Repensando o atendimento inicial nos Juizados Especiais Cíveis do Estado de Rondônia

Esta dissertação tem como objeto de análise o atendimento inicial prestado ao jurisdicionado, seja ele autor ou réu, no âmbito dos Juizados Especiais Cíveis do Estado de Rondônia. Destaca-se o tema em três partes: duas de cunho teórico e outra de predominância prática. Na primeira parte, estuda-se o acesso à justiça e a efetividade processual como premissas que permeiam os juizados. Na seqüência, numa abordagem prática, faz-se um retrato comparativo dos Juizados Especiais Cíveis carioca e rondoniense, explorando as singularidades e identificando as situações-problemas. Neste capítulo, situa-se o objeto principal do trabalho, que consiste na criação do Setor de Atendimento Inicial como fórmula destinada a atender o cidadão nos termos do artigo 9.º da Lei n.º 9.099/95 nas causas de até 20 (vinte) salários mínimos. Na terceira parte, volta-se a um estudo teórico, caracterizando o SAI como política pública obrigatória por parte do Poder Judiciário do Estado de Rondônia e apontando a ação civil pública e o termo de ajustamento de conduta como instrumentos hábeis a impô-lo. O trabalho seguiu um cunho interdisciplinar, analisando questões jurídicas e da Teoria Geral da Administração.

A atuação dos governos locais na redução das desigualdades socioeconômicas

A situação social no Brasil melhorou bastante nos últimos anos. Os programas e ações governamentais conseguiram uma importante redução do número de pessoas que vivem em situação de pobreza e extrema pobreza. Em termos de desigualdade também houve queda, mas os resultados não são tão satisfatórios. Embora, conforme será mostrado nesta tese, a ação do governo federal tenha conseguido bons resultados nos últimos anos, o ritmo ainda é muito lento frente às necessidades de maior justiça social. Assim, continua havendo um alto grau de inequidade entre as regiões do país, entre os estados brasileiros, entre os municípios e também, dentro dos municípios, o que significa que a sociedade brasileira continua convivendo cotidianamente com um abismo social entre os mais ricos e os mais pobres. Apesar de as políticas federais terem sido fundamentais nesse processo de redução da desigualdade socioeconômica, sem dúvida os governos locais (estados e municípios) também precisam contribuir com ações e programas voltados à redução da mesma. Por isso, o objetivo desta tese é mostrar como os governos locais, em diferentes contextos, podem formular e implementar políticas públicas capazes de reduzir as desigualdades socioeconômicas. Assim, os municípios tornam-se importantes parceiros das esferas estadual e federal no esforço de diminuir as injustiças do país, contribuindo na busca por uma sociedade mais igual. Como forma de enfrentar essas desigualdades, esta tese propõe um novo modelo de análise das políticas de desenvolvimento local que ocorrem no cotidiano dos municípios brasileiros. Trata-se do desenvolvimento local desconcentrador que busca evitar que a renda gerada por uma localidade fique concentrada nas mãos daqueles que historicamente sempre estiveram em condições mais favoráveis. Ou seja, não basta incrementar a renda de uma determinada localidade; é fundamental que esta renda seja direcionada aos mais pobres. Foram divididas as ações tipicamente conhecidas como desenvolvimento local no Brasil, em cinco tipos, com olhar especial sobre a desigualdade: duplamente concentrador, concentrador, neutro, levemente desconcentrador, fortemente desconcentrador. Para compreender melhor as diferentes possibilidades de gerar esse desenvolvimento local desconcentrador, foram analisados quatro casos de políticas locais implementadas em três estados brasileiros, com distintos portes populacionais e governadas por partidos diferentes, que estão contribuindo para reduzir as desigualdades: Cariacica (Espírito Santos), Cubatão (São Paulo), Dracena (São Paulo) e São João do Arraial (Piauí). Em termos metodológicos, realizou-se análise documental dos instrumentos legais que criaram os programas, análise de indicadores quantitativos das localidades e conversas com técnicos governamentais, representantes do poder legislativo, membros dos partidos de oposição, pequenos empresários, comerciantes, agricultores familiares e população em geral. Os efeitos dos quatro casos sobre a desigualdade são heterogêneos, mas os resultados mostram que, em diferentes níveis, estas políticas têm conseguido estimular o desenvolvimento econômico local e reduzir as desigualdades nos municípios. Podem, portanto, servir de exemplos interessantes para a reflexão sobre o papel dos governos locais na construção de uma sociedade mais justa.

