Review on atomization and sprays of biofuels for IC engine applications

Ever increasing energy requirements, environmental concerns and energy security needs are strongly influencing engine researchers to consider renewable biofuels as alternatives to fossil fuels. Spray process being important in IC engine combustion, existing literature on various biofuel sprays is reviewed and summarized. Both experimental and computational research findings are reviewed in a detailed manner for compression ignition (CI) engine sprays and briefly for spark ignition (SI) engine sprays. The physics of basic atomization process of sprays from various injectors is included to highlight the most recent research findings followed by discussion highlighting the effect of physico-chemical properties on spray atomization for both biofuels and fossil fuels. Biodiesel sprays are found to penetrate faster and haw narrow spray plume angle and larger droplet sizes compared to diesel. Results of analytical and computational models are shown to be useful in shedding light on the actual process of atomization. However, further studies on understanding primary atomization and the effect of fuel properties on primary atomization are required. As far as secondary atomization is concerned, changes in regimes are observed to occur at higher air-jet velocities for biodiesel compared to those of diesel. Evaporating sprays revealed that the liquid length is longer for biodiesel. Pure plant oil sprays with potential use in CI engines may require alternative injector technology due to slower breakup as compared to diesel. Application of ethanol to gasoline engines may be feasible without any modifications to port fuel injection (PFI) engines. More studies are required on the application of alternative fuels to high pressure sprays used in Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines.

Mechanistic features of Salmonella typhimurium propionate kinase (TdcD): Insights from kinetic and crystallographic studies

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play a major role in carbon cycle and can be utilized as a source of carbon and energy by bacteria. Salmonella typhimurium propionate kinase (StTdcD) catalyzes reversible transfer of the gamma-phosphate of ATP to propionate during L-threonine degradation to propionate. Kinetic analysis revealed that StTdcD possesses broad ligand specificity and could be activated by various SCFAs (propionate > acetate approximate to butyrate), nucleotides (ATP approximate to GTP > CTP approximate to TTP; dATP > dGTP > dCTP) and metal ions (Mg2+ approximate to Mn2+ > Co2+). Inhibition of StTdcD by tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates such as citrate, succinate, alpha-ketoglutarate and malate suggests that the enzyme could be under plausible feedback regulation. Crystal structures of StTdcD bound to PO4 (phosphate), AMP, ATP, Ap4 (adenosine tetraphosphate), GMP, GDP, GTP, CMP and CTP revealed that binding of nucleotide mainly involves hydrophobic interactions with the base moiety and could account for the broad biochemical specificity observed between the enzyme and nucleotides. Modeling and site-directed mutagenesis studies suggest Ala88 to be an important residue involved in determining the rate of catalysis with SCFA substrates. Molecular dynamics simulations on monomeric and dimeric forms of StTdcD revealed plausible open and closed states, and also suggested role for dimerization in stabilizing segment 235-290 involved in interfacial interactions and ligand binding. Observation of an ethylene glycol molecule bound sufficiently close to the gamma-phosphate in StTdcD complexes with triphosphate nucleotides supports direct in-line phosphoryl transfer. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Studies on microscopic structure of diesel sprays under atmospheric and high gas pressures

In the present work, the spray structure of diesel from a 200-mu m, single-hole solenoid injector is studied using microscopic imaging at injection pressures of 700, 1000 and 1400 bar for various gas pressures. A long-distance microscope with a high resolution camera is used for spray visualization with a direct imaging technique. This study shows that even at very high injection pressures, the spray structure in an ambient environment of atmospheric pressure reveals presence of entangled ligaments and non-spherical droplets during the injection period. With increase in the injection pressure, the ligaments tend to get smaller and spread radially. The spray structure studies are also conducted at high gas pressures in a specially designed high pressure chamber with optical access. The near nozzle spray structure at the end of the injection shows that the liquid jet breakup is improved with increase in gas density. The droplet size measurement is possible only late in the injection duration when the breakup appears to be complete and mostly spherical droplets are observed. Hence, droplet size measurements are performed after 1.3 ms from start of the injection pulse. Spatial and temporal variation in Sauter Mean `Diameter (SMD) is observed and reported for the case corresponding to an injection pressure of 700 bar. Overall, this study has highlighted the importance of verifying the extentof atomization and droplet shape even in dense sprays before using conventional dropsizing methods such as PDPA.

Suramin is a potent and selective inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis RecA protein and the SOS response: RecA as a potential target for antibacterial drug discovery

In eubacteria, RecA is essential for recombinational DNA repair and for stalled replication forks to resume DNA synthesis. Recent work has implicated a role for RecA in the development of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria. Consequently, our goal is to identify and characterize small-molecule inhibitors that target RecA both in vitro and in vivo. We employed ATPase, DNA strand exchange and LexA cleavage assays to elucidate the inhibitory effects of suramin on Mycobacterium tuberculosis RecA. To gain insights into the mechanism of suramin action, we directly visualized the structure of RecA nucleoprotein filaments by atomic force microscopy. To determine the specificity of suramin action in vivo, we investigated its effect on the SOS response by pull-down and western blot assays as well as for its antibacterial activity. We show that suramin is a potent inhibitor of DNA strand exchange and ATPase activities of bacterial RecA proteins with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Additional evidence shows that suramin inhibits RecA-catalysed proteolytic cleavage of the LexA repressor. The mechanism underlying such inhibitory actions of suramin involves its ability to disassemble RecA-single-stranded DNA filaments. Notably, suramin abolished ciprofloxacin-induced recA gene expression and the SOS response and augmented the bactericidal action of ciprofloxacin. Our findings suggest a strategy to chemically disrupt the vital processes controlled by RecA and hence the promise of small molecules for use against drug-susceptible as well as drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis for better infection control and the development of new therapies.

