Experimental induction of psychotherapeutically relevant emotional states

Background: Emotion research in neuroscience targets brain structures and processes involved in discrete emotion categories (e.g. anger, fear, sadness) or dimensions (e.g. valence, arousal, approach-avoidance), and usually relies on carefully controlled experimental paradigms with standardized and often simple emotion-eliciting stimuli like e.g. unpleasant pictures. Emotion research in clinical psychology and psychotherapy is often interested in very subtle differences between emotional states, e.g. differences within emotion categories (e.g. assertive, self-protecting vs. rejecting, protesting anger or specific grief vs. global sadness), and/or the biographical, social, situational, or motivational contexts of the emotional experience, which are desired to be minimized in experimental neuroscientific research. Objective: In order to facilitate the experimental and neurophysiological investigation of psychotherapeutically relevant emotional experiences, the present study aims at developing a priming procedure to induce specific, therapeutically and biographically relevant emotional states under controlled experimental conditions. Methodology: N = 50 participants who reported negative feelings towards another close person were randomly assigned to 2 different conditions. They fulfilled 2 different sentence completion tasks that were supposed to prime either ‘therapeutically productive’ or ‘therapeutically unproductive’ emotional states and completed an expressive writing task and several self-report measures of specific emotion-related constructs. The sentence completion task consisted in max. 22 sentence stems drawn from psychotherapy patients’ statements that have been shown to be typical for productive or unproductive therapy sessions. The subjects of the present study completed these sentence stems with regard to their own negative feelings towards the close person. Results: There were a substantial inter-individual variability concerning the number of completed sentences, and significant correlations between number of completed sentences and problem activation in both conditions. No differences were observed in general mood or problem activation between both groups after priming. Descriptively, there were differences between groups concerning emotion regulation aspects. Significant differences between groups in resolution of negative feelings towards the other person were found. Discussion: The results point in the expected direction, however the small sample sizes (after exclusion of several subjects) and low power hinder the detection of convincing significant effects. More data is needed in order to evaluate the efficacy of this emotional priming procedure.

Emotionsfokussierte Auseinandersetzung mit unangenehmen Gefühlen: Lässt sich eine hilfreiche emotionale Verarbeitung experimentell hervorrufen?

Hintergrund: Die Veränderung emotionaler Prozesse steht im Fokus fast jeder Psychotherapie. Während oft korrelative Zusammenhänge zwischen emotionalen Prozessen und Therapieergebnis untersucht werden, gibt es nur wenige Studien, die solche Veränderungsprozesse experimentell manipulieren. In der vorliegenden Studie sollten daher therapeutisch relevante emotionale Verarbeitungszustände unter kontrollierten Bedingungen hervorgerufen und deren Effekte auf die Verarbeitung unangenehmer Emotionen und Emotionsregulation untersucht werden. Hintergrund ist ein Modell emotionaler Verarbeitung aus dem Bereich der emotionsfokussierten Therapie, das therapeutisch hilfreiche und weniger hilfreiche Verarbeitungszustände spezifiziert. Methode: Personen, die von anhaltenden negativen Gefühlen gegenüber einer nahestehenden Person („unfinished business“) berichteten, wurden zufällig zwei Bedingungen zugeteilt und bearbeiteten jeweils eine Satzvervollständigungsaufgabe, die therapeutisch hilfreiche oder weniger hilfreiche emotionale Verarbeitungszustände primen sollte. Die Satzvervollständigungsaufgabe umfasste jeweils max. 22 Satzanfänge, welche aus Gefühlsäußerungen von Psychotherapiepatienten extrahiert worden waren und als typisch für entweder produktives oder unproduktives Stundenoutcome galten. Die Teilnehmenden vervollständigten diese Satzanfänge hinsichtlich ihrer eigenen Gefühle gegenüber der nahestehenden Person. Danach folgten eine expressive Schreibaufgabe und Fragebögen u.a. zur Verarbeitung des „unfinished business“ und kognitiven Emotionsregulationsstrategien. Ergebnisse: In einer ersten online erhobenen Studie (N=50) zeigten sich eine erhebliche interindividuelle Variablität hinsichtlich der Anzahl ausgefüllter Sätze und signifikante Korrelationen zwischen der Anzahl vervollständigter Sätze und emotionaler Beteiligung. Analysen mit den Teilnehmenden, die mehr als die Hälfte der Satzanfänge vervollständigten (N=29), zeigten deskriptiv Gruppenunterschiede in einigen Emotionsregulationsstrategien. Außerdem fand eine stärkere Reduktion des „unfinished business“ in der „hilfreichen“ Bedingung (Mdn=41.0) im Vergleich zur „nicht hilfreichen“ Bedingung (Mdn=46.5) statt (U=51.0; p=0.02). Diskussion: Die Ergebnisse der online-Studie weisen in die erwartete Richtung, sind jedoch angesichts der kleinen Stichprobengröße unter Vorbehalt zu interpretieren. Es werden daher zusätzlich die Ergebnisse einer gegenwärtig laufenden Replikationsstudie präsentiert und diskutiert.