Gestão social das políticas públicas de desenvolvimento local: uma análise sobre a participação do Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos no Consórcio Intermunicipal do ABC

O estudo discute as relações entre a participação política da sociedade civil e as políticas públicas no nível subnacional de governo. A pesquisa trata mais especificamente da relação entre a participação sindicalismo nas políticas públicas. Com isso, procura-se pensar os diversos sentidos e significados da participação do sindicato dos Metalúrgicos do ABC nas políticas públicas. O estudo encontra-se inscrito no contexto das pesquisas qualitativas, enfocando a importância da fala.

Juventude Viva: proposta de indicadores de avaliação de resultados para medir a efetividade da política pública

Por meio deste trabalho foi construída uma sugestão de sistema de indicadores de efetividade para o Plano Juventude Viva, uma ação do governo federal voltada à prevenção da violência e à ampliação dos direitos dos jovens negros em territórios de alta vulnerabilidade social. Dos 13 indicadores propostos nesse sistema, seis podem ser apurados a partir de dados secundários já existentes. Um sétimo indicador é apurado por meio da quantificação de equipamentos públicos existentes no território, portanto relativamente fácil de ser medido. Os outros seis indicadores são índices a serem construídos a partir de pesquisas amostrais, portanto, mais complexos. O trabalho também inclui uma contextualização do tema juventude, uma apresentação do Juventude Viva e um apanhado sobre o referencial teórico de indicadores de avaliação para políticas públicas. Ele termina com a sugestão do sistema de indicadores de resultados para o Plano.

Análise do custo-aluno das creches municipais diretas do município de Santo André

O presente estudo tem como foco o levantamento e análise do custo-aluno das creches, primeira etapa da Educação Infantil, que compreende as crianças de 0 a 3 anos de idade. Ele responde à situação problema apresentada pela Secretaria de Educação do Município de Santo André (SP), caracterizada pela necessidade do aprimoramento da gestão dos recursos financeiros em um cenário de dificuldades orçamentárias e aumento de demanda. Foram selecionadas 12 unidades municipais da rede direta, com atendimento exclusivo a crianças nesta faixa etária. A metodologia utilizada teve como base a utilização do Sistema de Informações do Orçamento Público municipal, a partir do qual foram realizadas as consultas e definições dos componentes do custo do objeto em estudo, sendo que a metodologia de acumulação de custos utilizada foi o custeio por absorção. Adicionalmente, os autores analisaram os processos administrativos relacionados aos itens de custeio e realizaram entrevistas com os diversos atores envolvidos nos processos de gestão daquela e de outras secretarias, bem como acadêmicos dedicados ao estudo de custos no setor público, cujas experiências relatadas subsidiaram a pesquisa e as avaliações realizadas. O estudo apontou um custo-aluno médio de R$ 11.970,72 sendo que, para melhor análise dos resultados, as unidades escolares foram agrupadas em três categorias de acordo com o número de alunos: i) pequeno porte: com até 149 alunos (três unidades); ii) médio porte: entre 150 e 190 alunos (cinco unidades); e, iii) grande porte: com mais de 190 alunos (quatro unidades). A partir dessa divisão foi possível concluir que as creches de grande porte apresentaram vantagem comparativa em relação às demais, com custo-aluno médio de R$ 11.684,03, seguidas das creches de médio porte, R$ 11.751,46 e pelas unidades de pequeno porte, que apresentaram o custo-aluno de R$ 13.235,88, ou seja, 13,23% acima das escolas de grande porte. Esses resultados indicam a existência de ganhos de escalas de acordo com o porte da creche e pode subsidiar a tomada de decisão dos gestores para futuros projetos de expansão da rede pública de creches.

Análise dos efeitos da judicialização da política pública de educação infantil: o caso de Santo André (SP)

O presente estudo tem como foco a análise dos efeitos da judicialização da política pública de Educação Infantil, com base nas informações referentes ao Município de Santo André, região metropolitana de São Paulo. O estudo traça um panorama geral sobre o processo de judicialização das políticas públicas e o marco referencial da Educação Infantil pública no Brasil. Em um segundo momento o estudo avança para a análise das informações sobre a influência da judicialização da política pública de creches municipais diretas de Santo André, e aponta relações entre a disponibilidade de vagas na rede pública municipal a partir das liminares e a distribuição total das vagas. No final, apresentam-se alguns apontamentos relevantes para o debate sobre a judicialização da política pública de Educação Infantil.

