Die Nachkriegskarriere des "Schlächters von Lyon" - Klaus Barbie und die westlichen Nachrichtendienste

„Intelligent, anpassungsfähig, verschwiegen und zuverlässig“ – so charakterisierte der Bundesnachrichtendienst seinen Agenten „ADLER“ in dessen Abschaltmeldung. rnEin halbes Jahr – von Mai bis Dezember 1966 – hatte „ADLER“ in Diensten des westdeutschen Auslandsnachrichtendienstes gestanden und seine Vorgesetzten für ein monatliches Salär von 500 DM mit Informationen über linksgerichtete Entwicklungstendenzen in Bolivien versorgt. rnBereits zwölf Jahre zuvor, im November 1954, war der deutsche Agent, der nun für den BND in Lateinamerika spionierte, vom Ständigen Militärgericht in Lyon aufgrund seiner während des Zweiten Weltkrieges begangenen Kriegsverbrechen in Abwesenheit zum Tode verurteilt worden. rnDoch Klaus Barbie, der sich in seiner Funktion als Gestapo-Offizier zwischen 1942 und 1944 am Mord hunderter Mitglieder der französischen Résistance schuldig gemacht hatte, war zu diesem Zeitpunkt bereits „verschwunden“. Deutsche und französische Ermittlungsbehörden vermuteten ihn in Deutschland, dann wieder in Ägypten. Erst zu Beginn der siebziger Jahre wurde der in Bolivien lebende Geschäftsmann „Klaus Altmann“ als ehemaliger Gestapo-Chef von Lyon identifiziert. rnSchon damals stellten Serge und Beate Klarsfeld, die mit ihren Ermittlungen den „Fall Barbie“ über Nacht auf die Titelseiten der internationalen Presse katapultierten, die berechtigte Frage, wie es möglich war, dass der NS-Kriegsverbrecher nach 1945 nach Lateinamerika entkommen konnte. Sie nährten damit bereits existierende Gerüchte, der amerikanische Geheimdienst sei an der Protektion Barbies nicht unbeteiligt gewesen. Die Auslieferungsbemühungen verliefen zunächst im Sande. rnZu groß war die Unterstützung, die der NS-Verbrecher von Seiten bolivianischer Militärdiktaturen genoss. Erst 1983 sollte Barbie an Frankreich ausgewiesen und vor Gericht gestellt werden. Die Flut internationaler Presseartikel im Vorfeld des „Jahrhundert-Prozesses“, die eine Beziehung Barbies mit westlichen Geheimdiensten nahelegte, gab schließlich Anlass für einen Offenbarungseid. Aus Angst, Barbie könne vor Gericht für einen Skandal sorgen, flüchtete die US-Regierung nach vorne: Gestützt auf hunderte Seiten teils streng geheimer Dokumente der US-Armee konnte der im August 1983 von Seiten des US-Justizministeriums vorgelegte Untersuchungsbericht belegen, dass das Counter Intelligence Corps, der Heeresgeheimdienst der US-Armee, den NS-Täter im April 1947 als Informanten angeworben, ihn vor den französischen Ermittlern versteckt und ihn 1951 mit Hilfe einer geheimen „Rattenlinie“ unter dem Aliasnamen „Altmann“ aus Europa nach Bolivien geschleust hatte.rnDie vorliegende Dissertation rekapituliert erstmals vollständig die Beziehungen zwischen Barbie und westlichen Geheimdiensten nach 1945 auf Basis des mittlerweile zugänglichen Aktenmaterials in deutschen, französischen, britischen, bolivianischen und US-amerikanischen Archiven. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei die Analyse der einzelnen Faktoren, die die Rekrutierung von NS-Tätern durch westliche Nachrichtendienste nach 1945 begünstigten. rn rn

