Décentralisation et allocation des ressources : les détours de la municipalisation du système de santé brésilien.

Dans cette thèse, nous avons analysé le déroulement d’un processus de municipalisation du système de santé, effectué au Rio Grande do Norte (RN), un des états fédérés du nord-est du Brésil. En tenant compte des contextes historiques d’implantation, nous avons centré notre attention sur la contribution des acteurs impliqués dans ce processus, spécialement dans l’allocation des ressources financières du système. Les croyances, perceptions, attentes, représentations, connaissances, intérêts, l’ensemble des facteurs qui contribuent à la constitution des capacités cognitives de ces acteurs, favorise la réflexivité sur leurs actions et la définition de stratégies diverses de façon à poursuivre leurs objectifs dans le système de santé. Ils sont vus ainsi comme des agents compétents et réflexifs, capables de s’approprier des propriétés structurelles du système de santé (règles et ressources), de façon à prendre position dans l’espace social de ce système pour favoriser le changement ou la permanence du statu quo. Au cours du processus de structuration du Système unique de santé brésilien, le SUS, la municipalisation a été l’axe le plus développé d’un projet de réforme de la santé. Face aux contraintes contextuelles et de la dynamique complexe des espaces sociaux de la santé, les acteurs réformistes n’ont pas pu suivre le chemin de l’utopie idéalisée; quelques détours ont été parcourus. Au RN, la municipalisation de la santé a constitué un processus très complexe où la triade centralisation/décentralisation/recentralisation a suivi son cours au milieu de négociations, de conflits, d’alliances, de disputes, de coopérations, de compétitions. Malgré les contraintes des contextes successifs, des propriétés structurelles du système et des dynamiques sociales dans le système de santé, quelques changements sont intervenus : la construction de leaderships collectifs; l’émergence d’une culture de négociation; la création des structures et des espaces sociaux du système, favorisant les rencontres des acteurs dans chaque municipalité et au niveau de l’état fédéré; un apprentissage collectif sur le processus de structuration du SUS; une grande croissance des services de première ligne permettant d’envisager une inversion de tendance du modèle de prestation des services; les premiers pas vers la rupture avec la culture bureaucratique du système. Le SUS reste prisonnier de quelques enjeux institutionnalisés dans ce système de santé : la dépendance du secteur privé et de quelques groupes de professionnels; le financement insuffisant et instable; la situation des ressources humaines. Les changements arrivés sont convergents, incrémentiels, lents; ils résultent d’actions normatives, délibérées, formalisées. Elles aussi sont issues de l’inattendu, de l’informel, du paradoxe; quelques-unes plus localisées, d’autres plus généralisées, pour une courte ou une plus longue durée.

Obligation des États de coopérer en droit international des cours d’eau transfrontaliers : état du droit et étude du cas Chinois