How nice is good for patients and for therapy outcome? The role of confrontation in the process of psychotherapy

It is well established that the therapeutic relationship contributes about as much to therapy outcome as 'technical' intervention. Furthermore, it follows clear prescriptive concepts in the same manner as technical interventions do. 'Motive Oriented Therapeutic Relationship' is such a concept for establishing a solid basis for whatever therapeutic work the patients' problems require (Grawe, 1980, 1992; Caspar, 1996). Yet, the therapeutic relationship doesn't explain everything because other factors play a significant role too. Previous studies showed that outcome is clearly better when therapists achieved a generally high quality of a therapeutic relationship when they did not shy away from possibly threatening interventions such as confrontations. This ratio of a fruitful alliance and marginally present confrontations in the same session also showed significant correlations with patient's assessment of alliance and progress in therapy (Figlioli et al., 2009).Aim: The current state of research in the field does not give any answers to questions like how good and bad confrontations can be characterized or what role does the intensity, respectively frequency of confrontations play in the process of psychotherapy. Methods: A sample of 80 therapies of 3 sessions each representing either good or bad outcome was judged moment by moment by independent raters if and how therapists used confrontative interventions. Results: Preliminary analyses show that successful confrontations are explicitly uttered, short but intense, related to important patients goals in therapy and embedded in prior complementarity. Discussion: The results will be discussed in terms of their implications for the clinical daily work.

How nice is good for patients and for therapy outcome? The role of confrontation in the process of psychotherapy

It is well established that the therapeutic relationship contributes about as much to therapy outcome as ‘technical’ intervention. Furthermore, it follows clear prescriptive concepts in the same manner as technical interventions do. ‘Motive Oriented Therapeutic Relationship’ is such a concept for establishing a solid basis for whatever therapeutic work the patients’ problems require (Grawe, 1980, 1992; Caspar, 1996). Yet, the therapeutic relationship doesn’t explain everything because other factors play a significant role too. Previous studies showed that outcome is clearly better when therapists achieved a generally high quality of a therapeutic relationship when they did not shy away from possibly threatening interventions such as confrontations. This ratio of a fruitful alliance and marginally present confrontations in the same session also showed significant correlations with patient’s assessment of alliance and progress in therapy (Figlioli et al., 2009). These findings are also very much in line with Sachse’s metaphor of accumulating, but then also using ‘relationship credits’ and Farrelly’s ‘Provocative Therapy’ (1986), as well as the ‘Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy’ by Davanloo (1980).Aim: The current state of research in the field does not give any answers to questions like how good and bad confrontations can be characterized or what role does the intensity, respectively frequency of confrontations play in the process of psychotherapy.Methods: A sample of 80 therapies of 3 sessions each representing either good or bad outcome was judged moment by moment by independent raters if and how therapists used confrontative interventions. Results / Discussion: The results will be discussed in terms of their implications for the clinical daily work. Preliminary analyses show that successful confrontations are explicitly uttered, short but intense, related to important patients goals in therapy and embedded in prior complementarity.

Therapieren mit CBASP. Chronische Depression, Komorbiditäten und störungsübergreifender Einsatz

Das bisher einzige Buch mit CBASP zu verschiedenen Störungsbildern CBASP (Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy) ist als Therapieverfahren längst den Kinderschuhen entwachsen. Dieses Buch liefert eine aktuelle Bestandsaufnahme und wagt einen Blick nach vorn: - Wo steht die CBASP-Forschung derzeit, welche klinischen Erfahrungen gibt es und welche Fragen sind noch offen? - Wie kann man komorbide Störungen mit CBASP therapieren: Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung (PTBS), Alkoholmissbrauch, Suizidalität, Zwangsstörung - In welchen Behandlungssettings kann man CBASP einsetzen, was ist zu beachten? - Welche Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten und Perspektiven gibt es für CBASP? - Mit dem Code im Buch: zeitlich begrenzter, kostenloser Online-Zugriff auf Buchinhalt und Abbildungen Im Autorenteam sind die führenden amerikanischen und deutschsprachigen Spezialisten vertreten - der Begründer der Methode, James P. McCullough, gibt einen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand zum Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy.