A territorial model of commuting in Catalonia, 1986-1996

Commuting consists in the fact that an important fraction of workers in developed countries do not reside close to their workplaces but at long distances from them, so they have to travel to their jobs and then back home daily. Although most workers hold a job in the same municipality where they live or in a neighbouring one, an important fraction of workers face long daily trips to get to their workplace and then back home.Even if we divide Catalonia (Spain) in small aggregations of municipalities, trying to make them as close to local labour markets as possible, we will find out that some of them have a positive commuting balance, attracting many workers from other areas and providing local jobs for almost all their resident workers. On the other side, other zones seem to be mostly residential, so an important fraction of their resident workers hold jobs in different local labour markets. Which variables influence an area¿s role as an attraction pole or a residential zone? In previous papers (Artís et al, 1998a, 2000; Romaní, 1999) we have brought out the main individual variables that influence commuting by analysing a sample of Catalan workers and their commuting decisions. In this paper we perform an analysis of the territorial variables that influence commuting, using data for aggregate commuting flows in Catalonia from the 1991 and 1996 Spanish Population Censuses.These variables influence commuting in two different ways: a zone with a dense, welldeveloped economical structure will have a high density of jobs. Work demand cannot be fulfilled with resident workers, so it spills over local boundaries. On the other side, this economical activity has a series of side-effects like pollution, congestion or high land prices which make these areas less desirable to live in. Workers who can afford it may prefer to live in less populated, less congested zones, where they can find cheaper land, larger homes and a better quality of life. The penalty of this decision is an increased commuting time. Our aim in this paper is to highlight the influence of local economical structure and amenities endowment in the workplace-residence location decision. A place-to-place logit commuting models is estimated for 1991 and 1996 in order to find the economical and amenities variables with higher influence in commuting decisions. From these models, we can outline a first approximation to the evolution of these variables in the 1986-1996 period. Data have been obtained from aggregate flow travel-matrix from the 1986, 1991 and 1996 Spanish Population Censuses

Design of homogeneous territorial units : a methodological proposal

One of the main questions to solve when analysing geographically added information consists of the design of territorial units adjusted to the objectives of the study. This is related with the reduction of the effects of the Modificable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP). In this paper an optimisation model to solve regionalisation problems is proposed. This model seeks to reduce disadvantages found in previous works about automated regionalisation tools

Estimativa do escoamento superficial em uma bacia hidrográfica com base em modelagem dinâmica e distribuída

A estimativa do escoamento superficial em bacias hidrográficas é de suma importância para conservação dos recursos naturais; entretanto, esse é um processo complexo e dinâmico, principalmente no contexto de sua variabilidade espacial. Dessa forma, torna-se adequada a aplicação dos Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG) usando pequenas células de informação, pois assim é possível considerar o comportamento espacial das variáveis associadas à origem do escoamento superficial. Este trabalho teve como objetivo implementar os modelos hidrológicos Curva Número (CN-SCS) e Curva-Número Modificado (CN-MMS), com base na linguagem de programação do SIG PCRaster e em uma base de dados reduzida, de forma distribuída e dinâmica, com o intuito de estimar as lâminas de escoamento superficial geradas numa bacia hidrográfica de Latossolos, localizada no município de Nazareno, região dos Campos das Vertentes, Minas Gerais. Para aplicação do modelo CN-SCS foi preciso desenvolver um mapa com valores de CN no formato do PCRaster, enquanto para o modelo CN-MMS foram necessários os seguintes mapas: umidade volumétrica de saturação do solo, umidade volumétrica inicial do solo e profundidade de solo. Para simulação e avaliação de ambos os modelos, foram aplicados 18 eventos de chuva natural que provocaram escoamento superficial, durante o ano hidrológico 2004-2005, e suas respectivas lâminas de escoamento observadas. A análise do desempenho dos modelos foi feita aplicando-se análise de sensibilidade baseada no erro médio e na Raiz do Erro Quadrático (REQ). Tendo-se como referência essas estatísticas de precisão, pôde-se constatar que o modelo CN-MMS apresentou melhor calibração quando comparado ao modelo CN-SCS, devido à consideração direta da umidade inicial do solo. Contudo, a estruturação dos modelos no SIG PCRaster possibilitou o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta computacional eficaz e útil para simulação do escoamento superficial, visto que propicia estruturação de rotinas computacionais considerando os problemas associados à variabilidade espacial dos dados de entrada dos modelos.