Demodulation of Narrowband Speech Spectrograms Using the Riesz Transform

We propose a two-dimensional (2-D) multicomponent amplitude-modulation, frequency-modulation (AM-FM) model for a spectrogram patch corresponding to voiced speech, and develop a new demodulation algorithm to effectively separate the AM, which is related to the vocal tract response, and the carrier, which is related to the excitation. The demodulation algorithm is based on the Riesz transform and is developed along the lines of Hilbert-transform-based demodulation for 1-D AM-FM signals. We compare the performance of the Riesz transform technique with that of the sinusoidal demodulation technique on real speech data. Experimental results show that the Riesz-transform-based demodulation technique represents spectrogram patches accurately. The spectrograms reconstructed from the demodulated AM and carrier are inverted and the corresponding speech signal is synthesized. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the reconstructed speech signal, with respect to clean speech, was found to be 2 to 4 dB higher in case of the Riesz transform technique than the sinusoidal demodulation technique.

A novel index for identification of weak nodes for reactive compensation to improve voltage stability

In this study, a new reactive power loss index (RPLI) is proposed for identification of weak buses in the system. This index is further used for determining the optimal locations for placement of reactive compensation devices in the power system for additional voltage support. The new index is computed from the reactive power support and loss allocation algorithm using Y-bus method for the system under intact condition and as well as critical/severe network contingencies cases. Fuzzy logic approach is used to select the important and critical/severe line contingencies from the contingency list. The inherent characteristics of the reactive power in system operation is properly addressed while determining the reactive power loss allocation to load buses. The proposed index is tested on sample 10-bus equivalent system and 72-bus practical equivalent system of Indian southern region power grid. The validation of the weak buses identification from the proposed index with that from other existing methods in the literature is carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed index. Simulation results show that the identification of weak buses in the system from the new RPLI is completely non-iterative, thus requires minimal computational efforts as compared with other existing methods in the literature.

各向异性非线性强度条件下的边坡稳定性

解释了土体强度各向异性、非线性的物理本质,结合常规直剪试验、三轴试验结果,在前人工作基础上建立了边坡稳定性分析中强度各向异性、非线性的描述方法,其中特别提出了一个各向异性函数.基于Janbu普遍条分法(GPS),运用SPREADSHEET模板程序,提出了一个能将各向异性、非线性强度准则逐点等效到Mohr-Coulomb直线强度准则处理上的迭代方法,准确方便地获得了非线性强度下的边坡稳定性分析.最后的算例展示了方法的使用过程.

Time-Frequency Analysis of Nonlinear Systems: The Skeleton Linear Model and the Skeleton Curves

The joint time-frequency analysis method is adopted to study the nonlinear behavior varying with the instantaneous response for a class of S.D.O.F nonlinear system. A time-frequency masking operator, together with the conception of effective time-frequency region of the asymptotic signal are defined here. Based on these mathematical foundations, a so-called skeleton linear model (SLM) is constructed which has similar nonlinear characteristics with the nonlinear system. Two skeleton curves are deduced which can indicate the stiffness and damping in the nonlinear system. The relationship between the SLM and the nonlinear system, both parameters and solutions, is clarified. Based on this work a new identification technique of nonlinear systems using the nonstationary vibration data will be proposed through time-frequency filtering technique and wavelet transform in the following paper.

Crecimiento y desarrollo juvenil de cinco filiales de pitahaya (Hylocereus undatus Britt et Rose) a partir de semilla botánica

La presente investigación se realizó de febrero a noviembre de 1998, en los campos del Programa Recursos Genéticos Nicaragüenses (REGEN) adscrito a la UNA, ubicado en Managua. Se realizó con el objetivo de obtener y brindar información sobre el crecimiento y desarrollo juvenil de cinco híbridos de pitahaya (Hylocereus undatus) a partir de semilla botánica. El diseño utilizado fue un bifactorial completamente al azar (DCA). Se evaluaron 17 descriptores o variables, de las cuales siete fueron cuantitativas y diez cualitativas. A las variables cuantitativas se les realizó análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) y separación de medias de acuerdo a la prueba de rangos múltiples de Duncan al 5 %; y para las variables cualitativas se utilizó el valor modal en cada una de ellas, como valor predominante en su comportamiento. En general, el comportamiento de las variables cualitativas fue bastante similar entre cada una de ellas, sin embargo hubieron diferencias en cuanto a la germinación y el número de aristas intravainas, influenciados principalmente por el sustrato número dos, dado su alto contenido de materia orgánica. Respecto a las variables cuantitativas, la variable altura de planta o crecimiento presentó un comportamiento bastante similar entre los híbridos, superado ligeramente sólo por el híbrido dos fundamentalmente en la etapa final que resultó ser el mejor de ellos. En cuanto al número de aristas fue evidente que estuvo determinado por efectos genéticos, por cuanto predominaron los de cuatro aristas; finalmente en cuanto al peso fresco y seco el híbrido cinco presentó los mejores valores seguido del híbrido tres.