Proprietà generali dei pianeti del Sistema Solare e ricerca di pianeti esterni

In quest’elaborato verranno trattate le caratteristiche fisiche, chimiche e morfologiche dei pianeti che compongono il Sistema Solare, escludendo però la Terra, in quanto lo studio del globo terrestre, seppur interessante, è argomento di geologia; per cui si è deciso di non descriverne le proprietà, anche se verrà usata la sua massa e il suo raggio come unità di riferimento per tutti i pianeti. Non verranno trattate questioni dinamiche come il problema di Keplero a piu` corpi e le risonanze orbitali, in quanto quest’argomento è già presente nell’elenco titoli degli elaborati delle laure triennali di Astronomia, per cui si esulerebbe dallo scopo di quest’elaborato; ci si limiterà dunque, soltanto ad accennare alcune questioni solo dove necessario. L’elaborato è suddiviso in varie sezioni: nella prima si farà un breve inventario di ciò che comprende il Sistema Solare e alle fasi della sua formazione che lo hanno portato alla sua attuale configurazione, nella seconda si analizzeranno le proprietà che definiscono i pianeti da un punto di vista fisico e le condizioni per cui assumono determinate caratteristiche, quali la forma, la temperatura di equilibrio, la presenza o meno di atmosfere e magnetosfere. Successivamente si passerà ad analizzare sommariamente, sotto le condizioni descritte nella sezione precedente, le proprietà caratteristiche di ciascun pianeta mettendo in evidenza analogie e differenze fra ciascun corpo. Dopo una breve sezione sui corpi minori e sulle decisioni che hanno portato a non considerare alcuni di questi corpi piu` come pianeti, si passerà a descrivere alcuni metodi di ricerca, grazie ai quali sono stati scoperti numerosi pianeti extrasolari. In appendice si riporteranno il significato di tutti i simboli e i valori delle costanti utilizzati spesso durante la stesura dell’elaborato.

Variable Na(v)1.5 protein expression from the wild-type allele correlates with the penetrance of cardiac conduction disease in the Scn5a(+/-) mouse model

BACKGROUND: Loss-of-function mutations in SCN5A, the gene encoding Na(v)1.5 Na+ channel, are associated with inherited cardiac conduction defects and Brugada syndrome, which both exhibit variable phenotypic penetrance of conduction defects. We investigated the mechanisms of this heterogeneity in a mouse model with heterozygous targeted disruption of Scn5a (Scn5a(+/-) mice) and compared our results to those obtained in patients with loss-of-function mutations in SCN5A. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Based on ECG, 10-week-old Scn5a(+/-) mice were divided into 2 subgroups, one displaying severe ventricular conduction defects (QRS interval>18 ms) and one a mild phenotype (QRS< or = 18 ms; QRS in wild-type littermates: 10-18 ms). Phenotypic difference persisted with aging. At 10 weeks, the Na+ channel blocker ajmaline prolonged QRS interval similarly in both groups of Scn5a(+/-) mice. In contrast, in old mice (>53 weeks), ajmaline effect was larger in the severely affected subgroup. These data matched the clinical observations on patients with SCN5A loss-of-function mutations with either severe or mild conduction defects. Ventricular tachycardia developed in 5/10 old severely affected Scn5a(+/-) mice but not in mildly affected ones. Correspondingly, symptomatic SCN5A-mutated Brugada patients had more severe conduction defects than asymptomatic patients. Old severely affected Scn5a(+/-) mice but not mildly affected ones showed extensive cardiac fibrosis. Mildly affected Scn5a(+/-) mice had similar Na(v)1.5 mRNA but higher Na(v)1.5 protein expression, and moderately larger I(Na) current than severely affected Scn5a(+/-) mice. As a consequence, action potential upstroke velocity was more decreased in severely affected Scn5a(+/-) mice than in mildly affected ones. CONCLUSIONS: Scn5a(+/-) mice show similar phenotypic heterogeneity as SCN5A-mutated patients. In Scn5a(+/-) mice, phenotype severity correlates with wild-type Na(v)1.5 protein expression.

Inhibition of direct and indirect TLR-mediated activation of human NK cells by low molecular weight dextran sulfate

NK cells express toll-like receptors (TLR) that recognize conserved pathogen or damage associated molecular patterns and play a fundamental role in innate immunity. Low molecular weight dextran sulfate (DXS), known to inhibit the complement system, has recently been reported by us to inhibit TLR4-induced maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC). In this study, we investigated the capability of DXS to interfere with human NK cell activation triggered directly by TLR2 agonists or indirectly by supernatants of TLR4-activated MoDC. Both TLR2 agonists and supernatants of TLR4-activated MoDC activated NK cells phenotypically, as demonstrated by the analysis of NK cell activation markers (CD56, CD25, CD69, NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, DNAM-1 and NKG2D), and functionally as shown by increased NK cell degranulation (CD107a surface expression) and IFN-gamma secretion. DXS prevented the up-regulation of NK cell activation markers triggered by TLR2 ligands or supernatants of TLR4-activated MoDC and dose-dependently abrogated NK cell degranulation and IFN-gamma secretion. In summary our results suggest that DXS may be a useful reagent to inhibit the direct and indirect TLR-mediated activation of NK cells.