Conexão local interuniversitária: diálogo dos saberes

O principal objetivo deste livro é registrar a experiência do projeto Conexão Local modalidade Interuniversitária (CLIU). A reunião de textos aqui apresentada procura sistematizar o processo de formação de estudantes de graduação e de pós graduação decorrente desta experiência e a aprendizagem institucional. Da mesma forma como os pesquisadores vão a campo para registrar as inúmeras experiências que buscam aprofundar a democracia e reduzir as desigualdades, de modo que outros possam aprender a partir delas, este relato pretende registrar um processo de modo que as pessoas interessadas possam compreender o que se viveu, os avanços e as dificuldades e aprofundar a experiência, reinventá-la, inspirar-se e criar outras tantas coisas que nos façam ampliar os olhares e as possibilidades de diálogo entre os tantos saberes que constituímos mundo.

Social entrepreneurship practices and social change In Brazil: a qualitative study in three non-governmental organizations

Social Entrepreneurship (SE) has attracted growing interest from a wide variety of actors over the last 30 years, especially due to a general agreement that it could be an important tool for tackling many of the world’s social ills. In the academic sphere, this growing interest did not translate into a matured field of study. Quite the opposite, a quick look at this literature makes it evident that: SE has been consistently subjected to numerous theoretical discussions and disagreements, especially over the definition of the concept of SE which is often based on a taken-for-granted notion of social change; it has been more systematically investigated in restricted contexts, often leaving aside so called developing/emerging countries like Brazil and especially lacking in-depth qualitative studies; SE literature lags behind SE practices and few studies focus on how SE actually occurs in a daily and bottom-up manner. In order to address such gaps, this thesis examines how social entrepreneurship practices accomplish social change in the context of Brazil. In this investigation I conducted an inductive practice-based, qualitative/ethnographic study in three Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) located in different cities in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. Data collection lasted from February 2014 until March 2015 and was mainly done through participant observations and through in-depth unstructured conversations with research participants. Secondary data and documents were also collected whenever available. The participants of this study included a variety of the studied organizations’ stakeholders: two founders, volunteers, employees, donors and beneficiaries. Observation data was kept in fieldnotes, conversations were recorded whenever possible and were later transcribed. Data was analyzed through an iterative thematic analysis. Through this I identified eight recurrent themes in the data: (1) structure; (2) relationship with other organizational actors (sub-themes: relationship with state, relationship with businesses and relationship with other NGOs); (3) beliefs, spirituality and moral authority; (4) social position of participants, (5) stakeholders’ mobilization and participation; (6) feelings; (7) social purpose; and (8) social change. These findings were later discussed under the lens of practice theory, and in this discussion I argue and show that, in the context studied: (a) even though SE embraces a wide variety of different social purposes, they are intertwined with a common notion of social change based on a general understanding and aspiration for social equality; (b) this social change is accomplished in a processual and ongoing manner as stakeholders from antagonistic social groups felt compelled to and participated in SE practices. In answering the proposed research question the contributions of this thesis are: (i) the elaboration a working definition for SE based on its relationship with social change; (ii) providing in-depth empirical evidence which accounts for and explains this relationship; (iii) characterizing SE in the Brazilian context and reflecting upon its transferability to other contexts. This thesis also makes a methodological contribution, for it demonstrates how thematic analysis can be used in practice-based studies.

Coordenação e governança no Programa Territórios da Cidadania: uma análise multi-level a partir do Vale do Ribeira-SP

Poverty in Brazil has been gradually reduced. Among the main reasons, there are public policies for universalization of rights. On the other hand, the municipalities' Human Development Index indicates scenarios of growing inequality. In other words, some regions, basically of rural character, were left behind in that process of development. In 2008, the “Territórios da Cidadania” (Territories of Citizenship) Program was launched by the federal government, under high expectations. It was proposed to develop those regions and to prioritize the arrival of ongoing federal public policies where they were most demanded. The program has shown an innovative arrangement which included dozens of ministries and other federal agencies, state governments, municipalities and collegialities to the palliative management and control of the territory. In this structure, both new and existing jurisdictions came to support the program coordination. This arrangement was classified as an example of multi-level governance, whose theory has been an efficient instrument to understand the intra- and intergovernmental relations under which the program took place. The program lasted only three years. In Vale do Ribeira Territory – SP, few community leaderships acknowledge it, although not having further information about its actions and effects. Against this background, the approach of this research aims to study the program coordination and governance structure (from Vale Territory, considered as the most local level, until the federal government), based on the hypothesis that, beyond the local contingencies in Vale do Ribeira, the layout and implementation of the Territories of Citizenship Program as they were formulated possess fundamental structural issues that hinder its goals of reducing poverty and inequality through promoting the development of the territory. Complementing the research, its specific goal was to raise the program layout and background in order to understand how the relations, predicted or not in its structure, were formulated and how they were developed, with special attention to Vale do Ribeira-SP. Generally speaking, it was concluded that the coordination and governance arrangement of the Territories of Citizenship Program failed for not having developed qualified solutions to deal with the challenges of the federalist Brazilian structure, party politics, sectorized public actions, or even the territory contingencies and specificities. The complexity of the program, the poverty problem proposed to be faced, and the territorial strategy of development charged a high cost of coordination, which was not accomplished by the proposal of centralization in the federal government with internal decentralization of the coordination. As the presidency changed in 2011, the program could not present results that were able to justify the arguments for its continuation, therefore it was paralyzed, lost its priority status, and the resources previously invested were redirected.

