Everybody active, every day: An evidence-based approach to physical activity

‘Everybody active, every day’ is a national, evidence-based approach to support all sectors to embed physical activity into the fabric of daily life and make it an easy, cost-effective and ‘normal’ choice in every community in England.PHE has co-produced the framework with over 1,000 national and local leaders in physical activity and is calling for action from providers and commissioners in: health, social care, transportation, planning, education, sport and leisure, culture, the voluntary and community sector, as well as public and private employers.To make active lifestyles a reality for all, the framework’s 4 areas for action will:change the social ‘norm’ to make physical activity the expectationdevelop expertise and leadership within professionals and volunteerscreate environments to support active livesidentify and up-scale successful programmes nationwide‘Everybody active, every day’ is part of the cross-government ‘Moving More, Living More’ campaign for a more active nation as part of the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games legacy.

Caring for Seniors With Alzheimer's Disease: Canadian Institute for Health Information

Caring for Seniors In 2007-2008, one in five seniors (20%) in Canada receiving long-term home care had a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease or other dementia. Nearly one in six (17%) of these clients with dementia were suffering from moderate to severe impairment in cognition and daily functioning yet still managed to remain at home.This study from the Canadian Institute for Health Information also found that one in six (17%) seniors with dementia living in residential care facilities (such as nursing or long-term care homes) in 2008-2009 had relatively low levels of impairment or could still perform basic functions quite well on their own. The odds of a senior with low impairment being placed in residential care were seven times more likely if the senior had a tendency to wander. Marital status was also a factor in determining whether a senior with low impairment was newly admitted to a care facility rather than at home with home care. 

Home Bitter Home? Gender, Living Arrangements, and the Exclusion from Home-Ownership among Older Europeans

A working paper published by the Families and Societies project shows that older women in non-traditional family arrangements are most disadvantaged with regard to home-ownership. This often appears to result from a lower socio-economic status. Home Bitter Home? Gender, Living Arrangements, and the Exclusion from Home-Ownership among Older EuropeansRead the report here.

Radiosensibilité individuelle : les tests vont changer nos pratiques [Intrinsic radiosensitivity: predictive assays that will change the daily practice].

The impact of curative radiotherapy depends mainly on the total dose delivered homogenously in the targeted volume. Nevertheless, the dose delivered to the surrounding healthy tissues may reduce the therapeutic ratio of many radiation treatments. In a same population treated in one center with the same technique, it appears that individual radiosensitivity clearly exists, namely in terms of late side effects that are in principle non-reversible. This review details the different radiobiological approaches that have been developed to better understand the mechanisms of radiation-induced late effects. We also present the possibilities of clinical use of predictive assays in the close future.

A Rapid Mapping Study of Smoking Projects and Services Targeted at People Living on Low Income and/or Minority Ethnic Groups

This is a study concerned with community based services aimed at smokers living on a low income and/or black and minority ethnic groups.

Total energy expenditure and patterns of activity in 8-10-year-old obese and nonobese children.

Total energy expenditure (TEE) and patterns of activity were measured by means of a heart rate (HR)-monitoring method in a group of 8-10-year-old children including 13 obese children (weight, 46 +/- 10 kg; fat mass: 32 +/- 9%) and 16 nonobese children (weight, 31 +/- 5 kg; fat mass, 18 +/- 5%). Time for sleeping was not statistically different in the two groups of children (596 +/- 33 vs. 582 +/- 43 min; p = NS). Obese children spent more time doing sedentary activities (400 +/- 129 vs. 295 +/- 127 min; p < 0.05) and less time in nonsedentary activities (449 +/- 126 vs. 563 +/- 135 min; p < 0.05) than nonobese children. Time spent in moderate or vigorous activity-i.e., time spent at a HR between 50% of the maximal O2 uptake (peak VO2) and 70% peak VO2 (moderate) and at a HR > or = 70% peak VO2 (vigorous)-was not statistically different in obese and nonobese children (88 +/- 69 vs. 52 +/- 35 min and 20 +/- 21 vs. 16 +/- 13 min, respectively; p = NS). TEE was significantly higher in the obese group than in the nonobese group (9.46 +/- 1.40 vs. 7.51 +/- 1.67 MJ/day; p < 0.01). The energy expenditure for physical activity (plus thermogenesis) was significantly higher in the obese children (3.98 +/- 1.30 vs. 2.94 +/- 1.39 MJ/day; p < 0.05). The proportion of TEE daily devoted to physical activity (plus thermogenesis) was not significantly different in the two groups, as shown by the ratio between TEE and the postabsorptive metabolic rate (PMR): 1.72 +/- 0.25 obese vs 1.61 +/- 0.28 non-obese. In conclusion, in free-living conditions obese children have a higher TEE than do nonobese children, despite the greater time devoted to sedentary activities. The higher energy cost to perform weight-bearing activities as well as the higher absolute PMR of obese children help explain this apparent paradox.

