Caracterização da virulência de Magnaporthe grisea em cultivares diferenciadoras japonesas e linhas quase-isogênicas das cultivares IAC-25 e de CO-39 de arroz

Foi estudada a virulência de 681 isolados de Magnaporthe grisea provenientes de oito lavouras de arroz de terras altas, quatro da cv. BRS Bonança e quatro da cv. Primavera, localizadas em cinco municípios no Estado de Goiás. Foram avaliados 321 isolados de M. grisea de folha e de panícula obtidos da cv. BRS Bonança e 360 da cv. Primavera. Para diferenciar a virulência dos isolados foram utilizados nove cultivares diferenciadoras japonesas, seis linhagens quase-isogências (NIL's) da cv. IAC-25, cinco linhagens quase-isogênicas da cv. CO-39, e as cultivares Primavera, BRS Bonança, IAC-25 e CO-39. Os isolados de M. grisea provenientes da cv. BRS Bonança foram mais virulentos nas NIL's de IAC-25 do que isolados da cv. Primavera. A maioria das subpopulações de M. grisea provenientes de folhas e panícula, de ambas as cultivares, foram avirulentos à linhagem quase-isogênica CNA-8212. A virulência, em baixa freqüência, foi observada nos isolados de M. grisea provenientes de BRS Bonança aos genes Pi-z t (Toride-1) e de Primavera aos genes Pi-z (Fukunishiki). Uma baixa freqüência de isolados virulentos foram virulentos nas NIL's C101 LAC (Pi-1) e C101 A 51(Pi-2). Considerando as reações compatíveis e incompatíveis das NIL's de IAC-25 à população de M. grisea de BRS Bonança, o dendrograma mostrou um grupo (90% de similaridade), diferindo do parental recorrente. Por outro lado, a população de 'Primavera', com exceção da CNA-8199, formou um grupo (93% de similaridade), incluindo o parental recorrente. Os genes de resistência Pi-z e Pi-z t das cultivares Fukunishiki e Toride-1, respectivamente, os genes Pi-1 e Pi-2 das NIL's de CO-39 e os genes desconhecidos das NIL's IAC-25, que apresentaram maior espectro de resistência às populações estudadas podem ser utilizados no programa de melhoramento, para desenvolvimento de linhas isogênicas de BRS Bonança e Primavera.

Value co-creation in industrial buyer-seller partnerships - creating and exploiting interdependencies : an empirical case study

In summary the main findings of the study are that there seems to be is no universal definition of value in the context of industrial relationships, but a notion that it is context-, time-, and actor dependent. Value co-creation is a suitable concept in the context of buyerseller relationships. The evolution of a relationship from a transactional to a partnership is long and eventful - a process where the outcome is impossible to estimate in advance. The process is filled with differenttypes of events and also conflicts, which as a matter of fact can be seen as constructive forces in relationship development. The perceived value of a relationship is an antecedent to pursuing a high-involvement strategy; once a partnership exists, the value co-creation potential is realizable through exploiting interdependencies. Those interdependencies are the trigger for value co-creation potential. The value cocreation potential is realized though different processes of value co-creation either to achieve efficiency in exchange or effective use of resources. The logic of buyer-seller partnerships is to create and exploit interdependencies in order to create both efficiency and effective use of resources. (Summary of main findings p. 176)

Apple, Nokia and RIM – Rivalry and Co-operation between Three Mobile Phone Corporations

The purpose of this paper is to gather enough evidence to speculate the future of Nokia, Rim and Apple. The thesis goes over the history, current events and business model of each company. This paper includes differences between the companies and co-operation and rivalry, such as patent infringement cases. The study is limited to smartphones and their future. The result of this study is that Apple will continue its steady increase in market share, while Nokia will first decrease and after the launch of the Windows Phone it will rise again. RIM‟s result has not been as good as in past years and it has lost market share. The decrease of share price may lead to acquisition by a company interested in RIM technology.