Desevolvimento de nanocompósitos de poli(metacrilato de metila)/argila processados por mistura no estado fundido

Poly(methyl methacrylate)/clay nanocomposites were prepared by melt mixing using a montmorillonite-rich clay (MMT). The clay in natura was treated with acrylic acid to facilitate the dispersion in the polymer matrix. A masterbatch of PMMA/clay was prepared and combined with the pure PMMA and then subjected to extrusion process using singlescrew and twin-screw extruders followed by injection. Nanocomposites were processed with clay contents of 1, 3, 5 and 8 wt.%. The effect of shear processing on the morphology of the nanocomposites was evaluated by XRD, SEM and TEM. Thermal and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were investigated through TGA, DSC, HDT, VICAT, tensile and impact tests, to evaluate the effect of the addition of clay to the PMMA matrix. Flammability tests were also conducted to investigate the effect of the addition of clay on the flame retardation properties. SEM images of the nanocomposites indicated the presence of clay agglomerates, which resulted in the reduction of properties such as thermal stability, mechanical strength and impact resistance, and increased the rate of burning for materials processed by both extrusion routes

Estudo morfológico da blenda polimérica poli(metacrilato de metila)/poli(tereftalato de etileno) reciclado (PMMA/PET)

Among the options for plastics modification more convenient, both from a technical-scientific and economic, is the development of polymer blends by processing in the molten state. This work was divide into two stages, with the aim to study the phase morphology of binary blend PMMA / PET blend and this compatibilized by the addition of the poly(methyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethyl acrylate) copolymer (MMA-GMA-EA). In the first stage is analyzed the morphology of the blend at a preliminary stage where we used the bottle-grade PET in a Haake torque rheometer and the effect of compatibilizer in this blend was evaluated. In the second stage the blend was processed using the recycled PET in a single screw extruder and subsequently injection molding in the shape of specimens for mechanical tests. In both stages we used a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to observe the morphologies of the samples and an image analyzer to characterize them. In the second stage, as well as analysis by TEM, tensile test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) was performed to correlate the morphology with the mechanical properties. The samples used in morphological analyzes were sliced by cryo-ultramicrotomy technique for the analysis by TEM and the analysis by SEM and AFM, we used the flat face of the block after cut cryogenic. It was found that the size of the dispersed phase decreased with the addition of MMA-GMA-EA in blends prepared in a Haake. In the tensile test, the values of maximum tensile strength and modulus of elasticity is maintained in a range between the value of pure PMMA the pure PET, while the elongation at break was influenced by the composition by weight of the PMMA mixture. The coupling agent corroborated the results presented in the blend PMMA / PETrec / MMA-GMA-EA (80/15/5 %w/w), obtained by TEM, AFM and SEM. It was concluded that the techniques used had a good morphologic correlation, and can be confirmed for final analysis of the morphological characteristics of the blends PMMA / PET

Efeito da adição dos azocorantes DR73 e DB79 nas propriedades do poli(metacrilato de metila)

Currently new polymeric materials have been developed to replace other of traditionally materials classes. The use of dyes allows to expand and to diversify the applications in the polymeric materials development. In this work the behavior and ability of azo dyes Disperse Blue 79 (DB79) and Disperse Red 73 (DR73) on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were studied. Two types of mixtures were used in the production of masterbatches: 1) rheometer 2) solution. Processing by extrusion-blow molding of PMMA was carried out in order to evaluate the applications of polymeric films. Thermal analysis were performed by thermogravimetry to evaluate polymer and azo dyes thermal stability. Colorimetric analysis were obtained through monitoring the spectral variations associated with sys/trans/anti azo dyes isomerization process Colorimetric data were treated and evaluated in accordance to the color system RGB and CIEL*ab, by monitoring the color change as function of time. Mechanical properties, characterized by tensile tests, were evaluated and correlated with the presence and content of azo dyes in the samples. Analyses by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) were performed on the surfaces of samples to check the azo dye dispersion after the mixing process. It was concluded that the production of PMMA/azo dyes is possible and feasible, and the mixtures produced had synergy of properties for use in various applications