One hundred base pairs of 5' flanking sequence of a vaccinia virus late gene are sufficient to temporally regulate late transcription.

A vaccinia virus late gene coding for a major structural polypeptide of 11 kDa was sequenced. Although the 5' flanking gene region is very A+T rich, it shows little homology either to the corresponding region of vaccinia early genes or to consensus sequences characteristic of most eukaryotic genes. Three DNA fragments (100, 200, and 500 base pairs, respectively), derived from the flanking region and including the late gene mRNA start site, were inserted into the coding sequence of the vaccinia virus thymidine kinase (TK) early gene by homologous in vivo recombination. Recombinants were selected on the basis of their TK- phenotype. Cells were infected with the recombinant viruses and RNA was isolated at 1-hr intervals. Transcripts initiating either from the TK early promoter, or from the late gene promoter at its authentic position, or from the translocated late gene promoters within the early gene were detected by nuclease S1 mapping. Early after infection, only transcripts from the TK early promoter were detected. Later in infection, however, transcripts were also initiated from the translocated late promoters. This RNA appeared at the same time and in similar quantities as the RNA from the late promoter at its authentic position. No quantitative differences in promoter efficiency between the 100-, 200-, and 500-base-pair insertions were observed. We conclude that all necessary signals for correct regulation of late-gene expression reside within only 100 base pairs of 5' flanking sequence.

A territorial model of commuting in Catalonia, 1986-1996

Commuting consists in the fact that an important fraction of workers in developed countries do not reside close to their workplaces but at long distances from them, so they have to travel to their jobs and then back home daily. Although most workers hold a job in the same municipality where they live or in a neighbouring one, an important fraction of workers face long daily trips to get to their workplace and then back home.Even if we divide Catalonia (Spain) in small aggregations of municipalities, trying to make them as close to local labour markets as possible, we will find out that some of them have a positive commuting balance, attracting many workers from other areas and providing local jobs for almost all their resident workers. On the other side, other zones seem to be mostly residential, so an important fraction of their resident workers hold jobs in different local labour markets. Which variables influence an area¿s role as an attraction pole or a residential zone? In previous papers (Artís et al, 1998a, 2000; Romaní, 1999) we have brought out the main individual variables that influence commuting by analysing a sample of Catalan workers and their commuting decisions. In this paper we perform an analysis of the territorial variables that influence commuting, using data for aggregate commuting flows in Catalonia from the 1991 and 1996 Spanish Population Censuses.These variables influence commuting in two different ways: a zone with a dense, welldeveloped economical structure will have a high density of jobs. Work demand cannot be fulfilled with resident workers, so it spills over local boundaries. On the other side, this economical activity has a series of side-effects like pollution, congestion or high land prices which make these areas less desirable to live in. Workers who can afford it may prefer to live in less populated, less congested zones, where they can find cheaper land, larger homes and a better quality of life. The penalty of this decision is an increased commuting time. Our aim in this paper is to highlight the influence of local economical structure and amenities endowment in the workplace-residence location decision. A place-to-place logit commuting models is estimated for 1991 and 1996 in order to find the economical and amenities variables with higher influence in commuting decisions. From these models, we can outline a first approximation to the evolution of these variables in the 1986-1996 period. Data have been obtained from aggregate flow travel-matrix from the 1986, 1991 and 1996 Spanish Population Censuses

Design of homogeneous territorial units : a methodological proposal

One of the main questions to solve when analysing geographically added information consists of the design of territorial units adjusted to the objectives of the study. This is related with the reduction of the effects of the Modificable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP). In this paper an optimisation model to solve regionalisation problems is proposed. This model seeks to reduce disadvantages found in previous works about automated regionalisation tools

Aptidão agrícola e algoritmos genéticos na organização espacial em projetos de reforma agrária

A definição das parcelas familiares em projetos de reforma agrária envolve questões técnicas e sociais. Essas questões estão associadas principalmente às diferentes aptidões agrícolas do solo nestes projetos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar método para realizar o processo de ordenamento territorial em assentamentos de reforma agrária empregando Algoritmo Genético (AG). O AG foi testado no Projeto de Assentamento Veredas, em Minas Gerais, e implementado com base no sistema de aptidão agrícola das terras.