Le principe de coopération est considéré depuis longtemps comme l’une des pierres angulaires du droit international, toutefois, l’existence d’une obligation de coopérer en droit international reste encore controversée. Les ressources en eau, à cause de leur fluidité et de leurs multiples usages, démontrent toujours l’interdépendance humaine. En matière de cours d’eau transfrontaliers, la Convention de New York inclut explicitement dans son texte l’obligation générale de coopérer comme l’un de ses trois principes fondamentaux. Il nous incombe alors de voir quelle obligation de coopérer les États souverains s’imposent dans leurs pratiques ? Pour répondre à cette question, nous procédons tout d’abord à une étude positiviste du contenu normatif de l’obligation de coopérer. Nous constatons que l’incorporation de la notion de l’obligation de coopérer dans le principe de la souveraineté est une tendance manifeste du droit international qui a évolué du droit de coexistence composé principalement des règles d’abstention, au droit de coopération qui comporte essentiellement des obligations positives de facere, dont la plus représentative est l’obligation de coopérer. Néanmoins, il n’existe pas de modèle unique d’application pour tous les États, chaque bassin disposant de son propre régime coopératif. Pour mesurer l’ampleur des régimes coopératifs, nous étudions cinq paramètres : le champ d’application, les règles substantielles, les règles procédurales, les arrangements institutionnels et le règlement des différends. Quatres modèles de coopération ressortent : le mécanisme consultatif (l’Indus), le mécanisme communicateur (le Mékong), le mécanisme de coordination (le Rhin) et le mécanisme d’action conjointe (le fleuve Sénégal). Pour ce qui est de la Chine, il s’agit de l’État d’amont en voie de développement le plus important dans le monde qui a longtemps été critiqué pour son approche unilatérale dans le développement des eaux transfrontières. Nous ne pouvons pas cependant passer sous silence les pratiques de coopération qu’elle a développées avec ses voisins. Quelle est son interprétation de cette obligation générale de coopérer ? Notre étude des pratiques de la Chine nous aide, en prenant du recul, à mieux comprendre tous les aspects de cette obligation de coopérer en droit international. Afin d’expliquer les raisons qui se cachent derrière son choix de mode de coopération, nous introduisons une analyse constructiviste qui est plus explicative que descriptive. Nous soutenons que ce sont les identités de la Chine qui ont déterminé son choix de coopération en matière de cours d’eau transfrontaliers. Notre étude en vient à la conclusion que même s’il y a des règles généralement reconnues, l’obligation de coopérer reste une règle émergente en droit international coutumier. Ses modes d’application sont en réalité une construction sociale qui évolue et qui peut varier énormément selon les facteurs culturels, historiques ou économiques des États riverains, en d’autres mots, selon les identités de ces États. La Chine est un État d’amont en voie de développement qui continue à insister sur le principe de la souveraineté. Par conséquent, elle opte pour son propre mécanisme consultatif de coopération pour l’utilisation des ressources en eau transfrontalières. Néanmoins, avec l’évolution de ses identités en tant que superpuissance émergente, nous pouvons probablement espérer qu’au lieu de rechercher un pouvoir hégémonique et d’appliquer une stratégie unilatérale sur l’utilisation des ressources en eau transfrontalières, la Chine adoptera une stratégie plus coopérative et plus participative dans l’avenir.

O Sistema de Gestão e Avaliação do Desempenho na Administração Pública Portuguesa: efeitos da sua prática no contrato psicológico dos colaboradores

Desde as últimas décadas do século XX que, perante um cenário marcado pela complexidade de uma economia globalizada, a Administração Pública tem sido coagida a passar por processos de reforma. As referências à reestruturação da Administração Pública por motivos políticos, económicos e financeiros, são frequentes na literatura, e surgem, quase sempre, num discurso imperativo. Neste contexto, foram introduzidos mecanismos de mercado por se acreditar que estes produzem soluções mais eficazes para o cidadão-cliente, uma administração motivadora, para quantos nela trabalham, e eficiência económica. Na esfera pública, mais do que transformar inputs em outputs, importa, avaliar os outcomes, isto é, o impacto sobre o valor público. Inúmeros estudos concorreram para enquadrar e justificar a reforma do sector público. Continuam, porém, a faltar respostas de como compatibilizar a gestão orçamental com práticas ideológicas das organizações, nomeadamente ao nível da gestão de recursos humanos. Este estudo tem como objectivo central contribuir para um melhor conhecimento dos efeitos que a prática da avaliação do desempenho, em vigor na Administração Pública Portuguesa, tem no contrato psicológico dos colaboradores. Para o teste das hipóteses propusemos um modelo de investigação, tomando como referência a teoria de Guest. Com uma abordagem qualitativa, construímos um inquérito por questionário, que foi aplicado a alguns colaboradores de uma Instituição pública. Os dados recolhidos permitiram a elaboração de quadros de referência de resultados que, por meio da análise de conteúdo, nos possibilitou tirar ilações acerca do comprometimento organizacional e comportamentos de cidadania organizacional dos Colaboradores. Trata-se de uma pesquisa com características exploratórias que, acreditamos, possa ser a base para trabalhos futuros sobre os efeitos do SIADAP nos indivíduos e nas organizações. Os resultados mostram que o sentimento de que a organização não cumpriu os termos do contrato psicológico é moderado por um esforço emocional, que mantém o colaborador na organização, evidenciando, ainda, um comprometimento afectivo com a Instituição e comportamentos de virtude cívica. / Since the last decades of the 20th century, in a scenario marked by the complexity of a globalized economy, the Public Administration has been forced to undergo reform processes. References to the restructuring of the Public Administration for political, economical and financial reasons are frequent in literature, and arise, in most cases, in an imperative tone. In this context, market mechanisms were introduced, as it is believed that they produce more efficient solutions for the citizen-client, motivated administration for whom many work, and economic efficiency. In the public sphere, more than just transforming inputs into outputs, it is important to evaluate the outcomes, that is, the impact on the public value. Numerous studies have contributed to contextualize and justify the public sector reform. However, there are still no answers of how to develop compatibility between the budgetary management and the ideological practices of the organizations, namely on the level of human resource management. The main aim of this study is to contribute to a better knowledge of the effects that the practice of performance appraisal, in force in the Portuguese Public Administration, has on the employee's psychological contract. For this hypothesis test, we proposed a research model, with reference to Guest's theory. With a qualitative approach, we constructed a survey questionnaire that was applied to some employees of a Public Institution. The data gathered allowed the elaboration of results frameworks which, by means of the content analysis, enabled us to draw conclusions of the employees' organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behaviour. It is a research with exploratory characteristics, which we believe, may provide the basis for future work on the effects of the SIADAP on individuals and organizations. The results indicate that the feeling that the organization did not fulfil the psychological contract terms is moderated by an emotional effort, which leads the employee to remain in the organization, also showing an affective commitment to the institution and civic virtue behaviours.