Simulador radiográfico antropomórfico de mama humana

Mammography is a diagnostic imaging method in which interpretation depends on knowledge of radiological aspects as well as the clinical exam and pathophysiology of breast diseases. In this work a mammography phantom was developed to be used for training in the operation of mammographic x-ray equipment, image quality evaluation, self-examination and clinical examination of palpation. Polyurethane was used for the production of the phantoms for its physical and chemical properties and because it is one of the components normally used in prostheses. According to the range of flexibility of the polyurethane, it was possible to simulate breasts with higher or lower amount of adipose tissue. Pathologies such as areolar necrosis and tissue rejection due to surgery reconstruction after partial mastectomy were also simulated. Calcifications and nodules were simulated using the following materials: polyethylene, poly (methyl methacrylate), polyamide, polyurethane and poly (dimethyl silicone). Among these, polyethylene was able to simulate characteristics of calcification as well as breast nodules. The results from mammographic techniques used in this paper for the evaluation of the phantoms are in agreement with data found in the literature. The image analyses of four phantoms indicated significant similarities with the human skin texture and the female breast parenchyma. It was possible to detect in the radiographic images produced regions of high and low radiographic optical density, which are characteristic of breasts with regions of different amount of adipose tissue. The stiffnesses of breast phantoms were adjusted according to the formulation of the polyurethane which enabled the production of phantoms with distinct radiographic features and texture similar to human female breast parenchyma. Clinical palpation exam of the phantoms developed in this work indicated characteristics similar to human breast in skin texture, areolar region and parenchyma

Desenvolvimento e caracterização de compósitos poli(tereftalato de etileno) reciclado (PET reciclado) com flocos de vidro.

The growing concern with the solid residues management, observed in the last decade, due to its huge amount and impact, has motivated the search for recycling processes, where these residues can be reprocessed to generate new products, enlarging the cycle of materials and energy which are present. Among the polymeric residues, there is poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET). PET is used in food packaging, preferably in the bottling of carbonated beverages. The reintegration of post-consumer PET in half can be considered a productive action mitigation of environmental impacts caused by these wastes and it is done through the preparation of several different products at the origin, i.e. food packaging, with recycling rates increasing to each year. This work focused on the development and characterization mechanical, thermal, thermo-mechanical, dynamic mechanical thermal and morphology of the pure recycled PET and recycled PET composites with glass flakes in the weight fraction of 5%, 10% and 20% processed in a single screw extruder, using the following analytical techniques: thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile, Izod impact, Rockwell hardness, Vicat softening temperature, melt flow rate, burn rate, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of thermal analysis and mechanical properties leading to a positive evaluation, because in the thermograms the addition of glass flakes showed increasing behavior in the initial temperatures of thermal decomposition and melting crystalline, Furthermore was observed growing behavior in the mechanical performance of polymer composites, whose morphological structure was observed by SEM, verifying a good distribution of glass flakes, showing difference orientation in the center and in the surface layer of test body of composites with 10 and 20% of glass flakes. The results of DMTA Tg values of the composites obtained from the peak of tan ä showed little reductions due to poor interfacial adhesion between PET and recycled glass flakes.

Processamento e caracterização de compósitos Poli(METACRILATO DE METILA)/Sílica (PMMA/SiO2)

Currently the search for new materials with properties suitable for specific applications has increased the number of researches that aim to address market needs. The poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is one of the most important polymers of the family of polyacrylates and polymethacrylates, especially for its unique optical properties and weathering resistance, and exceptional hardness and gloss. The development of polymer composites by the addition of inorganic fillers to the PMMA matrix increases the potential use of this polymer in various fields of application. The most commonly used inorganic fillers are particles of silica (SiO2), modified clays, graphite and carbon nanotubes. The main objective of this work is the development of PMMA/SiO2 composites at different concentrations of SiO2, for new applications as engineering plastics. The composites were produced by extrusion of tubular film, and obtained via solution for application to commercial PMMA plates, and also by injection molding, for improved the abrasion and scratch resistance of PMMA without compromising transparency. The effects of the addition of silica particles in the polymer matrix properties were evaluated by the maximum tensile strength, hardness, abrasion and scratch resistance, in addition to preliminary characterization by torque rheometry and melt flow rate. The results indicated that it is possible to use silica particles in a PMMA matrix, and a higher silica concentration produced an increase of the abrasion and scratch resistance, hardness, and reduced tensile strength