Assessment of free-living physical activity in humans: an overview of currently available and proposed new measures.

The number of physical activity measures and indexes used in the human literature is large and may result in some difficulty for the average investigator to choose the most appropriate measure. Accordingly, this review is intended to provide information on the utility and limitations of the various measures. Its primary focus is the objective assessment of free-living physical activity in humans based on physiological and biomechanical methods. The physical activity measures have been classified into three categories: Measures based on energy expenditure or oxygen uptake, such as activity energy expenditure, activity-related time equivalent, physical activity level, physical activity ratio, metabolic equivalent, and a new index of potential interest, daytime physical activity level. Measures based on heart rate monitoring, such as net heart rate, physical activity ratio heart rate, physical activity level heart rate, activity-related time equivalent, and daytime physical activity level heart rate. Measures based on whole-body accelerometry (counts/U time). Quantification of the velocity and duration of displacement in outdoor conditions by satellites using the Differential Global Positioning System may constitute a surrogate for physical activity, because walking is the primary activity of man in free-living conditions. A general outline of the measures and indexes described above is presented in tabular form, along with their respective definition, usual applications, advantages, and shortcomings. A practical example is given with typical values in obese and non-obese subjects. The various factors to be considered in the selection of physical activity methods include experimental goals, sample size, budget, cultural and social/environmental factors, physical burden for the subject, and statistical factors, such as accuracy and precision. It is concluded that no single current technique is able to quantify all aspects of physical activity under free-living conditions, requiring the use of complementary methods. In the future, physical activity sensors, which are of low-cost, small-sized, and convenient for subjects, investigators, and clinicians, are needed to reliably monitor, during extended periods in free-living situations, small changes in movements and grade as well as duration and intensity of typical physical activities.

Environmental and biological controls on the geochemistry (δ18O, δ13C, Mg/Ca, and Sr/Ca) of living ostracods from Lake Geneva

