Immunomodulatory effects of low dose chemotherapy and perspectives of its combination with immunotherapy

Given that cancer is one of the main causes of death worldwide, many efforts have been directed toward discovering new treatments and approaches to cure or control this group of diseases. Chemotherapy is the main treatment for cancer; however, a conventional schedule based on maximum tolerated dose (MTD) shows several side effects and frequently allows the development of drug resistance. On the other side, low dose chemotherapy involves antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory processes that help host to fight against tumor cells, with lower grade of side effects. In this review, we present evidence that metronomic chemotherapy, based on the frequent administration of low or intermediate doses of chemotherapeutics, can be better than or as efficient as MTD. Finally, we present some data indicating that noncytotoxic concentrations of antineoplastic agents are able to both up-regulate the immune system and increase the susceptibility of tumor cells to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Taken together, data from the literature provides us with sufficient evidence that low concentrations of selected chemotherapeutic agents, rather than conventional high doses, should be evaluated in combination with immunotherapy. Copyright © 2012 UICC.

The calcium wave model of the perception-action cycle: Evidence from semantic relevance in memory experiments

We present a general model of brain function (the calcium wave model), distinguishing three processing modes in the perception-action cycle. The model provides an interpretation of the data from experiments on semantic memory conducted by the authors. © 2013 Pereira Jr, Santos and Barros.

Evaluation of the antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic effects of inulin in vivo

The incidence of colorectal cancer is growing worldwide. The characterization of compounds present in the human diet that can prevent the occurrence of colorectal tumors is vital. The oligosaccharide inulin is such a compound. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antigenotoxic, antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic effects of inulin in vivo. Our study is based on 3 assays that are widely used to evaluate chemoprevention (comet assay, micronucleus assay, and aberrant crypt focus assay) and tests 4 protocols of treatment with inulin (pre-treatment, simultaneous, post-treatment, and pre + continuous). Experiments were carried out in Swiss male mice of reproductive age. In order to induce DNA damage, we used the pro-carcinogenic agent 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Inulin was administered orally at a concentration of 50 mg/kg body weight following the protocols mentioned above. Inulin was not administered to the control groups. Our data from the micronucleus assay reveal antimutagenic effects of inulin in all protocols. The percentage of inulin-induced damage reduction ranged from 47.25 to 141.75% across protocols. These data suggest that inulin could act through desmutagenic and bio-antimutagenic mechanisms. The anticarcinogenic activity (aberrant crypt focus assay) of inulin was observed in all protocols and the percentages of damage reduction ranged from 55.78 to 87.56% across protocols. Further tests, including human trials, will be necessary before this functional food can be proven to be effective in the prevention and treatment of colon cancer. © FUNPEC-RP.

Cross-mating experiments detect reproductive compatibility between Triatoma sherlocki and other members of the Triatoma brasiliensis species complex

Phylogenetic approaches based on mitochondrial DNA variation (fragments of Cyt B and 16S ribosomal RNA) have revealed Triatoma sherlocki as the most recent species addition to the Triatoma brasiliensis species complex; a monophyletic group which includes T. brasiliensis, Triatoma melanica, and Triatoma juazeirensis. T. sherlocki is the most differentiated among all species of this complex: it is unable to fly, possesses longer legs than the other members, and has reddish tonality in some parts of its exochorion. We question whether these species are reproductively compatible because of this pronounced morphological differentiation, and therefore, we present a series of cross breeding experiments that test compatibility between T. sherlocki and other members of the T. brasiliensis complex. We extended our analyses to include crosses between T. sherlocki and Triatoma lenti, because the latter has been suggested as a possible member of this complex. T. sherlocki male. ×. T. lenti female pairs failed to produce hybrids. All other crosses of T. sherlocki and members of T. brasiliensis species complex, as well as backcrosses, produced viable offspring through the third generation. This study stresses the importance of searching for the features that may isolate members of the T. brasiliensis species complex. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

People and workers in Latin America: simulation experiments with population and the labour force in selected countries

Includes bibliography

Screening de polimorfismos e análise comparativa de alterações no número de copias do gene tp53 em gliomas

As neoplasias astrocitárias correspondem a cerca de (60%) dos tumores do sistema nervoso central, sendo que atingem principalmente adultos numa fase altamente produtiva da vida e com evoluções pouco satisfatórias apesar dos tratamentos disponíveis. Um melhor entendimento de sua biologia molecular se faz necessário na tentativa de compreender sua evolução e melhor planejar e tratamento, assim como na busca de novas terapias. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar modificações no gene TP53 com relação ao número de cópias e polimorfismos nos éxons de 4 a 11, considerados hotspots para mutações. Um total de 14 amostras de diferentes graus de malignidade foram analisadas por experimentos de FISH interfásico com sondas loco-específicas do gene TP53 e centroméricas para o cromossomo 17, e também pela técnica de SSCP para o screening de polimorfismos dos éxons 4-10. Foram comparados os resultados obtidos entre tumores de graus I e II (benignos) com aqueles de graus III e IV (malignos). Os resultados referentes às sondas loco-específicas (gene TP53 e centrômero do cromossomo 17) mostraram que a ocorrência de deleções ou amplificações, apesar de importantes estatisticamente em relação aos núcleos com número de marcações normais, não apresentou correlação com idade, sexo ou grau de malignação. Entretanto, as alterações foram encontradas com maior freqüência nos paciente portadores de astrocitomas de grau intermediário (III). A técnica de SSCP revelou polimorfismos nos éxons 5, 7 e 10, e apesar de não estarem associados à malignidade tumoral, os casos polimórficos corresponderam aos pacientes com menor sobrevida após tratamentos, sugerindo, uma associação entre mutações nesses éxons e uma maior agressividade tumoral.

Effect of a polysaccharidic fraction of Agaricus blazei on colorectal carcinogenesis in rats with ulcerative colitis

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Immunodetection of cells with a CD44+/CD24-phenotype in canine mammary neoplasms

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

KRAS insertions in colorectal cancer: What do we know about unusual KRAS mutations?

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Proinflammatory Cytokines Correlate with Depression and Anxiety in Colorectal Cancer Patients

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Use of surgery and carboplatin in feline malignant mammary gland neoplasms with advanced clinical staging

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Doppler and Elastography as complementary diagnostic methods for mammary neoplasms in female cats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)