Estudo sobre a Transferência da Formação na EFAPEL, S.A.

O presente trabalho de investigação pretendeu estudar e avaliar a transferência da formação para o local de trabalho e os seus impactos ao nível das alterações no desempenho dos colaboradores da EFAPEL, S.A. De forma a tornar possível esse objetivo, o estudo procurou apoiar-se nos pressupostos teóricos que sustêm um projeto desta natureza. Abordando a transferência da formação no contexto organizacional, procurou-se determinar quais os fatores que afetam a mesma para o local de trabalho e para a função desempenhada. Neste sentido, e considerando as três dimensões que influenciam a transferência da formação, o presente estudo pretende, de alguma forma, ser um contributo para um melhor conhecimento da transferência da formação através, da análise empírica de como determinadas variáveis relacionadas com as características individuais, as características da conceção da formação e com as características organizacionais, influenciam a transferência da formação. Os resultados obtidos indicam-nos que os fatores identificados como os que mais influenciam a transferência da formação são, sem dúvida, os fatores organizacionais, o que indica que a cultura e as práticas da organização são decisivas na transferência e eficácia da formação. Deseja-se que os resultados obtidos na investigação contribuam para a melhoria e ajustamentos no processo de gestão e implementação da formação na EFAPEL, S.A., com ganhos de eficiência e eficácia. / This research work was to study and evaluate the transfer of training to the workplace and their impacts in terms of changes in the performance of employees EFAPEL, SA. In order to make this goal possible, the study sought to build on the theoretical assumptions that sustain a project of this nature. Addressing the transfer of training in the organizational context, we sought to determine which factors affect the same for the workplace and for the function performed. In this sense, and considering the three dimensions that influence the transfer of training, the present study intends to somehow be a contribution to a better knowledge transfer through training, the empirical analysis of how certain variables related to individual characteristics, the characteristics of the design of training and organizational characteristics influence the transfer of training. The results show us that the factors identified as those that most influence the transfer of training are undoubtedly organizational factors, indicating that the culture and practices of the organization are crucial in the transfer and training effectiveness. It is hoped that the results obtained in the research will contribute to the improvement and adjustments in management process and implementation of training in EFAPEL, SA, with gains in efficiency and effectiveness.

Sustentabilidade das empresas associadas à REDEPETRO-RN

The present study investigated the management of social, environmental and economic sustainability practices employed by 72 oil companies in Rio Grande do Norte state in Brazil associated to Joint Business Network for Enhancing the Competitive Ability of Suppliers of Goods and Services to the Gas and Oil Industry in Rio Grande do Norte (REDEPETRO-RN). Thus, our investigation aimed to determine the extent to which sustainability practices of companies associated to REDEPETRO-RN are developed through their own efforts or influenced by the Triple Helix interorganizational arrangement (governamental organizations, education and research institutions, and industries). The research instrument used was a questionnaire in order to map and characterize the sustainability practices. The research subjects were business owners and managers. The data collected supported the descriptive, correspondence and correlation analyzes. Were identified a greater emphasis of the companies surveyed in developing sustainability practices and greater economic influence of business organizations in the construction of sustainability status. It was concluded with confirmation of thesis of the REDEPETRO-RN arrangement exhibits the characteristics and functioning of a common Interorganizational Cooperative Arrangement, not those of a triple helix interorganizational arrangement, given that the influences exerted for the development of social, environmental and economical sustainability on the part of teaching and research institutions, and government and business organizations do not interact with one another sufficiently to create a virtuous circle of cooperation among the associated companies. By contrast, the Interorganizational Cooperative Arrangement plays an important role in strengthening the competitiveness of companies affiliated to REDEPETRO-RN, by combining different competencies in an attempt at supporting the adoption of sustainability practices, a role reinforced by the scope of PETROBRAS, which, due to its economic importance, has considerable weight in the managerial decisions of associated companies

