Development and application of an electronic tongue for detection and monitoring of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium levels in waters

This work presents the first study and development of an electronic tongue analysis system for the monitoring of nitrogen stable species: nitrate, nitrite and ammonium in water. The electronic tongue was composed of an array of 15 potentiometric poly(vinyl chloride) membrane sensors sensitive to cations and anions plus an artificial neural network (ANN) response model. The building of the ANN model was performed in a medium containing sodium, potassium, and chloride as interfering ions, thus simulating real environmental samples. The correlation coefficient in the cross-validation of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium was satisfactory in the three cases with values higher than 0.92. Finally, the utility of the proposed system is shown in the monitoring of the photoelectrocatalytic treatment of nitrate. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

Capital requirements for expansion of the electric utility industry in Latin America

Includes bibliography

The application of a surface response methodology in the solar/UV-induced degradation of dairy wastewater using immobilized ZnO as a semiconductor

An Advanced Oxidation Process (AOPs) was carried out in this study with the use of immobilized ZnO and solar/UV as an energy source to degrade dairy wastewater. The semibatch reactor system consisted of metal plate of 800 × 250 mm and a glass tank. The reaction time was of 3 h for 3 L of dairy wastewater. Experiments were performed based on a surface response methodology in order to optimize the photocatalytic process. Degradation was measured in percentage terms by total organic carbon (TOC). The entry variables were ZnO coating thickness and pH, using three levels of each variable. The optimized results showed a TOC degradation of 31.7%. Optimal parameters were metal-plate coating of 100 m of ZnO and pH of 8.0. Since solar/UV is a constant and free energy source in most tropical countries, this process tends to suggest an interesting contribution in dairy wastewater treatment, especially as a pretreatment and the optimal conditions to guarantee a better efficiency of the process. © 2013 Gisella R. Lamas Samanamud et al.

Report of the Workshop on Development and Application of Sampling Frames and Sample Designs for Integrated Household Survey Programmes in the Caribbean

Includes bibliography

Application of the newly developed budget standards in Australia

Includes bibliography

Indexes of social lag in the communities of Mexico: an application

Includes bibliography

Report on the application of the regional strategy for the implementation in Latin America and the Caribbean of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing

Includes bibliography

Report of the first meeting of the focal points appointed by the governments of the signatory countries of the declaration on the application of principle 10 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, 6 and 7 November 2012

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Annotated provisional agenda. Second meeting of the focal points appointed by the Governments of the signatory countries of the Declaration on the application of Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean

Incluye Bibliografía

Provisional agenda. Second meeting of the focal points appointed by the Governments of the signatory countries of the Declaration on the application of Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean

Incluye Bibliografía

Report of the second meeting of the focal points appointed by the governments of the signatory countries of the declaration on the application of principle 10 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean, Guadalajara, Mexico, 16 and 17 April 2013

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Industria de bienes de capital en Centroamérica = Industry of capital goods in Central America

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Productividad de la mano de obra en la industria textil algodonera de cinco países latinoamericanos = Labour productivity of the cotton textile industry in five Latin American countries

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Views and thinking regarding the application of computer technology for development in the ECLA region: draft for discussion

Includes bibliography

The application of the own children method to measure fertility in Latin America; CELADE's program

Includes bibliography