Las formas Barrocas de la Época Contemporánea

El presente trabajo se originó en los seminarios de la maestría en que se hablaron de los temas del mestizaje y los estudios latinoamericanos. Esta experiencia educativa además se alimentó de la observación y vivencia de la cultura ecuatoriana, a la que debe mucho esta investigación. En la Presentación delineamos brevemente el contenido y el curso del mismo, partiendo de la comprensión de la cultura como cultivo de las señas de identidad que aparecen en el sujeto mestizo andino. Iniciamos la exposición de la temática refiriéndonos a los estudios de la cultura como el ambiente de trabajo en el que se origina el estudio y presentamos las categorías de análisis que conforman el planteamiento hipotético: el mestizaje como el objeto de estudio, y el barroco como el espacio que hace posible pensar el mestizaje junto a otras categorías como la identidad, la crisis de la época contemporánea, la posmodernidad, el ethos barroco como respuesta, etcétera. Luego se expone el planteamiento de la investigación que se resume en la hipótesis de que existe un nuevo estatuto de la categoría mestizaje, que es necesario pensar fuera de las circunstancias ideológicas en que se ha visto inmersa hasta ahora, y que más bien debe estudiarse como un espacio creador de formas y respuestas a las situaciones culturales propias del mundo latinoamericano. Más adelante se hace una contextualización teórica-histórica de los conceptos, donde los principales tesis pertenecen a Todorov, Echeverría, Fernández de Córdoba y Vilaltella; los dos primeros sobre la (violencia de la) conquista y sus consecuencias culturales, y los segundos sobre la formación del barroco y su influencia en la vida cotidiana de nuestro tiempo. Finalmente se arriban a conclusiones de tipo crítico, que rechazan las visiones sustancialistas y biologistas de la categoría mestizaje, y de tipo propositivo, que nos animan a comprender el mestizaje como el modo natural y espontáneo de la supervivencia de las culturas, y sobre todo como el modo creativo de responder a la crisis civilizatoria del proyecto capitalista.

La “narco-novela” y su papel en la construcción discursiva sobre el rol de la mujer en esa sociedad

Desde 1492 América Latina ha heredado distintas formas de dominio hegemónicas promovidas por las grandes metrópolis; gracias a la expoliación de sus recursos posibilitó los recursos materiales para lo que la civilización occidental llama la modernidad y que algunos autores señalan que sus promesas concluyeron con el horror de la II Guerra Mundial. En la década del 70 se desarrollaron las teorías de la dependencia que pretendían explicar la situación de nuestro continente a partir de la matriz productiva y el permanente deterioro de los términos de intercambio. A pesar de los vertiginosos cambios de las últimas décadas, esta situación no ha cambiado, así lo refleja el Panorama Económico y Social del 2014 publicado por la CEPAL, que demuestra que tanto los recursos naturales como los agrícolas han tenido retrocesos en sus términos de intercambio. Además en estas décadas América Latina ha enfrentado dictaduras, el retorno a la democracia, procesos de ajuste neoliberal y una mayor subordinación a otras potencias mundiales como Estados Unidos, que ha mantenido su hegemonía en los países de la región, por medio de formas de dominación económica, por ejemplo, la deuda externa que varios países mantienen con los países más ricos y organismos multilaterales; lo que les permitió en la década del 90 la orientar las políticas económicas y sociales, así como, establecer nuevos fenómenos que “atentaban” la seguridad de la potencia más poderosa de América, uno de estas “amenazas” era el narcotráfico, perpetuado en algunos países como Colombia y México. En las dos últimas décadas, en algunos países, se han desarrollado procesos identificados con la construcción de lo que se ha llamado políticas post neoliberales en lo económico y post liberales en lo político; así también hace frente a una serie de problemas de naturaleza transnacional que se presentan en la región, como la trata de personas, delincuencia organizada, el narcotráfico, etc. Omar Rincón señala que para millares de campesinos la única posibilidad de acceder a las promesas de la modernidad como son el progreso, superación de la pobreza y movilidad social ha significado la vinculación con el narcotráfico. Estos problemas han marcado los imaginarios colectivos de los habitantes de América Latina. Este nuevo fenómeno social, sumado a la política oficial antidrogas y el rol de los medios de comunicación para contrarrestar el tráfico y consumo de drogas, han configurado nuevos imaginarios colectivos, y distintos modos de mostrar las prácticas del narcotráfico. Es así que se ha desarrollado formas culturales-populares, que dejan entre ver los estereotipos, modismos, vida y contexto social reflejado a partir de un formato llamado “narco novela”. La cultura popular es una representación de las formas de vida sociales, y el objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la “narco novela” como un producto de consumo televisivo, que da paso a una nueva industria de entretenimiento. A través de este trabajo se pretende analizar el discurso que se genera en torno al narcotráfico, sus forma jerárquicas y patriarcales de poder, las formas culturales de producción, y el discurso de género presente en la sociedad narco; así como el rol representativo de las mujeres en la “narco novela”, que refuerzan la construcción de estereotipos femeninos a partir de la sociedad del dinero.