Empreendedorismo e Cultura: um estudo sobre empreendedores estrangeiros no RN

This present study analyses the relationship between national culture and entrepreneurship, in order to contribute in understanding the impact and the influence of Brazilian culture under the business practices of foreign entrepreneur on the tourism area of Rio Grande do Norte state. Researchers in entrepreneurship field, such as Schumpeter (2005), Weber (2006), McClelland (1972), Murphy, Liao, Welsch (2006), Peyrefitte (1999), Blanchflower (1988), Filion (2000), among others, and in the national culture, high-lighting Caldas and Woods (1999), Hofstede (1997) and Barros and Prates (1996), are put together to create a starting point to this present research, that reaches out for a differential approach, in order to create a correlation between Brazilian culture and the foreign entrepreneur, who chose Rio Grande do Norte state to live and invest. It was observed that in the case of the Switzerland entrepreneur, where the cultural difference is more strong, either in Hofstede's perspective than in Brazilian s authors, the management practices are more negatively affected. The rationalization adopted by the entrepreneur and the employee s logic are in battle in a day-to-day operation of the company. In the case of the Argentinean entrepreneur, the cultural difference exists, but it does not impact as much, because of her personal characteristics and the similarities of Latin culture than surfaces the differences. Finally, this study showed the necessity of analyzing the enterprising regarding the cultural issue, in a way to highlight the different rationalities in different atmospheres where it is practiced the enterprise

Contact dermatitis from shoes: an update

Contact dermatitis is a common inflammatory skin condition characterized by erythematous and pruritic skin lesions that occur after contact with a foreign substance. There are two forms of contact dermatitis: irritant and allergic. Irritant contact dermatitis is caused by the non–immune-modulated irritation of the skin by a substance, leading to skin changes. Allergic contact dermatitis is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction in which a foreign substance comes into contact with the skin; skin changes occur after reexposure to the substance. A medical condition referred to as “shoe dermatitis” is a form of contact dermatitis caused by the contact of the foot with parts of the shoe due to these materials. Shoe dermatitis is a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge and is a common type of contact dermatitis. It is imperative the foot and ankle physician become familiar with recognizing signs and symptoms of shoe dermatitis so that their patients can be accurately diagnosis and appropriately treated to avoid secondary infections and disability. This review will first present causative factors for the etiology of shoe contact dermatitis supported by clinical-based evidence as found in the medical literature. Secondly, a description of the signs and symptoms of shoe contact dermatitis will be presented in a narrative fashion. Finally, both treatment options and preventative measures to avoid shoe.

The Effects of a Group-Based Approach to Parent-Mediated Early Behavioral Intervention for Very Young Children with or At-Risk for Autism

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Continuity of care in older adults with multiple chronic conditions

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Volatilidade dos retornos e governança: um estudo de eventos da crise do subprime

The financial crisis that occurred between the years 2007 and 2008, known as the subprime crisis, has highlighted the governance of companies in Brazil and worldwide. To monitor the financial risk, quantitative tools of risk management were created in the 1990s, after several financial disasters. The market turmoil has also led companies to invest in the development and use of information, which are applied as tools to support process control and decision making. Numerous empirical studies on informational efficiency of the market have been made inside and outside Brazil, revealing whether the prices reflect the information available instantly. The creation of different levels of corporate governance on BOVESPA, in 2000, made the firms had greater impairment in relation to its shareholders with greater transparency in their information. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the subprime financial crisis has affected, between January 2007 and December 2009, the volatility of stock returns in the BM&BOVESPA of companies with greater liquidity at different levels of corporate governance. From studies of time series and through the studies of events, econometric tests were performed by the EVIEWS, and through the results obtained it became evident that the adoption of good practices of corporate governance affect the volatility of returns of companies