ABSTRACT : Ostracods are benthic microcrustaceans enclosed in low-Mg calcite bivalves. Stable isotope compositions, Mg/Ca, and Sr/Ca ratios of ostracod fossil valves have proven useful to reconstruct past environmental conditions. Yet, several discrepancies persist and the influence of many factors remains unclear. It is the aim of this study to improve the use of ostracod valve geochemistry as palaeoenvironmental proxies by examining the extent of isotope fractionation and trace element partitioning during valve calcification. To achieve this, the environmental parameters (pH, temperature) and chemical composition of water (C-and O-isotope composition and calcium, magnesium, and strontium content) were measured at sites where living ostracods were sampled. The sampling was on a monthly basis over the course of one year at five different water depths (2, 5, 13, 33, and 70 m) in Lake Geneva, Switzerland. The one-year sampling enabled collection of environmental data for bottom and interstitial pore water. In littoral to sublittoral zones, C-isotope composition of DIC and the Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios of water are found to vary concomitantly with water temperature. This is due to the precipitation of calcite, which is induced by higher photosynthetic activity as temperature and/or solar radiation intensify in summer. In deeper zones, environmental parameters remain largely constant throughout the year. Variations of pH, DIC concentrations and C-isotope compositions in interstitial water result from aerobic as well as anaerobic respiration, calcite dissolution and methanogenesis. Bathymetric distribution, life cycles, and habitats were derived for 15 ostracod species and are predominantly related to water temperature and sediment texture. O-isotope compositions of ostracod valves in Lake Geneva reflect that of water and temperature. However, offsets of up to 3 permil are observed in comparison with proposed inorganic calcite precipitation equilibrium composition. Deprotonation of HCO3- and/or salt effect at crystallisation sites may explain the disequilibrium observed for O-isotopic compositions. C-isotope compositions of ostracod valves are not as well constrained and appear to be controlled by a complex interaction between habitat preferences and seasonal as well as spatial variations of the DIC isotope composition. For infaunal forms, C-isotope compositions reflect mainly the variation of DIC isotope composition in interstitial pore waters. For epifaunal forms, C-isotope compositions reflect the seasonal variation of DIC isotope compositions. C-isotope compositions of ostracod valves is at equilibrium with DIC except for a small number of species (L. inopinata, L. sanctipatricii and possibly C. ophtalmica, and I. beauchampi). Trace element uptake differs considerably from species to species. For most epifaunal forms, trace element content follows the seasonal cycle, recording temperature increases and/or variations of Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios of water. In contrast, infaunal forms are predominantly related to sediment pore water chemistry. RÉSUMÉ EN FRANÇAIS : Les ostracodes sont de petits crustacés benthiques qui possèdent une coquille faite de calcite à faible teneur en magnésium. La composition isotopique et les rapports Mg/Ca et Sr/Ca d'ostracodes fossiles ont été utilisés maintes fois avec succès pour effectuer des reconstructions paléoenvironnementales. Néanmoins, certains désaccords persistent sur l'interprétation de ces données. De plus, l'influence de certains facteurs pouvant biaiser le signal reste encore inconnue. Ainsi, le but de cette étude est de rendre plus performant l'emploi de la composition géochimique des ostracodes comme indicateur paléoenvironnemental. Pour réaliser cela, cinq sites situés dans le Léman à 2, 5, 13, 33 et 70 m de profondeur ont été choisis pour effectuer les échantillonnages. Chaque site a été visité une fois par mois durant une année. Les différents paramètres environnementaux (pH, température) ainsi que la composition géochimique de l'eau (composition isotopique de l'oxygène et du carbone ainsi que teneur en calcium, magnésium et strontium) ont été déterminés pour chaque campagne. Des ostracodes vivants ont été récoltés au cinq sites en même temps que les échantillons d'eau. Ce travail de terrain a permis de caractériser la géochimie de l'eau se trouvant juste au-dessus des sédiments ainsi que celle de l'eau se trouvant dans les interstices du sédiment. Dans les zones littorales à sublittorales, la composition isotopique du carbone inorganique dissout (CID) ainsi que les rapports Mg/Ca et Sr/Ca de l'eau varient linéairement avec la température. Ceci peut être expliqué par la précipitation de calcite qui est contrôlée par l'activité photosynthétique, variant elle même linéairement avec la température. Dans les zones plus profondes, les paramètres environnementaux restent relativement constants tout au long de l'année. Les variations du pH, de la concentration et de la composition isotopique du CID dans les sédiments résultent de la libération de carbone engendrée par la dégradation de la matière organique avec présence d'oxygène ou via réduction de nitrates et de sulfates, par la dissolution de carbonates, ainsi que par la méthanogenèse. La distribution bathymétrique, le cycle de vie ainsi que l'habitat de 15 espèces ont été déterminés. Ceux-ci sont principalement reliés à la température de l'eau et à la texture des sédiments. La composition isotopique de l'oxygène des valves d'ostracodes reflète celle de l'eau et la température qui régnait lors de la calcification. Néanmoins, des écarts pouvant aller jusqu'à 3 0/00 par rapport à l'équilibre théorique ont été obtenus. La déprotonation de HCO3 ou un 'effet de sel' pourrait être à l'origine du déséquilibre observé. La composition isotopique du carbone des valves d'ostracodes n'est pas aussi bien cernée. Celle-ci