The United Nations and the African Union: Assessing a partnership for peace in Darfur

In Resolution 1556, the Security Council, with the conflict in Darfur clearly in mind, determined that the ‘situation in Sudan constitutes a threat to international peace and security and to stability in the region’. This article focuses on the response by the United Nations, in particular the Security Council, and the African Union to the Darfur conflict. It begins by exploring the role of peacekeeping operations and regional arrangements or agencies in the overarching architecture of international peace and security. Having laid this frame of reference, it then looks at the modalities of peacekeeping in Darfur. These operations began with the African Union acting in isolation but have transitioned to an increasingly important role being played by the United Nations and a hybrid peacekeeping presence. Finally, this article asks whether, assuming that a legally dispositive conclusion can be drawn that genocide has taken place in Darfur since the outbreak of hostilities there in 2003, there exists a legal justification, or even obligation, for non-compliance by states with the sanctions regime established by Security Council Resolutions 1556 and 1591. This regime of sanctions has played an important part in the Security Council's approach to Darfur but has been, unfortunately, left largely unexamined from the standpoint of international legality.

Implications of recent Australian wheat industry developments for overseas and domestic prices

This study is motivated by the proposition that the objectives of the AWB Ltd have changed since semi-privatisation of the Australian Wheat Board under the Wheat Marketing Act, 1989. Conceptualising this change of objectives as a shift from revenue maximization to profit maximization, this study examines the impact of such a change on the pricing policies of a multi-market price-setting firm. More specifically, this paper investigates, using two hypothetical objective functions, a risk averse AWB�s price-setting behaviour in an �overseas� and a �domestic� market in response to recent wheat industry developments. In the analysis these developments manifest themselves as differing price elasticities, differing transport costs and uncertain demand functions, and their implications particularly for the prices paid by domestic consumers are explored.

Long-term response of the nematode community to elevated atmospheric CO2 in a temperate dry grassland soil

Long-term effects of the elevated atmospheric CO2 on biosphere have been in focus of research since the last few decades. In this experiment undisturbed soil monoliths of loess grassland were exposed to an elevated CO2 environment (two-times the ambient CO2 level) for a period of six years with the aid of the open top chamber method. Control without a chamber and CO2 elevation was applied as well. Elevated CO2 level had very little impact oil soil food web. It did not influence either root and microbial biomass or microbial and nematode community structure. The only significant response was that density of the bacterial feeder genus Heterocephalobus increased in the chamber with elevated CO2 concentration. Application of the open top chambers initiated more changes on nematodes than the elevated CO2 level. Open top chamber (OTC) method decreased nematode density (total and plant feeder as well) to less than half of the original level. Negative effect was found on the genus level in the case of fungal feeder Aphelenchoides, plant feeder Helicotylenchus and Paratylenchus. It is very likely that the significantly lower belowground root biomass and partly its decreased quality reflected by the increased C/N ratio are the main responsible factors for the lower density of the plant feeder nematodes in the plots of chambers. According to diversity profiles, MI and MI(2-15) parameters, nematode communities in the open top chambers (both on ambient and elevated CO2 level) seem to be more structured than those under normal circumstances six years after start of the experiment.