Caracterización biológica y molecular de geminivirus que afectan el cultivo del tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) en Nicaragua

El objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en la caracterización biológica y molecular de geminivirus que afectan el cultivo del tomate (Licopersicon esculentum Mili.), el estudio se realizó en la Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA), en el período de enero 2001 a enero 2002. Se efectuó en tres fases: la primera fase de invernadero, donde se utilizaron plantas de tomate de la variedad UC-82, crías de mosca blanca (Bemisia tabaci Genn), fuente original del aislado del geminivirus de Condega, con el objetivo de caracterizar biológicamente el geminivirus, a través de periodos de adquisición, inoculación y retención, previamente para la realización de estos periodos, se determinó el porcentaje de transmisibilidad de la colonia de mosca blanca, el cual fue de 45% Jo que indicó que para asegurar la transmisibilidad del virus fue necesario usar 5 moscas por planta. Los períodos de adquisición e inoculación fueron los tiempos de 2, 5, 10 y 30 minutos, 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24 y 48 horas con 3 repeticiones de cada periodo, los datos obtenidos de estos periodos fueron analizados mediante un análisis de regresión logístico binario, resultando que el vector fue capaz de adquirir y transmitir el virus tanto en 1 O minutos (40% y 33%) como en 48 horas (60% y 66.66%) respectivamente, respecto al periodo de retención se estableció realizándose un promedio de los porcentajes de severidad de las 3 repeticiones mostrando como resultado que el vector conservó su capacidad de transmisión del virus hasta el sexto día con 45.07% de transmisibilidad, también se evaluaron 5 especies de la familia solanáceas injertándolas con plantas afectadas con el genminivirus de Condega, para conocer cuáles son hospederas del virus, resultando la especie Nicotiana tabacum cv. Benthamiana con síntomas del virus. En esta misma fase se evaluaron 4 materiales de tomate (55, 111, 148, 112) usando como testigo la variedad UC-82, se utilizó un Diseño Completamente al Azar (DCA) y se evaluó la variable severidad de la enfermedad a los datos obtenidos a través de ANDEVA y separación de medias según Duncan, estos materiales se evaluaron mediante cuatro tratamientos (inoculaciones), el primero a los 7 ddt, el segundo a los 14 ddt, el tercero a los 21 ddt y el último tratamiento fueron las plantas sin inocular (testigos), el análisis indicó que la variedad UC-82 fue la más susceptible ante el complejo mosca blanca-geminivirus presentando mayores porcentajes de severidad y el material 112 resultó el más resistente, con menos porcentajes de severidad. La segunda fase se realizó fuera del invernadero, evaluándose ante el complejo mosca blanca-geminivirus 3 materiales, incluyendo la variedad UC-82 como testigo. Se utilizó un Diseño completamente al Azar, tomando en cuenta las variables severidad, incidencia y población de mosca blanca, A los datos obtenidos se les realizó ANDEVA y separación de medias según Duncan, el que mostró que el material 55 fue el mejor, ya que presentó menos porcentaje de severidad (40%), el peor material fue lavar. UC-82 ya que mostró 58.75% de severidad, con relación a la incidencia todos los materiales evaluados resultaron al final de los muestreos con igual porcentaje de incidencia (!00%) y en el caso de la población de mosca blanca la variedad UC-82 fue la que presentó más adultos por planta en comparación con el resto de materiales. La tercera fase fue realizada en el laboratorio de biología molecular en la UNA y Suecia con el propósito de caracteri7ar molecularmente los geminivirus de Condega., Santa Lucía y Sébaco, secuenciando un fragmento de 1200 pares de bases del componente A para comparar a través de las secuencias de nucleótidos los porcentajes de similitud que existen entre ellos, dando como resultado que el geminivirus de Sébaco con el de Santa Lucía alcanzó mayor porcentaje de similitud con un 95.2 con respecto al geminivirus de Condega que obtuvo un 89.0%.

也谈力学──基础和前沿

也谈力学──基础和前沿谈庆明（中国科学院力学研究所北京１０００８０）最近一个时期常听见对力学的两种评价：一种是力学过时了，没什么好研究了；另一种是力学不解决问题，时髦的说法是不能转化为生产力。不论哪一种都是力学无用论，因此，力学要被排除在基础学科之外...

Destinação dos recursos não sacados do abono salarial e dos rendimentos do PIS/PASEP

Consultoria Legislativa - Área V - Direito do Trabalho e Processual do Trabalho.