semble être principalement contrôlée par une interaction complexe entre l'habitat des ostracodes et les variations saisonnières et spatiales de la composition isotopique du CID. Pour les espèces endofaunes, la composition isotopique du carbone reflète principalement la variation de la composition isotopique du CID à l'intérieur des sédiments. Pour les formes épifaunes, c'est la variation saisonnière de la composition du CID qui contrôle celle de la coquille des ostracodes. En général, la composition isotopique du carbone des valves d'ostracodes est en équilibre avec celle de CID, hormis pour quelques rares espèces (L. inopinata, L. sanctipatricii et peut-être C. ophtalmica et I. beauchampi). L'incorporation des éléments traces diffère passablement d'une espèce à l'autre. Pour la plupart des espèces épifaunes, la teneur en éléments traces des coquilles reflète les variations saisonnières. Ces espèces semblent enregistrer les variations soit de la température soit des rapports Mg/Ca et Sr/Ca de l'eau. La teneur en élément traces des formes infaunales, au contraire, est principalement reliée à la chimie de l'eau interstitielle. RÉSUMÉ GRAND-PUBLIC : La connaissance de l'évolution du climat dans le futur est primordiale pour notre société, car elle permet de développer différentes stratégies pour faire face aux problèmes engendrés pas le changement climatique : stratégies environnementale, humanitaire, ou encore économique. Cette problématique est actuellement, à juste titre, sujet d'une vive préoccupation. La géologie peut-elle contribuer à l'effort communautaire entrepris? Naturellement, ce sont les climatologues qui sont sur le devant de la scène. Il n'empêche que ces derniers, pour pouvoir prédire l'avenir, doivent s'appuyer sur le passé. La géologie est alors d'un grand intérêt car c'est effectivement la seule science qui permette d'estimer les variations climatiques à grande échelle sur de longues périodes. Ainsi, voulant moi-même contribuer aux recherches menées dans ce domaine, je me suis tourné à la fin de mes études vers la paléoclimatologie, science qui a pour but de reconstruire le climat des temps anciens. Nous nous sommes rendu compte que l'évolution climatique de la région où nous habitons n'avait pas encore fait le sujet d'études approfondies. Il est pourtant important de connaître la variation locale des changements climatiques pour obtenir des modèles climatiques fiables. En conséquence, un vaste projet a vu le jour : reconstruire, à l'aide des sédiments du lac Léman, les variations paléoclimatiques et paléo-environnementales depuis le retrait du Glacier de Rhône, il y a environ 15'000 ans, jusqu'à nos jours. Pour ce genre de travail, la géochimie, qui est une forme de chimie, utilisée en science de la terre regroupant la chimie classique et la chimie isotopique, est une alliée particulièrement efficace. Elle permet en effet, via différentes mesures faites sur des archives géologiques (par exemple des fossiles ou des sédiments) d'obtenir des informations, souvent quantitatives, sur les conditions (le climat, la flore ou encore la bio productivité, etc...) qui régnaient il y a fort longtemps. Les coquilles d'ostracodes, qui sont de petits animaux vivant au fond des lacs, sont une des archives les plus prometteuses. Ces animaux sont des petits crustacés s'entourant d'une coquille calcaire qu'ils sécrètent eux-mêmes. A la mort de l'animal, la coquille est intégrée dans les sédiments et reste intacte à travers les âges. Des études ont montré qu'en analysant la géochimie de ces coquilles fossiles, il est possible de reconstruire les conditions environnementales qui régnaient à l'époque de vie de ces fossiles. Cette démarche nécessite qu'une condition bien précise soit remplie: la composition géochimique de la coquille doit enregistrer de manière fidèle la chimie de l'eau et/ou la température de l'eau présentes au moment de la sécrétion de la coquille. Le but spécifique de notre recherche a précisément été d'étudier la façon dont la chimie de l'eau ainsi que sa température sont enregistrées dans la coquillé des ostracodes. Une fois les relations entre ces divers paramètres dans l'étant actuel du système établies, il sera alors possible de les utiliser pour interpréter des données issues de coquilles fossiles. Pour ce faire, nous avons mesuré la température de l'eau de manière continue et récolté mensuellement des échantillons d'eau et des ostracodes vivants pendant une année. Cinq sites situés à 2, 5, 13, 33 et 70 mètres de profondeur ont été choisis pour effectuer ces échantillonnages dans le Léman. Le travail de terrain nous a amené à étudier la biologie de 15 espèces. Nous avons pu établir la profondeur à laquelle vivent ces animaux, leur période de développement ainsi que leur habitat respectifs. Ces résultats ont permis de mieux cerner la relation qu'il existe entre la chimie de l'eau, sa température et la composition géochimique des coquilles d'ostracodes. Nous avons ainsi pu confirmer que les coquilles d'ostracodes enregistrent de manière fidèle la composition chimique et isotopique de l'eau. De même, nous avons pu établir de manière plus précise l'effet de la température sur la géochimie des coquilles. Néanmoins, les relations trouvées entre ces trois éléments sont plus complexes pour certaines espèces, cette complexité étant souvent liée à un caractère spécifique de leur écologie. Nous avons mis en lumière certains effets qui biaisent les résultats et défini précisément les conditions dans lesquelles on peut s'attendre à avoir des difficultés dans leur interprétation. Maintenant que nous avons établi les relations entre le climat actuel et la composition géochimique des coquilles d'ostracodes actuels, nous pouvons, sur la base de ce modèle, reconstruire le climat depuis le retrait du Glacier du Rhône jusqu'à nos jours à l'aide d'ostracodes fossiles. Mais cela est une autre histoire et fera, je l'espère, le sujet de nos futures recherches.

