cosa, a saber, la hipótesis, claramente avanzada por Demócrito, de que las piezas constitutivas de la materia, las partículas atómicas, poseen infinitos tamañosdiferentes a fin de eludir las dificultades planteadas por el programa pitagórico y ejemplificadas en la inconmensurabilidad de la diagonal y el lado del cuadrado; dicha hipótesis (yaquí radica el aspecto innovador del artículo) podría considerarse como una anticipación implícita de la moderna noción de fluxión o infinitésimo; la refutación de dicha soluciónpor la teoría aristotélica del continuo forzará a la segunda generación de atomistas, encabezada por Epicuro, a intentar un nuevo enfoque del problema con la formulación de la teoríade las rninirnaepartes, que, según nuestra interpretación, habría que identificar con los límites geométricos de las figuras atómicas.

Factors influencing privatization of urban solid waste collection: some evidence from Spain

In this paper we analyse some of the organisational aspects of the urban solid waste collection and, in particular, the privatization modality of contracting out. We start by discussing some of the theoretical aspects of contracting out. We then specify and estimate an explanatory model on a sample of municipalities that we surveyed. Our purpose is twofold: on the one hand, we identify the economic factors at work when deciding to contract out the service and, on the other hand, we analyse the role of ideological factors in choosing between the public production of the service or contracting it out. The results show a significant effect of the demand for waste collection on contracting out. There also appears to be a neighbouring effect as the municipalities close to other cities that contract out are also more prone to do so. Finally, the decisions to contract seem to have been motivated by pragmatic rather than ideological reasons.

Modeling storm events to investigate the influence of the stream¿catchment interface zone on stream biogeochemistry

We formulate a new mixing model to explore hydrological and chemical conditions under which the interface between the stream and catchment interface (SCI) influences the release of reactive solutes into stream water during storms. Physically, the SCI corresponds to the hyporheic/riparian sediments. In the new model this interface is coupled through a bidirectional water exchange to the conventional two components mixing model. Simulations show that the influence of the SCI on stream solute dynamics during storms is detectable when the runoff event is dominated by the infiltrated groundwater component that flows through the SCI before entering the stream and when the flux of solutes released from SCI sediments is similar to, or higher than, the solute flux carried by the groundwater. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrate data from two small Mediterranean streams obtained during storms are compared to results from simulations using the new model to discern the circumstances under which the SCI is likely to control the dynamics of reactive solutes in streams. The simulations and the comparisons with empirical data suggest that the new mixing model may be especially appropriate for streams in which the periodic, or persistent, abrupt changes in the level of riparian groundwater exert hydrologic control on flux of biologically reactive fluxes between the riparian/hyporheic compartment and the stream water.

Contribution of microbial and invertebrate communities to leaf litter colonization in a Mediterranean stream

Leaf litter inputs and retention play an important role in ecosystem functioning in forested streams. We examined colonization of leaves by microbes (bacteria, fungi, and protozoa) and fauna in Fuirosos, an intermittent forested Mediterranean stream. Black poplar (Populus nigra) and plane (Platanus acerifolia) leaf packs were placed in the stream for 4 mo. We measured the biomasses and calculated the densities of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, meiofauna, and macroinvertebrates to determine their dynamics and potential interactions throughout the colonization process. Colonization was strongly correlated with hydrological variability (defined mainly by water temperature and discharge). The 1st week of colonization was characterized by hydrological stability and warm water temperatures, and allocation of C from microbial to invertebrate compartments on the leaf packs was rapid. Clumps of fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) were retained by the leaf packs, and enhanced rapid colonization by microfauna and meiofaunal collector-gatherers (ostracods and copepods). After 2 wk, an autumnal flood caused a 20-fold increase in water flow. Higher discharge and lower water temperature caused FPOM-related fauna to drift away from the packs and modified the subsequent colonization sequence. Fungi showed the highest biomass, with similar values to those recorded at the beginning of the experiment. After 70 d of postflood colonization, fungi decreased to nearly 40% of the total C in the leaf packs, whereas invertebrates became more abundant and accounted for 60% of the C. Natural flood occurrence in Mediterranean streams could be a key factor in the colonization and processing of organic matter.