Classificação de horizontes diagnósticos em níveis hierárquicos inferiores com base nas frações húmicas

Com desenvolvimento da classificação dos solos até o quarto nível categórico do Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos SiBCS, busca-se a elaboração e padronização de propostas para a classificação dos solos no quinto e sexto níveis categóricos (família e série). Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a viabilidade das frações húmicas para a classificação de horizontes diagnósticos no quinto ou sexto níveis categóricos (família e série) do SiBCS. Para o desenvolvimento da proposta, foram utilizados 169 horizontes diagnósticos distribuídos entre O hístico, H hístico, A chernozêmico, A húmico e B espódico. Esses horizontes foram analisados quanto à composição química e física. Também foram quantificados os teores de C orgânico nas frações: ácidos fúlvicos (C-FAF), ácidos húmicos (C-FAH) e humina (C-HUM), extrato alcalino (C-EA). Foram calculadas as relações C-FAH/C-FAF, C-EA/C-HUM (C-EA = C-FAF + C-FAH) e a %FAF, %FAH e %HUM. As propostas de classes estabelecidas para cada horizonte diagnóstico no quinto ou sexto níveis categóricos estão relacionadas ao C-FAH e C-HUM e às relações C-FAH/C-FAF e C-EA/C-HUM, identificadas a partir de correlações significativas com os atributos químicos e físicos. Quanto aos horizontes O e H hístico, apresentam-se classes com base na relação C-FAH/C-FAF. Nos horizontes A chernozêmico e A húmico há duas classes para cada um deles, tendo como base C-HUM e a relação C-FAH/C-FAF, para o primeiro, e C-FAH e C-HUM, para o segundo. Para os horizontes B espódico, apresentam-se três classes, a partir do C-FAH e das relações C-FAH/C-FAF e C-EA/C-HUM.

Backhoe loaders as base machines in logging operations

Summary

Effect of anionic salts in concentrate mixture on some blood and urine minerals, acid-base balance and feed intake of dry pregnant cows on grass silage based feeding with high calcium intake

Selostus: Kationi-anionitasapaino ummessaolevien lypsylehmien säilörehuruokinnassa kalsiumin saannin ollessa runsas

Final Report for Research Project HR-181, Macadam Base Shoulders, September 1981

Highway safety and pavement performance can be directly influenced by the type of shoulders that are constructed. Shoulder design alternatives have always been rather limited. Moreover, the use of some of the alternatives has always been restricted by funding limitations. This research project seeks to explore the use of modified macadam base construction for shoulders. This type of shoulder design could offer the designer another option when paved or stabilized shoulders are being considered. Macadam base construction has in the past been shown to be quite strong and free draining. Two macadam base shoulder designs were developed and constructed for this research project. A new roadway embankment and P.C.C. pavement were constructed on a section of US 6 east of Adel in Dallas County. The macadam base shoulders were constructed adjacent to the pavement as part of the project. The north shoulder was finished with a choke stone course and bituminous surface treatment and the south shoulder was finished with a two (2) inch layer of Type B Class I1 asphalt concrete. Macadam stone base shoulders can be built with relatively minor construction problems with comparable strength and less cost than asphalt treated base shoulders. The macadam stone base shoulders have performed well with very little maintenance necessary. The improved drainage substantially reduces deterioration of the pavement joints.

Mapeamento digital de solos por redes neurais artificiais com base na relação solo-paisagem

Técnicas de mapeamento digital podem contribuir para agilizar a realização de levantamentos pedológicos detalhados. Objetivou-se com este trabalho obter um mapa digital de solos (MDS) com uso de redes neurais artificiais (RNA), utilizando correlações entre unidades de mapeamento (UM) e covariáveis ambientais. A área utilizada compreendeu aproximadamente 12.000 ha localizados no município de Barra Bonita, SP. A partir do resultado de uma análise de agrupamento das covariáveis ambientais, foram escolhidas cinco áreas de referência para realizar o mapeamento convencional. As UM identificadas subsidiaram a aplicação da técnica de RNA. Utilizaram-se o simulador de redes neurais JavaNNS e o algoritmo de aprendizado backpropagation. Pontos de referência foram coletados para avaliar o desempenho do mapa digital produzido. A posição na paisagem e o material de origem subjacente foram determinantes para o reconhecimento dos delineamentos das UM. Houve boa concordância entre as UM delineadas pelo MDS e pelo método convencional. A comparação entre os pontos de referência e o mapa de solos digital evidenciou exatidão de 72 %. O uso da abordagem MDS utilizada pode contribuir para diminuir a falta de informações semidetalhadas de solos em locais ainda não mapeados, tomando-se como base informações pedológicas obtidas de áreas de referência adjacentes.