Amphibious City: Sustainable Adaptations to Sea Level Rise in Seattle’s Interbay Area

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

A tomada de decisão nas instituições particulares de solidariedade social

Introdução e objetivo: Atualmente as Instituições Particulares de Solidariedade Social deparam-se com mudanças de caracter social, económico e legislativo, que têm afetado o seu funcionamento e financiamento. Pelo que, impõe-se às suas direções responder às necessidades sociais com maior responsabilidade e eficiência num contexto de maior escassez de recursos. Neste sentido, o presente estudo tem como objetivo compreender o modo como as Instituições Particulares de Solidariedade Social tomam decisões, ao nível do financiamento, para um funcionamento eficiente das mesmas. Metodologia: Optou-se por realizar estudos de caso com uma amostra constituída por quatro Instituições Particulares de Solidariedade Social. A recolha de dados foi feita através de entrevistas semiestruturadas e análise documental. O tratamento de dados foi feito através de análise de conteúdo e com recurso ao software QRS Nvivo versão 10. Resultados: Os principais resultados indicam que: a) as necessidades sociais influenciam decisões de aumento e diminuição da capacidade de respostas das instituições; b) o sistema legal influencia a perpetuação de intervenções de caracter institucional; c) a conjuntura económica influencia a pressão sobre o preço da comparticipação familiar e o aumento da concorrência entre instituições; d) a escassez de recursos constitui-se como denominador comum entre instituições, influenciando decisões de investimento que assumem o financiamento público como um facto consumado; e) as práticas de liderança e gestão desenvolvidas por direções com elementos que têm conhecimentos na área financeira são mais propensas a assumir o risco e a aumentar a complexidade operativa das instituições f) as práticas de envolvimento de stakeholders internos e externos contribuem para a aquisição de apoio na prossecução dos seus objetivos. Conclusão: As tomadas de decisão das instituições com acordos com a segurança social assemelham-se por prevalecer o desenvolvimento de respostas tipificadas, com acordo com a segurança social. Apesar disso, os resultados evidenciam a importância de práticas de liderança e gestão desenvolvidas com a presença de elementos com conhecimentos na área financeira, para o desenvolvimento de respostas tipificadas com rentabilidade económica. Salienta-se ainda que o desenvolvimento de práticas de envolvimento de stakeholders internos e externos, baseados na responsabilização e transparência, promovem o alcance de apoios para assegurar o desenvolvimento das atividades institucionais, com maior incidência na instituição sem acordos com a segurança social, mas que os mesmos não asseguram a sua eficiência económica.

Práticas interdisciplinares no ensino superior: a experiência do curso de graduação em administração da UNAMA - Pará

This work addresses the study of interdisciplinarity in higher administration education, a topic of great relevance in the present context, due to guidelines issued by Ministry of Education through the National Curriculum Guidelines -NCGs for undergraduate courses in Management. The attention on the subject emerges from the gained experience of a researcher and teacher working as manager of an undergraduate course in Business Administration who set up interdisciplinarity through interdisciplinary projects in a management course pedagogical project at a private university in State of Pará/Brazil. The work rebuilds and reports experiences, and studies the practice of lecturers involved in those interdisciplinary actions. The study aimed to identify changes in pedagogical practices of teachers involved in the searched interdisciplinary experience. To address the questions that directed the work and achieve proposed objectives, from a qualitative approach, a significant bibliographical and documentary work was conducted on the topic. In the survey carried out on secondary sources such as publications of major authors and scientific papers reporting interdisciplinary experiences in higher administration education, it was found that interdisciplinarity for its ambiguous character is still poorly understood by teachers, and reports on its application in administration teaching are incipient. This study also used data collected from primary sources, from dialogues through interviews with educational fellows - teachers and officers of the institution that served as locus of the research, who had the opportunity to experience the studied interdisciplinary experience. Data were processed and analyzed using content analysis technique. Research results showed that teachers of the institution of research have a good understanding of meaning of interdisciplinarity as a link between disciplines; it was also found substantial evidence of changes in teaching practices and actions of such teachers based on their participation in interdisciplinary projects. Although the experience studied can be considered innovative and challenging, much needs to be done in the course management for achievement of interdisciplinary actions in the course, particularly regarding to the removal of institutional, methodological, psychosocial, epistemological obstacles in operationalizing interdisciplinary practices, with emphasis on the need of a process of continuous and specific training aiming at developing skills for interdisciplinary acting, to the extent that these education professionals do not perceive themselves able to act as interdisciplinary lecturers