Levels of complement C3 and C4 components in Amerindians living in an area with high prevalence of tuberculosis

The levels of complement C3 and C4 components were determined in non-indigenous (creoles) and indigenous (Warao) populations, the latter with an extremely high tuberculosis (TB) rate. Serum samples from 209 adults were studied and classified in 4 groups taking into account tuberculin skin tests (TST): (1) the group of Warao patients (58 positive for the TST, WP TST+ and 9 negative for the TST, WP TST-), (2) the group of creole patients (34 positive for the TST, CP TST+ and 9 negative for the TST, CP TST-), (3) the group of healthy Warao controls (38 positive and 14 negative for TST, WC TST+ and WC TST-, respectively), (4) the creole controls (26 positive and 21 negative for the TST, CC TST+ and CC TST-, respectively). With respect to the results concerning the measurement of both complement C3 and C4 components with the exception of the WC TST and the CC groups, the WP TST+ and WP TST- as well as WC TST+ groups showed a significant frequency of individuals with decreased levels of complement C3 component (20.6, 33.3, and 26.3%, respectively) and also C4 component (12.0, 11.1, and 13.3%, respectively) in comparison to both creole patients (CP TST+, 8.82% and CP TST-, 0% and CP TST+, 5.88% and CP TST-, 0%) for C3 and C4, respectively. The study of these parameters carried out in 15 Warao subjects with active infection, before and after anti-TB chemotherapy,statisticallyconfirmedthat the effective chemotherapy did not restore normal levels of the complement C3 and C4 components among Warao patients. Aditional tests for hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection, and the profile of the hepatic proteins were not associated to the deficiency in production of the complement components.In conclusion, the results show that within the Warao population, a high percentage of subjects exhibit decreased levels of both complement C3 and C4 components independent of latent or active infection and the status of TST.

Why did I take the bowel cancer test? It's simple, I've got a lot more living to do

This poster highlights the bowel cancer screening programme is being introduced for all 60 to 71 year olds. If you are in this age group a kit will be sent by post so you can do the test at home. You are encouraged to look out for the kit as it could save your life.

Astrovirus infection in children living in the Central West region of Brazil

This study presents data regarding the circulation of astrovirus in Goiânia-GO and Brasília-DF. These viruses were detected in fecal samples from hospitalized children up to five years old with and without acute gastroenteritis. A total of 1244 fecal samples were collected in two periods, 1994 to 1996 (Brasília) and 1998 to 2002 (Goiânia and Brasília), and were analyzed for viral RNA using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Positivity rates of 4.3 and 0.5% for astrovirus were observed in children with acute gastroenteritis and those without gastroenteritis, respectively. Among children with gastroenteritis no statistically significant difference was seen with regards to viral positivity rates in relation to gender and age. However, a higher incidence rate was observed for children from Brasília aged 36 months or more. Overall, astroviruses occurred predominantly from September to March in the two cities, suggesting a seasonal pattern for these viruses which coincides with the highest relative air humidity period. The results of this study highlight the importance of astrovirus as an etiologic agent of acute gastroenteritis in children of the Central West region of Brazil.