Redes e capital social: o enfoque da informação para o desenvolvimento local

O acesso à informação é um elemento-chave para o desenvolvimento econômico e social de comunidades e grupos sociais. A capacidade de obter informações, além dos contornos restritos da própria comunidade, é parte do capital relacional dos indivíduos e grupos. As transformações dependem das redes existentes entre os indivíduos do grupo e atores localizados em outros espaços sociais, ou seja, do capital social da comunidade. Por ser tratado como capital, da mesma forma que o capital humano ou financeiro, investimentos para sua ampliação devem permitir retornos ou benefícios, servindo de base para o desenvolvimento, o que tem sido amplamente pesquisado. O uso da metodologia de análise de redes sociais vem se difundindo rapidamente, nos últimos anos, trazendo contribuições significativas para a compreensão do papel do capital social no desenvolvimento. A construção de redes sociais e a conseqüente aquisição de capital social estão condicionadas por fatores culturais, políticos e sociais. O próprio conceito de capital social é multidimensional, o que significa incorporar vários níveis e unidades de análise. A combinação da metodologia de análise de redes com uma base teórica sólida amplia os espaços de pesquisa, em um espectro que vai das pesquisas sobre o acesso às informações básicas sobre saúde pública em comunidades urbanas ao comércio internacional, passando pela análise do desenvolvimento regional, através do estudo dos arranjos produtivos locais.

Les Tres Gorges de la Xina: enorme embassament... enormes conseqüències

Una de les obres públiques més grans mai escomeses per l'home, i a la Xina possiblement només comparable a la Gran Muralla, és a punt d¿esdevenir una realitat: l'embassament de les Tres Gorges. Una enorme paret de formigó al més llarg i cabalós dels rius xinesos, el Iang-Tsé, acabarà amb una tràgica història de terribles inundacions i milers de morts, alhora que produirà una ingent quantitat d'electricitat (la central hidroelèctrica annexa a la presa serà la més gran de tot el món) i convertirà el riu en la principal via de comunicació fluvial del planeta. La construcció de embassament, però, suposarà també enormes i greus conseqüències.

Les Tres Gorges de la Xina: enorme embassament... enormes conseqüències

Una de les obres públiques més grans mai escomeses per l'home, i a la Xina possiblement només comparable a la Gran Muralla, és a punt d¿esdevenir una realitat: l'embassament de les Tres Gorges. Una enorme paret de formigó al més llarg i cabalós dels rius xinesos, el Iang-Tsé, acabarà amb una tràgica història de terribles inundacions i milers de morts, alhora que produirà una ingent quantitat d'electricitat (la central hidroelèctrica annexa a la presa serà la més gran de tot el món) i convertirà el riu en la principal via de comunicació fluvial del planeta. La construcció de embassament, però, suposarà també enormes i greus conseqüències.

Depositional models of lacustrine evaporites in the SE margin of the Ebro basin (Paleogene, NE Spain)

An important evaporitic sedimentation occurred during the Paleogene (Eocene to lower Oligocene) in the Barberà sector of the southeastern margin of the Tertiary Ebro Basin. This sedimentation took place in shallow lacustrine environments and was controlled by a number of factors: 1) the tectonic structuration of the margin; 2) the high calcium sulphate content in the meteoric waters coming from the marginal reliefs; 3) the semiarid climate; and 4) the development of large alluvial fans along the basin margin, which also conditioned the location of the saline lakes. The evaporites are currently composed of secondary gypsum in surface and anhydrite at depth. There are, however, vestiges of the local presence of sodium sulphates. The evaporite units, with individual thicknesses ranging between 50 and 100 m, are intercalated within various lithostratigraphic formations and exhibit a paleogeographical pattern. The units located closer to the basin margin are characterized by a massive gypsum lithofacies (originally, bioturbated gypsum) bearing chert, and also by meganodular gypsum locally (originally, meganodules of anhydrite) in association with red lutites and clastic intercalations (gypsarenites, sandstones and conglomerates). Chert, which is only linked to the thickest gypsum layers, seems to be an early diagenetic, lacustrine product. Cyclicity in these proximal units indicates the progressive development of lowsalinity, lacustrine bodies on red mud flats. At the top of some cycles, exposure episodes commonly resulted in dissolution, erosion, and the formation of edaphic features. In contrast, the units located in a more distal position with regard to the basin margin are formed by an alternation of banded-nodular gypsum and laminated gypsum layers in association with grey lutites and few clastic intercalations. These distal units formed in saline lakes with a higher ionic concentration. Exposure episodes in these lakes resulted in the formation of synsedimentary anhydrite and sabkha cycles. In some of these units, however, outer rims characterized by a lithofacies association similar to that of the proximal units occur (nodular gypsum, massive gypsum and chert nodules).

