Characterization of Endoproteolytic Processing of Dynorphins by Proprotein Convertases using Mouse Spinal Cord S9 Fractions and Mass Spectrometry

Dynorphins are important neuropeptides with a central role in nociception and pain alleviation. Many mechanisms regulate endogenous dynorphin concentrations, including proteolysis. Proprotein convertases (PCs) are widely expressed in the central nervous system and specifically cleave at C-terminal of either a pair of basic amino acids, or a single basic residue. The proteolysis control of endogenous Big Dynorphin (BDyn) and Dynorphin A (Dyn A) levels has a profound impact on pain perception and the role of PCs remain unclear. The objective of this study was to decipher the role of PC1 and PC2 in the proteolysis control of BDyn and Dyn A levels using cellular fractions of spinal cords from wild type (WT), PC1-/+ and PC2-/+ animals and mass spectrometry. Our results clearly demonstrate that both PC1 and PC2 are involved in the proteolysis regulation of BDyn and Dyn A with a more important role for PC1. C-terminal processing of BDyn generates specific peptide fragments Dynorphin 1-19, Dynorphin 1-13, Dynorphin 1-11 and Dynorphin 1-7 and C-terminal processing of Dyn A generates Dynorphin 1-13, Dynorphin 1-11 and Dynorphin 1-7, all these peptide fragments are associated with PC1 or PC2 processing. Moreover, proteolysis of BDyn leads to the formation of Dyn A and Leu-Enk, two important opioid peptides. The rate of formation of both is significantly reduced in cellular fractions of spinal cord mutant mice. As a consequence, even partial inhibition of PC1 or PC2 may impair the endogenous opioid system.

Tachykinins Processing is Significantly Impaired in PC1 and PC2 Mutant Mouse Spinal Cord S9 Fractions

Substance P (SP) play a central role in nociceptive transmission and it is an agonist of the Neurokinin-1 receptor located in the lamina I of the spinal cord. SP is a major proteolytic product of the protachykinin-1 primarily synthesized in neurons. Proprotein convertases (PCs) are extensively expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and specifically cleave at C-terminal of either a pair of basic amino acids, or a single basic residue. The proteolysis control of endogenous protachykinins has a profound impact on pain perception and the role of PCs remain unclear. The objective of this study was to decipher the role of PC1 and PC2 in the proteolysis surrogate protachykinins (i.e. Tachykinin 20-68 and Tachykinin 58-78) using cellular fractions of spinal cords from wild type (WT), PC1-/+ and PC2-/+ animals and mass spectrometry. Full-length Tachykinin 20-68 and Tachykinin 58-78 was incubated for 30 minutes in WT, PC1-/+ and PC2-/+ mouse spinal cord S9 fractions and specific C-terminal peptide fragments were identified and quantified by mass spectrometry. The results clearly demonstrate that both PC1 and PC2 mediate the formation of SP and Tachykinin 58-71, an important SP precursor, with over 50% reduction of the rate of formation in mutant PC 1 and PC2 mouse S9 spinal cord fractions. The results obtained revealed that PC1 and PC2 are involved in the C-terminal processing of protachykinin peptides and suggest a major role in the maturation of the protachykinin-1 protein.

Characterization of Endoproteolytic Processing of Dynorphins by Proprotein Convertases using Mouse Spinal Cord S9 Fractions and Mass Spectrometry

Dynorphins are important neuropeptides with a central role in nociception and pain alleviation. Many mechanisms regulate endogenous dynorphin concentrations, including proteolysis. Proprotein convertases (PCs) are widely expressed in the central nervous system and specifically cleave at C-terminal of either a pair of basic amino acids, or a single basic residue. The proteolysis control of endogenous Big Dynorphin (BDyn) and Dynorphin A (Dyn A) levels has a profound impact on pain perception and the role of PCs remain unclear. The objective of this study was to decipher the role of PC1 and PC2 in the proteolysis control of BDyn and Dyn A levels using cellular fractions of spinal cords from wild type (WT), PC1-/+ and PC2-/+ animals and mass spectrometry. Our results clearly demonstrate that both PC1 and PC2 are involved in the proteolysis regulation of BDyn and Dyn A with a more important role for PC1. C-terminal processing of BDyn generates specific peptide fragments Dynorphin 1-19, Dynorphin 1-13, Dynorphin 1-11 and Dynorphin 1-7 and C-terminal processing of Dyn A generates Dynorphin 1-13, Dynorphin 1-11 and Dynorphin 1-7, all these peptide fragments are associated with PC1 or PC2 processing. Moreover, proteolysis of BDyn leads to the formation of Dyn A and Leu-Enk, two important opioid peptides. The rate of formation of both is significantly reduced in cellular fractions of spinal cord mutant mice. As a consequence, even partial inhibition of PC1 or PC2 may impair the endogenous opioid system.

Chlorophyll-a concentrations in phytoplankton fractions in waters of the Black Sea

Comparison of daily and diel variability of chlorophyll-a concentration at three long-term stations in meso- and eutrophic regions indicates that their values are similar. Daily patterns of deviation in chlorophyll concentration in small and large phytoplankton fraction from average daily values are presented. In conformity with a hypothesis of daily removal rhythms correlated with changes in diel light-dark periods, it was concluded that the mesotrophic region during the dark period is characterized by predominance of grazing on large phytoplankton in the upper layers and accumulation of detritus from cell fragments in the lower layer, while during the light period smaller phytoplankton predominantly grazed. The eutrophic region is characterized by predominance of grazing on small phytoplankton fraction in the upper layers during the dark period and settling out of fecal pellets containing chlorophyll into deeper depths; but during the light period, large phytoplankton predominantly grazed throughout the whole water layer.