Daily rhythm of aggregation in the haematophagous bug Triatoma infestans (Heteroptera: Reduviidae)

Triatomine bugs show a temporal modulation of many activities. Here, we analyse the daily modulation of the aggregation behaviour of Triatoma infestans larvae and its chronobiological basis. In the laboratory, groups of six bugs were released over an experimental arena during six consecutive days, where their aggregation behaviour was quantified every hour. When submitted to a 12/12 h photoperiod (L/D), the larvae of T. infestans exhibited a cyclic pattern of aggregation with a 24 h period, evincing the existence of a daily rhythm of aggregation in this species. Bugs exhibited the maximum aggregation tendency at the end of the scotophase (7:00 h), moment in which they naturally search for refuges. The minimum aggregation (i.e. maximal dispersion) was observed during the last part of the photophase and beginning of the scotophase (15:00 to 1:00 h). This cyclic pattern disappeared when constant conditions of illumination (L/L) or darkness (D/D) were imposed to the bugs, suggesting the absence of an endogenous circadian control of this behaviour. Insects submitted to L/L and D/D photoperiods presented lower global levels of aggregation than those submitted to L/D conditions. The lack of an endogenous control and the relevance of light cycles as a synchronization signal are discussed as the temporal modulation of this behaviour might play an important role in the nocturnal habits of this species.

Antigenic and genomic characterization of adenovirus associated to respiratory infections in children living in Northeast Brazil

From January to December 1998, nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained from 482 children with acute respiratory infections attended in emergence department and wards of a teaching hospital in the city of Salvador, Brazil. The samples were tested for the presence of adenovirus by isolation in tissue culture and indirect immunofluorescence assay. Eleven adenoviruses were detected by both methods in the same clinical samples. Infections by adenovirus were observed during seven months of the year without association with rainy season. Genome analysis was performed on these 11 isolates. Species C was represented by serotypes 1, 2 and 5. Within species B, only serotype 7 (Ad7) was detected. Two genomic variants of Ad1, two variants of Ad2, one of Ad5, and one of Ad7 (7h) were identified. This is the first study of molecular epidemiology of adenovirus associated to acute respiratory infections in children living in Northeast Brazil, and contributes to a better understanding of adenovirus infections in the country.

A multilevel approach to understanding circadian rhythmicity : social and sleep-dependent effects in ants and mice