FLOWERING AND POLLINATORS OF THREE DISTYLOUS SPECIES OF Psychotria (Rubiaceae) CO-OCCURRING IN THE BRAZILIAN ATLANTIC FOREST1

ABSTRACT This study investigates the flowering and pollinators of the floral morphs of three co-occurring distylous species, Psychotria conjugens Müll, P. hastisepala Müll. Arg. and P. sessilis Vell., in two consecutive flowering seasons in an Atlantic Forest fragment in southeastern Brazil. The species have diurnal, cream-colored, tubular, nectariferous flowers and their flowering occurs in the rainy season, from September to April, with little or no overlapping between species, characterizing a staggered flowering. The flowering of the long-and short-styled floral morphs of each species was synchronous, but the number of open flowers per day per morph tended to vary in each flowering season. These numbers were higher in P. sessilis and P. conjugens and, probably, resulted in higher total numbers of visits on its flowers (up to 1084 visits in P. sessilis and 756 in P. conjugens), compared to that observed in P. hastisepala (up to 71). There was a higher frequency of visits to long-styled flowers of all species. The bee Ariphanarthra palpalis was a common pollinator to all species. This bee is native to Brazil, solitary, considered relatively rare and its host plants were unknown. Other native bees (Melipona spp.) also visited the flowers of the Psychotria species. The availability of flowers with similar floral features over eight months, the staggered flowering and common pollinators appear to be part of a strategy to attract floral visitors, minimizing the competition for pollinators and then favoring the legitimate pollination of these plants.

Modeling and simulation of forced-air cooling of strawberries using variable convective coefficient

In the forced-air cooling process of fruits occurs, besides the convective heat transfer, the mass transfer by evaporation. The energy need in the evaporation is taken from fruit that has its temperature lowered. In this study it has been proposed the use of empirical correlations for calculating the convective heat transfer coefficient as a function of surface temperature of the strawberry during the cooling process. The aim of this variation of the convective coefficient is to compensate the effect of evaporation in the heat transfer process. Linear and exponential correlations are tested, both with two adjustable parameters. The simulations are performed using experimental conditions reported in the literature for the cooling of strawberries. The results confirm the suitability of the proposed methodology.

The influence of the season of the year and of dilution on the development of swine manure and wood shaves co-composting

The objective of this research was to study the influence of factors related to the proper management of pig manure (lower dilution) and the season of the year in the progress of the co-composting of pig manure with wood shavings and in the final quality of the compost resulting from the treatments. In the first experiment, two types of swine manure were used: a diluted one (2% Dry Matter - DM), typical from the management usually used in Brazil, and a more concentrated one (6% DM). The manures were incorporated into the wood shavings (6L:1kg) over the course of four weeks. The development of composting was accompanied by monitoring of temperatures inside the piles and the emission of CO2 and CH4 gases during 65 days, including the period of incorporation. The results showed that the diluted manure does not provide the minimum conditions for starting the process. After the incorporation period, any biomass heating was observed and neither the aerobic or anaerobic respiration of the microorganisms, resulting in a compost with low quality. In the second experiment, which evaluated composting in winter and summer during 85 days, it was found that the heat exchange with the environment influences the temperature generated within the piles. The lower temperatures significantly reduced the methanogenesis on the biomass.

Effective diffusivity and convective mass transfer coefficient during the drying of bananas

In this article, a methodology is used for the simultaneous determination of the effective diffusivity and the convective mass transfer coefficient in porous solids, which can be considered as an infinite cylinder during drying. Two models are used for optimization and drying simulation: model 1 (constant volume and diffusivity, with equilibrium boundary condition), and model 2 (constant volume and diffusivity with convective boundary condition). Optimization algorithms based on the inverse method were coupled to the analytical solutions, and these solutions can be adjusted to experimental data of the drying kinetics. An application of optimization methodology was made to describe the drying kinetics of whole bananas, using experimental data available in the literature. The statistical indicators enable to affirm that the solution of diffusion equation with convective boundary condition generates results superior than those with the equilibrium boundary condition.

Evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of drip irrigated watermelon in Piaui coastline, Brazil

The knowledge of the evapotranspiration (ETc) and crop coefficient (Kc) is fundamental to plan and to manage the irrigation of any crop. The aim of this study was to determine the daily and hourly evapotranspiration of drip irrigated watermelon (Citrullus Lanatus, var. Crimson Sweet) and crop coefficient (Kc) in each crop development phase. The experiment was carried out in an experimental area of 1.27 ha of Embrapa Mid-North, localized in Parnaíba (02°54'S, 41°47'W and 46 m above of sea), State of Piauí, Brazil, from September to November, 2006. Electronic weighing lysimeters of 1.5 m x 1.5 m wide and long and 1.0 m deep were used to obtain the evapotranspiration. The plants were drip irrigated with a lateral row per plant row and drippers spaced 0.5 m from each other. The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was estimated using the Penman-Monteith equation from the climatic data obtained by electronic sensors. The total evapotranspiration during the watermelon crop cycle cultivated in the state of Piauí was 233.87 mm, with mean values of 3.7 mm day-1, minimum of 1.18 and maximum of 8.14 mm day-1. The Kc of the drip irrigated watermelon was 0.18 in the initial stage of crop growth; 0.18 to 1.3, in crop development stage; 1.3 in the intermediate stage and 0.43 in the final stage.

Crop coefficient and water consumption of eggplant in no-tillage system and conventional soil preparation

Under organic management in Seropédica-RJ, Brazil, using a weighing lysimeter, the crop coefficients (kc), the maximum evapotranspiration and the productivity of eggplant cultivation under two cropping systems (no tillage with straw plus soil with conventional preparation) were determined. A whole randomized layout with two treatments (no tillage and conventional) and five replicates during 134 days of cultivation were adopted. There were no significant differences in the eggplant cultivation in the two cropping systems, with a maximum commercial productivity obtained from 47.42 Mg ha-1 for the no-tillage system, and 47.91 Mg ha-1 for the conventional tillage. The accumulated ETc was 285.15 and 323.44 mm for the no-tillage and conventional, respectively. The crop coefficients value for the phases: 1 - transplanting, flowering, 2 - flowering-fruiting, 3 - fruit- first harvesting, 4- first harvesting of the final crop cycle was 0.83, 0.77, 0.90 and 0.97 in no-tillage system for the respective phases and for the conventional one 0.81, 1.14, 1.17 and 1.05 for the same steps described above.

Evapotranspiration and crop coefficient for potato in organic farming

The aim of this study was to quantify the water consumption and the crop coefficients (Kc) for the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), in Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil, under organic management, and to simulate the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) using the Kc obtained in the field and the ones recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The water consumption was obtained through soil water balance, using TDR probes installed at 0.15m and 0.30m deep. At the different stages of development, the Kc was determined by the ratio of ETc and reference evapotranspiration, obtained by Penman-Monteith FAO 56. The crop coefficients obtained were 0.35, 0.45, 1.29 and 0.63. The accumulated ETc obtained in the field was 109.6 mm, while the ETc accumulated from FAO's Kc were 142.2 and 138mm, respectively, considering the classical values and the values adjusted to the local climatic conditions. The simulation of water consumption based on meteorological data of historical series from 1961 to 2007 provided higher value of ETc when compared with the one obtained in the field. From the meteorological data of historical series, it was observed that the use of Kc recommended by FAO may overestimate the amount of irrigation water by 9%, over the same growing season.

Anaerobic co-digestion of crude glycerin and starch industry effluent

The Brazil's Biodiesel Production and Use Program introduces biodiesel in the Brazilian energy matrix, bringing along the perspective of a growth of the glycerin offer, co-product generated in the proportion of 10 kg for each 100 L of biodiesel. The aim of this study was to evaluate the addition of crude glycerin in the anaerobic digestion of cassava starch industry effluent (cassava wastewater), in a horizontal semi-continuous flow reactor of one phase in laboratory scale. It was used a reactor with a 8.77 L of useful volume, a medium support for corrugated conduit of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), temperature of 261 ºC, fed with cassava wastewater and glycerin, with hydraulic detention times of 4 and 5 days and increasing volumetric organic load of 3.05; 9.32; 14.83 and 13.59 g COD L-1 d-1, obtained with the addition of glycerin at 0; 2; 3 and 2% (v/v), respectively. The average removal efficiencies of TS and TVS were decreasing from the addition of glycerin to the cassava wastewater, averaging 81.19 to 55.58% for TS and 90.21 to 61.45% for TVS. The addition of glycerin at 2% increased the biogas production compared to the control treatment, reaching 1.979 L L-1 d-1. The biogas production as a function of the consumed COD was higher for the control treatment than for the treatments with addition of glycerin, which indicates lower conversion of organic matter into biogas.