Rapid induction of remission in large vessel vasculitis by IL-6 blockade. A case series

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of IL-6 blockade using tocilizumab in inducing remission of arterial large vessel vasculitides (LVV). METHODS: Five consecutive patients with giant-cell arteritis (GCA) and two with Takayasu’s arteritis (TA) were treated by tocilizumab infusions (8 mg/kg). Tocilizumab was given every other week for the first month and once monthly thereafter. Clinical symptoms of disease activity, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) level and glucocorticoid (GC) dosage necessary to maintain remission were prospectively assessed. MR angiography was performed to monitor local inflammation. RESULTS: Of the seven patients three were newly diagnosed and four showed GC resistance, i.e. GC could not be lowered to less than 7.5 mg/day. The mean follow-up time was 4.3 months (range 3–7 months). All patients achieved a rapid and complete clinical response and normalisation of the acute phase proteins. Remarkably, prednisone dosage could be reduced within 12 weeks to a mean of 2.5 mg/day (range 0–10 mg/day). No relapse and no drug-related side effects were noted. CONCLUSION: Collectively the data suggest that IL-6 blockade using tocilizumab qualifies as a therapeutic option to induce rapid remission in large vessel vasculitides.

Multilocus sequence analysis and rpoB sequencing of Mycobacterium abscessus (sensu lato) strains

Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium bolletii, and Mycobacterium massiliense (Mycobacterium abscessus sensu lato) are closely related species that currently are identified by the sequencing of the rpoB gene. However, recent studies show that rpoB sequencing alone is insufficient to discriminate between these species, and some authors have questioned their current taxonomic classification. We studied here a large collection of M. abscessus (sensu lato) strains by partial rpoB sequencing (752 bp) and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA). The final MLSA scheme developed was based on the partial sequences of eight housekeeping genes: argH, cya, glpK, gnd, murC, pgm, pta, and purH. The strains studied included the three type strains (M. abscessus CIP 104536(T), M. massiliense CIP 108297(T), and M. bolletii CIP 108541(T)) and 120 isolates recovered between 1997 and 2007 in France, Germany, Switzerland, and Brazil. The rpoB phylogenetic tree confirmed the existence of three main clusters, each comprising the type strain of one species. However, divergence values between the M. massiliense and M. bolletii clusters all were below 3% and between the M. abscessus and M. massiliense clusters were from 2.66 to 3.59%. The tree produced using the concatenated MLSA gene sequences (4,071 bp) also showed three main clusters, each comprising the type strain of one species. The M. abscessus cluster had a bootstrap value of 100% and was mostly compact. Bootstrap values for the M. massiliense and M. bolletii branches were much lower (71 and 61%, respectively), with the M. massiliense cluster having a fuzzy aspect. Mean (range) divergence values were 2.17% (1.13 to 2.58%) between the M. abscessus and M. massiliense clusters, 2.37% (1.5 to 2.85%) between the M. abscessus and M. bolletii clusters, and 2.28% (0.86 to 2.68%) between the M. massiliense and M. bolletii clusters. Adding the rpoB sequence to the MLSA-concatenated sequence (total sequence, 4,823 bp) had little effect on the clustering of strains. We found 10/120 (8.3%) isolates for which the concatenated MLSA gene sequence and rpoB sequence were discordant (e.g., M. massiliense MLSA sequence and M. abscessus rpoB sequence), suggesting the intergroup lateral transfers of rpoB. In conclusion, our study strongly supports the recent proposal that M. abscessus, M. massiliense, and M. bolletii should constitute a single species. Our findings also indicate that there has been a horizontal transfer of rpoB sequences between these subgroups, precluding the use of rpoB sequencing alone for the accurate identification of the two proposed M. abscessus subspecies.

Behçet's disease: Successful treatment with infliximab in 7 patients with severe vascular manifestations - a retrospective analysis

To evaluate the therapeutic effect of infliximab in patients with inflammatory vascular lesions due to Behçet's disease (BD).

Learning My Lessons: Research, Rehearsal, and Reflection on the Greats

A successful actor often requires a specific acting method or style to enhance their performance. Through theatrical research, rehearsal and performance, an actor can narrow down their seemingly endless search for the most productive methodology. By researching, studying, and applying the methods of Constantin Stanislavski, Stella Adler,and Tadashi Suzuki to my rehearsal process, I have found my most effective acting style: Stella Adler?s method. I utilize this acting method during the performance period of my early professional acting career. Experimental research for this thesis was completed inthe studio. I applied each of the three aforementioned methods to a dramatic/classical monologue. The results I gathered helped me to decide upon Adler?s methodology to carry with me through my upcoming professional auditions and career. From casting resulting from the auditions, I will employ the methodology to my professional work asan actress. Each acting teacher has provided the performance world with a new way to experience their stage time. The methods are unique and enable the actor to find the most dynamic performance through engaging technical skill.

Protective effect of A/H1N1 vaccination in immune-mediated disease--a prospectively controlled vaccination study

To assess the 2009 influenza vaccine A/H1N1 on antibody response, side effects and disease activity in patients with immune-mediated diseases.