Modelling: promoting creativity whilst forging links between science education and design and technology education

Educational reforms in many countries currently call for the development of knowledge-based societies. In particular, emphasis is placed on the promotion of creativity, especially in the areas of science education and of design and technology education. In this paper, perceptions of the nature of creativity and of the conditions for its realization are discussed. The notion of modelling as a creative act is outlined and the scope for using modelling as a bridge between science education and design and technology education explored. A model for the creative act of modelling is proposed and its major aspects elaborated upon. Finally, strategies for forging links between the two subjects are outlined.

Recovery of gallic acid with colloidal gas aphrons (CGA)

In the present paper the potential application of colloidal gas aphrons (CGA) to the recovery of antioxidants from wine-making waste extracts is investigated. CGA were generated by stirring a buffered solution (400 ml) of a cationic surfactant(cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB) at 8000 rpm for 10 minutes. Trials were carried out on standard solutions (2 ml) of gallic acid (GA) 200 mg/l with varying volumes of colloidal gas aphrons (20-60 ml) generated with varying concentrations of CTAB (2 and 4 mM). Influence of pH, solvent (buffered aqueous solution and ethanol), CTAB to GA molar ratio on recovery were studied. Best recovery (63%) was achieved from an aqueous solution of GA and at a CTAB to GA molar ratio of 16. Separation is mainly driven by electrostatic interactions but pH conditions are to be optimised to preserve the GA antioxidant power.

Stubs versus swabs? A comparison of gunshot residue collection techniques

The collection efficiency of two widely used gunshot residue (GSR) collection techniques—carbon-coated adhesive stubs and alcohol swabs—has been compared by counting the number of characteristic GSR particles collected from the firing hand of a shooter after firing one round. Samples were analyzed with both scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-rays by an experienced GSR analyst, and the number of particles on each sample containing Pb, Ba, and Sb counted. The adhesive stubs showed a greater collection efficiency as all 24 samples gave positive results for GSR particles whereas the swabs gave only positive results for half of the 24 samples. Results showed a statistically significant collection efficiency for the stub collection method and likely reasons for this are considered.

Genome expansion and gene loss in powdery mildew fungi reveal tradeoffs in extreme parasitism

Powdery mildews are phytopathogens whose growth and reproduction are entirely dependent on living plant cells. The molecular basis of this life-style, obligate biotrophy, remains unknown. We present the genome analysis of barley powdery mildew, Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Blumeria), as well as a comparison with the analysis of two powdery mildews pathogenic on dicotyledonous plants. These genomes display massive retrotransposon proliferation, genome-size expansion, and gene losses. The missing genes encode enzymes of primary and secondary metabolism, carbohydrate-active enzymes, and transporters, probably reflecting their redundancy in an exclusively biotrophic life-style. Among the 248 candidate effectors of pathogenesis identified in the Blumeria genome, very few (less than 10) define a core set conserved in all three mildews, suggesting thatmost effectors represent species-specific adaptations.

Exposure to space radiation of high performance infrared multilayer filters and materials technology experiment

Infrared optical-multilayer filters and materials were exposed to the space environment of low Earth orbit on LDEF. This paper summarizes the effects of that environment on the physical and optical properties of the filters and materials flown.

Proteogenomics and in silico structural and functional annotation of the barley powdery mildew Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei

Blumeria graminis is an economically important obligate plant-pathogenic fungus, whose entire genome was recently sequenced and manually annotated using ab initio in silico predictions [7]. Employing large scale proteogenomic analysis we are now able to verify independently the existence of proteins predicted by 24% of open reading frame models. We compared the haustoria and sporulating hyphae proteomes and identified 71 proteins exclusively in haustoria, the feeding and effector-delivery organs of the pathogen. These proteins are ‘significantly smaller than the rest of the protein pool and predicted to be secreted. Most do not share any similarities with Swiss–Prot or Trembl entries nor possess any identifiable Pfam domains. We used a novel automated prediction pipeline to model the 3D structures of the proteins, identify putative ligand binding sites and predict regions of intrinsic disorder. This revealed that the protein set found exclusively in haustoria is significantly less disordered than the rest of the identified Blumeria proteins or random (and representative) protein sets generated from the yeast proteome. For most of the haustorial proteins with unknown functions no good templates could be found, from which to generate high quality models. Thus, these unknown proteins present potentially new protein folds that can be specific to the interaction of the pathogen with its host.