Efeito da secção hepática parcial e omentoplastia na regeneração hepática de cão

O tratamento e a morbimortalidade dos pacientes com traumatismo hepático dependem do mecanismo da lesão e da conduta terapêutica, que inclui acompanhamento clínico, hepatorrafia, omentoplastia e próteses. O presente trabalho avaliou a recuperação hepática em presença de omentoplastia após lesão cortante do fígado de cão. Foram utilizados 15 cães machos, mestiços, com peso variando entre 7kg e 12kg, anestesiados com pentabarbitúrico endovenoso e submetidos a corte longitudinal no lobo esquerdo, medindo 2,5cm de profundidade e 8cm de comprimento. Os animais foram divididos em três grupos (n=5): I- sem sutura (controle); II- sutura hepática apenas; III- sutura hepática com omentoplastia. O fio utilizado foi o categute cromado 4-0. Todos os animais do grupo I morreram no pós-operatório imediato, enquanto os cães dos grupos II e III suportaram bem os 28 dias de acompanhamento. À relaparotomia dos grupos II e III, encontraram-se múltiplas aderências ao fígado, que apresentou aspecto normal. No grupo III, o omento introduzido no ferimento hepático havia sido expulso e estava apenas aderido à cápsula do fígado macroscopicamente normal. À microscopia houve descontinuidade vascular e biliar entre os segmentos proximal e distal à hepatotomia. Os fenômenos cicatriciais foram mais exuberantes no grupo III, no qual se encontraram pequenas áreas do parênquima contendo fragmentos de omento. Concluindo, a omentoplastia facilitou o procedimento de reparo hepático, que, entretanto, não restabeleceu a contigüidade de vasos e ductos biliares.

Avaliação de diferentes métodos de conservação esplênica para tratar lesão cortante do baço em cão

OBJETIVO: A morbimortalidade do tratamento conservador do baço após trauma desse órgão depende da extensão da lesão e da experiência da equipe cirúrgica com trauma esplênico. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar experimentalmente a recuperação esplênica após lesão cortante tratada conservadoramente. MÉTODO: Foram utilizados 20 cães machos, mestiços, com peso variando entre 7kg e 12kg. Sob anestesia com pentabarbitúrico sódico endovenoso, provocou-se uma lesão cortante longitudinal no baço, em uma extensão de 5 cm e profundidade de 3 cm. Em seguida, os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente, de acordo com a conduta com a ferida esplênica, em três grupos: Grupo 1 (n=10) - sem reparo cirúrgico; Grupo 2 (n=5) - sutura esplênica contínua com fio de categute cromado 5-0; Grupo 3 (n=5) - introdução de um segmento de omento maior na ferida esplênica e sutura contínua do baço com o omento, utilizando fio categute cromado 5-0. Os cães foram acompanhados durante cinco (Grupo 1A) ou 28 (Grupo 1B, 2 e 3) dias. RESULTADOS: Todos os animais sobreviveram ao pós-operatório e não foram percebidas adversidades decorrentes da operação durante esse período. Não foi encontrada diferença no aspecto macroscópico dos baços retirados de todos os grupos. À microscopia, percebeu-se fragmento de omento dentro da cicatriz esplênica nos animais do Grupo 3. CONCLUSÕES: A lesão cortante de baço canino pode ser tratada pelos métodos conservadores. Caso se opte pelo tratamento cirúrgico, a sutura com e sem auxílio do omento são eficazes.