Résumé françaisLa majorité des organismes vivants sont soumis à l'alternance du jour et de la nuit, conséquence de la rotation de la terre autour de son axe. Ils ont développé un système interne de mesure du temps, appelé horloge circadienne, leur permettant de s'adapter et de synchroniser leur comportement et leur physiologie aux cycles de lumière. Cette dernière est considérée comme étant le signal majeur entraînant l'horloge interne et. par conséquent, les rythmes journaliers d'éveil et de sommeil. Outre sa régulation circadienne, le sommeil est contrôlé par un processus homéostatique qui détermine son besoin. La contribution de ces deux processus dans le fonctionnement cellulaire du cerveau n'a pas encore été investiguée. La mesure de l'amplitude ainsi que de la prévalence des ondes delta de l'EEG (activité delta) constitue un index très fiable du besoin de sommeil. Il a été démontré que cette activité est génétiquement déterminée et associée à un locus de trait quantitatif situé sur le chromosome 13 de la souris.Grâce à des expériences de privation de sommeil et d'analyses de transcriptome du cerveau dans trois souches de souris présentant diverses réponses à la privation de sommeil, nous avons trouvé que Homerla, localisé dans la région d'intérêt du chromosome 13, est le meilleur marqueur du besoin de sommeil. Homerla est impliqué dans la récupération de l'hyperactivité neuronale induite par le glutamate, grâce à son effet tampon sur le calcium intracellulaire. Une fonction fondamentale du sommeil pourrait donc être de protéger le cerveau et de lui permettre de récupérer après une hyperactivité neuronale imposée par une veille prolongée.De plus, nous avons montré que 2032 transcrits sont exprimés rythmiqueraent dans le cerveau de la souris, parmi lesquels seulement 391 le restent après que les animaux aient été privés de sommeil à différents moments au cours des 24 heures. Cette observation montre clairement que la plupart des changements rythmiques au niveau du transcriptome dépendent du sommeil et non de l'horloge circadienne et souligne ainsi l'importance du sommeil dans la physiologie des mammifères.La plupart des expériences concernant les rythmes circadiens ont été réalisées sur des individus isolés en négligeant l'effet du contexte social sur les comportements circadiens. Les espèces sociales, telles que les fourmis, se caractérisent par une division du travail où une répartition des tâches s'effectue entre ses membres. De plus, certaines d'entre elles doivent être pratiquées en continu comme les soins au couvain tandis que d'autres requièrent une activité rythmique comme le fourragement. Ainsi la fourmi est un excellent modèle pour l'étude de 1 influence du contexte social sur les rythmes circadiens.A ces fins, nous avons décidé d'étudier les rythmes circadiens chez une espèce de fourmi Camponotus fellah et de caractériser au niveau moléculaire son horloge circadienne. Nous avons ainsi développé un système vidéo permettant de suivre l'activité locomotrice de tous les individus d'une colonie. Nos résultats montrent que, bien que la plupart des fourmis soient arythmiques à l'intérieur de la colonie, elles développent d'amples rythmes d'activité en isolation. De plus, ces rythmes disparaissent presque aussitôt que la fourmi est réintroduite dans la colonie. Cette rythmicité observée en isolation semble être générée par l'horloge circadienne car elle persiste en condition constante (obscurité totale). Nous avons ensuite regardé si cette apparente arythmie observée dans la colonie résultait d'un effet masquant des interactions sociales sur les rythmes circadiens d'activité. Nos résultats suggèrent que l'horloge interne est fonctionnelle dans la colonie mais que l'expression de ses rythmes au niveau comportemental est inhibée par les interactions sociales. Les analyses moléculaires du statut de l'horloge dans différents contextes sociaux sont actuellement en cours. Le contexte social semble donc un déterminant majeur du comportement circadien chez la fourmi.AbstractAlmost all living organisms on earth are subjected to the alternance of day and night re-sulting from the rotation of the earth around its axis. They have evolved with an internal timing system, termed the circadian clock, enabling them to adapt and synchronize their behavior and physiology to the daily changes in light and related environmental parame¬ters. Light is thought to be the major cue entraining the circadian clock and consequently the rhythms of rest/activity. In addition to its circadian dependent timing, sleep is reg¬ulated by a homeostatic process that determines its need. The contribution of these two processes in the cellular functioning of the brain has not yet been considered. A highly reliable index of the homeostatic process of sleep is the measure of the amplitude and prevalence of the EEG delta waves (delta activity). It has been shown that sleep need, measured by delta activity, is genetically determined and associated with a Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) located on the mouse chromosome 13. By using sleep deprivation and brain transcriptome profiling in three inbred mouse strains showing different responses to sleep loss, we found that Homerla, localized within this QTL region is the best transcrip¬tional marker of sleep need. Interestingly Homerla is primarily involved in the recovery from glutamate-induced neuronal hyperactivity by its buffering effect on intracellular cal¬cium. A fundamental function of sleep may therefore reside in the protection and recovery of the brain from a neuronal hyperactivity imposed by prolonged wakefulness.Moreover, time course gene expression experiments showed that 2032 brain tran¬scripts present a rhythmic variation, but only 391 of those remain rhythmic when mice are sleep deprived at four time points around the clock. This finding clearly suggests that most changes in gene transcription over the day are sleep-wake dependent rather than clock dependent and underlines the importance of sleep in mammalian physiology.In the second part of this PhD, I was interested in the social influence on circadian behavior. Most experiments done in the circadian field have been performed on isolated individuals and have therefore ignored the effect of the social context on circadian behav-ior. Eusocial insect species such as ants are characterized by a division of labor: colony tasks are distributed among individuals, some of them requiring continuous activity such as nursing or rhythmic ones such as foraging. Thus ants represent a suitable model to study the influence of the social context on the circadian clock and its output rhythms.The aim of this part was to address the effect of social context on circadian rhythms in the ant species Camponotus fellah and to characterize its circadian clock at the molecu¬lar level. We therefore developed a video tracking system to follow the locomotor activity of all individuals in a colony. Our results show that most ants are arrhythmic within the colony, but develop, when subjected to social isolation, strong rhythms of activity that intriguingly disappear when individuals are reintroduced into the colony. The rhythmicity observed in isolated ants seems to be driven by the circadian clock as it persists under constant conditions (complete darkness). We then tested whether the apparent arrhyth- micity in the colony stemmed from a masking effect of social interactions on circadian rhythms. Indeed, we found that circadian clocks of ants in the colony are functional but their expression at the behavioral level is inhibited by social interactions. The molecular assessment of the circadian clock functional state in the different social context is still under investigation. Our results suggest that social context is a major determinant of circadian behavior in ants.