Context-awareness privacy in data communications

Internet users consume online targeted advertising based on information collected about them and voluntarily share personal information in social networks. Sensor information and data from smart-phones is collected and used by applications, sometimes in unclear ways. As it happens today with smartphones, in the near future sensors will be shipped in all types of connected devices, enabling ubiquitous information gathering from the physical environment, enabling the vision of Ambient Intelligence. The value of gathered data, if not obvious, can be harnessed through data mining techniques and put to use by enabling personalized and tailored services as well as business intelligence practices, fueling the digital economy. However, the ever-expanding information gathering and use undermines the privacy conceptions of the past. Natural social practices of managing privacy in daily relations are overridden by socially-awkward communication tools, service providers struggle with security issues resulting in harmful data leaks, governments use mass surveillance techniques, the incentives of the digital economy threaten consumer privacy, and the advancement of consumergrade data-gathering technology enables new inter-personal abuses. A wide range of fields attempts to address technology-related privacy problems, however they vary immensely in terms of assumptions, scope and approach. Privacy of future use cases is typically handled vertically, instead of building upon previous work that can be re-contextualized, while current privacy problems are typically addressed per type in a more focused way. Because significant effort was required to make sense of the relations and structure of privacy-related work, this thesis attempts to transmit a structured view of it. It is multi-disciplinary - from cryptography to economics, including distributed systems and information theory - and addresses privacy issues of different natures. As existing work is framed and discussed, the contributions to the state-of-theart done in the scope of this thesis are presented. The contributions add to five distinct areas: 1) identity in distributed systems; 2) future context-aware services; 3) event-based context management; 4) low-latency information flow control; 5) high-dimensional dataset anonymity. Finally, having laid out such landscape of the privacy-preserving work, the current and future privacy challenges are discussed, considering not only technical but also socio-economic perspectives.

Atitudes e práticas de professores do ensino secundário face à inclusão de alunos com Currículo Específico Individual

O conceito de Escola Inclusiva reforça o direito de todos os alunos frequentarem o mesmo tipo de ensino, preconizando um modelo de atendimento adequado a cada um. Com a publicação de nova legislação entre 2009 e 2012, a escola, ao nível do ensino secundário, encontra-se perante o repto de responder a um grupo de alunos cada vez mais heterogéneo, nomeadamente a alunos com Currículo Específico Individual (CEI). O que implica a existência de novos desafios para as escolas e para os professores. Este estudo essencialmente quantitativo, visa identificar e descrever as atitudes e práticas de professores do ensino secundário, relativamente à inclusão de alunos com CEI na sala de aula, assim como identificar e descrever as dificuldades sentidas pelos mesmos. No que diz respeito à recolha da informação, recorreu-se à opção do inquérito por questionário a 94 professores do ensino secundário. Os resultados obtidos mostram-nos que, no geral, os professores revelam atitudes e práticas favoráveis à inclusão dos alunos com CEI na sala de aula, no entanto, quando se aprofunda a questão, nos itens de resposta descritiva, as atitudes e práticas não são tão favoráveis como as perguntas fechadas pareciam revelar. Concluiu-se que as variáveis “género” e “idade” exercem influência sobre as atitudes, enquanto o “grau académico” e a “experiência profissional a lecionar turmas com alunos com CEI” influenciam as práticas pedagógicas dos professores inquiridos. Por sua vez, a “formação na área da Educação Especial (EE)” influência de forma significativa as atitudes dos professores inquiridos, bem como de forma menos significativa as práticas. Os professores referem como principais dificuldades a existência de um número elevado de alunos por turma, a falta de equipamento pedagógico/didático adequado, a falta de formação em EE e de técnicos, bem como dificuldades na elaboração de um Currículo Específico Individual e na gestão do currículo. As dificuldades sentidas são influenciadas pelas variáveis “funções desempenhadas” e “formação na área da EE”. Sendo esta última essencial para a superação das dificuldades sentidas.