Tratamiento de las úlceras neuropáticas con descargas

Las úlceras neuropáticas es una de las complicaciones que con más frecuencia presenta el paciente diabético. El principal objetivo en el tratamiento de las úlceras neuropáticas es potenciar los mecanismos fisiológicos de cicatrización, para ello es necesario actuar sobre los factores que retrasan este proceso. Uno de los principales factores que actúan como desencadenante y agravante en la aparición de una úlcera neuropática es el aumento de la presión plantar, condicionada por una alteración en el apoyo ya sea por causa estructural o biomecánica, al mismo tiempo esta hiperpresión continuada actúa retrasando los mecanismos de cicatrización. El método que ha demostrado mayor efectividad es el tratamiento de las úlceras neuropáticas plantares es el tratamiento con descargas. Vamos a exponer en este trabajo las diferentes técnicas de descarga que se pueden utilizar para tratar una ulcera neuropática a nivel ambulatorio.

Pie plano astrágalo vertical asociado a sinovitis. Fases de tratamiento

El pie plano astrágalo vertical congénito es una deformidad poco frecuente que se puede encontrar de forma aislada, dentro de un cuadro polimalformativo o en relación con afectaciones neurológicas. Se caracteriza por una luxación del escafoides por encima del astrágalo,lo que provoca un pie rígido o de dificil manipulación. En este artículo los autores describen un caso clínico de un paciente que acude a consulta por presentar una inflamación dolorosa en la zona de la cabeza del astrágalo del pie derecho. Una vez realizado todo el protocolo exploratorio, se plantea la resolución mediante un plan de tratamiento en dos fases: una primera fase consistente en la realización de paracentesis evacuadora o terapéutica-curativa; y una segunda fase en la que se diseña tratamiento ortopodológlco de descarga.

Análisis crítico de evaluaciones macroinstitucionales del proceso de integración

Este artículo hace referencia a la evaluación de la integración escolar realizada desde un macroprograma en un sector amplio de Cataluña y a la evaluación de tres macroprogramas de integración realizada por el Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia en diferentes comunidades autónomas. Desde los cuatro programas evaluados se han puesto en evidencia amplias lagunas y carencias, al igual que otros aspectos que se encuentran en proceso de consolidación y otros que han adquirido una alta madurez. En estos últimos años se ha puesto de manifiesto la obsesión compulsiva por integrar, relegando, secundariamente, la necesidad de evaluar el proceso de integración para reconducir o mejorar dimensiones viciadas por la rutina o realizadas sin una justificación conceptual sólida.

Modelling hydrodynamics in the Rio Parana, Argentina : an evaluation and inter-comparison of reduced-complexity and physics based models applied to a large sand-bed river

Depth-averaged velocities and unit discharges within a 30 km reach of one of the world's largest rivers, the Rio Parana, Argentina, were simulated using three hydrodynamic models with different process representations: a reduced complexity (RC) model that neglects most of the physics governing fluid flow, a two-dimensional model based on the shallow water equations, and a three-dimensional model based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Row characteristics simulated using all three models were compared with data obtained by acoustic Doppler current profiler surveys at four cross sections within the study reach. This analysis demonstrates that, surprisingly, the performance of the RC model is generally equal to, and in some instances better than, that of the physics based models in terms of the statistical agreement between simulated and measured flow properties. In addition, in contrast to previous applications of RC models, the present study demonstrates that the RC model can successfully predict measured flow velocities. The strong performance of the RC model reflects, in part, the simplicity of the depth-averaged mean flow patterns within the study reach and the dominant role of channel-scale topographic features in controlling the flow dynamics. Moreover, the very low water surface slopes that typify large sand-bed rivers enable flow depths to be estimated reliably in the RC model using a simple fixed-lid planar water surface approximation. This approach overcomes a major problem encountered in the application of RC models in environments characterised by shallow flows and steep bed gradients. The RC model is four orders of magnitude faster than the physics based models when performing steady-state hydrodynamic calculations. However, the iterative nature of the RC model calculations implies a reduction in computational efficiency relative to some other RC models. A further implication of this is that, if used to simulate channel morphodynamics, the present RC model may offer only a marginal advantage in terms of computational efficiency over approaches based on the shallow water equations. These observations illustrate the trade off between model realism and efficiency that is a key consideration in RC modelling. Moreover, this outcome highlights a need to rethink the use of RC morphodynamic models in fluvial geomorphology and to move away from existing grid-based approaches, such as the popular cellular automata (CA) models, that remain essentially reductionist in nature. In the case of the world's largest sand-bed rivers, this might be achieved by implementing the RC model outlined here as one element within a hierarchical modelling framework that would enable computationally efficient simulation of the morphodynamics of large rivers over millennial time scales. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.