In vitro technique for selecting onion FOR white rot disease- resistance

In vitro selection is one of the most effective and efficient techniques for plant improvement. This is due to its ability to isolate plants with the desired character(s), either by applying a selection agent on the culture media to drive the selection of somaclones with the required character(s), or by establishing particular conditions that change in the genomes of somaclones toward the required character. The objective of this study was to identify a suitable protocol for in vitro selection of Allium white rot disease ( Sclerotium cepivorum ) tolerance in commercial Egyptian onion varieties, namely Giza 20, Giza 6 and Beheri Red. Oxalic acid (OA), the phytotoxin produced by Sclerotium cepivorum, was used as the selective agent. Seeds of the three Egyptian varieties were germinated on four concentrations (0.0, 0.02, 0.2, 2 and 20 mM) of Oxalic acid. Among the tested cultivars, Beheri Red had the highest germination frequency (52%) at all concentrations tested, followed by Giza 20 (42.6%), and Giza 6 at (32%). Cotyledon explants from the varieties were cultured on toxic MSBDK medium, supplemented with 0, 3, 6 and 12 mM OA. The survival of calli on MSBDK free toxic medium was 70.7% for all tested cultivars; however, MSBDK-stressed medium, with 3 mM OA reduced the viable calli to 42.1%. The highest OA concentration (12 mM) completely inhibited calli induction from cotyledons explants. A medium supplement with 3 mM OA retarded 80% of calli growth. Among 156 tested calli of Beheri Red, only 23 calli (14.7%) survived on toxic medium for 45 days. Similarly, there was 15.6% survival for Giza 20 calli, while 40.1% of the Giza 6 calli survived. Plantlets were regenerated from surviving calli and transplanted onto ex vitro, and formed bulb after acclimatisation.

Análisis preliminar de la fitotoxicidad del material particulado sedimentable de la zona urbana de Cuenca

Este artículo informa sobre la valoración de la fitotóxicidad del Material Particulado Sedimentable (MPS) en la zona urbana del cantón Cuenca. El MPS se recolectó en tres sitios de la zona urbana, mediante el método descrito en el Texto Unificado de Legislación Ambiental Secundaria del Ministerio del Ambiente (TULASMA). Por el material particulado se realizó la determinación de la concentración de los componentes utilizando el análisis gravimétrico, la de los metales pesados por espectroscopía de absorción atómica, y la de aniones por método adaptado de referencia EPA 300.1. Posteriormente se evaluó su fitotóxicidad en cuatro especies, mediante el bioensayo de germinación y elongación de raíz e hipocótilo, en semillas de Lactuca sativa, Brassica oleracea itálica, Allium cepa y Raphanus sativus. En el bioensayo las semillas se expusieron a diferentes diluciones de la suspensión acuosa de MPS. Los resultados muestran que el efecto de los MPS dependió de la concentración y de la especie analizada, evidenciando diferentes grados de fitotóxicidad.

Antioxidant potential of two Apiaceae plant extracts: a comparative study focused on the phenolic composition

The present study aimed to characterize the extracts prepared from Pimpinella anisum L. (anise) and Coriandrum sativum L. (coriander) (Apiaceae plants) seeds in terms of phenolic composition, and to correlate the obtained profiles with the antioxidant activity. Anise gave the highest abundance in phenolic compounds (42.09± 0.11 mg/g extract), mainly flavonoids (28.08±0.17 mg/g extract) and phenolic acids (14.01±0.06 mg/g extract), and also the highest antioxidant potential, measured by the ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation and β-carotene bleaching, the reducing power and the free radical scavenging activity. Apigenin and luteolin derivatives, as also caffeoylquinic acid derivatives seem to be directly related with the higher in vitro antioxidant potential of the anise extract. In contrast, the lower antioxidant potential of coriander seems to be due to its lower abundance in phenolic compounds (2.24±0.01 mg/g extract). Further studies are necessary to evaluate the in vivo antioxidant potential of the tested extracts, but the in vitro experiments already performed highlight them as potential health promoters.

Evaluation of the Genotoxicity of Chitosan Nanoparticles for Use in Food Packaging Films

The use of nanoparticles in food packaging has been proposed on the basis that it could improve protection of foods by, for example, reducing permeation of gases, minimizing odor loss, and increasing mechanical strength and thermal stability. Consequently, the impacts of such nanoparticles on organisms and on the environment need to be investigated to ensure their safe use. In an earlier study, Moura and others (2008a) described the effect of addition of chitosan (CS) and poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) nanoparticles on the mechanical properties, water vapor, and oxygen permeability of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose films used in food packaging. Here, the genotoxicity of different polymeric CS/PMAA nanoparticles (size 60, 82, and 111 nm) was evaluated at different concentration levels, using the Allium cepa chromosome damage test as well as cytogenetic tests employing human lymphocyte cultures. Test substrates were exposed to solutions containing nanoparticles at polymer mass concentrations of 1.8, 18, and 180 mg/L. Results showed no evidence of DNA damage caused by the nanoparticles (no significant numerical or structural changes were observed), however the 82 and 111 nm nanoparticles reduced mitotic index values at the highest concentration tested (180 mg/L), indicating that the nanoparticles were toxic to the cells used at this concentration. In the case of the 60 nm CS/PMAA nanoparticles, no significant changes in the mitotic index were observed at the concentration levels tested, indicating that these particles were not toxic. The techniques used show promising potential for application in tests of nanoparticle safety envisaging the future use of these materials in food packaging.

Evaluation of the genotoxicity of cellulose nanofibers

Background: Agricultural products and by products provide the primary materials for a variety of technological applications in diverse industrial sectors. Agro-industrial wastes, such as cotton and curaua fibers, are used to prepare nanofibers for use in thermoplastic films, where they are combined with polymeric matrices, and in biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, amongst other applications. The development of products containing nanofibers offers a promising alternative for the use of agricultural products, adding value to the chains of production. However, the emergence of new nanotechnological products demands that their risks to human health and the environment be evaluated. This has resulted in the creation of the new area of nanotoxicology, which addresses the toxicological aspects of these materials.Purpose and methods: Contributing to these developments, the present work involved a genotoxicological study of different nanofibers, employing chromosomal aberration and comet assays, as well as cytogenetic and molecular analyses, to obtain preliminary information concerning nanofiber safety. The methodology consisted of exposure of Allium cepa roots, and animal cell cultures (lymphocytes and fibroblasts), to different types of nanofibers. Negative controls, without nanofibers present in the medium, were used for comparison.Results: The nanofibers induced different responses according to the cell type used. In plant cells, the most genotoxic nanofibers were those derived from green, white, and brown cotton, and curaua, while genotoxicity in animal cells was observed using nanofibers from brown cotton and curaua. An important finding was that ruby cotton nanofibers did not cause any significant DNA breaks in the cell types employed.Conclusion: This work demonstrates the feasibility of determining the genotoxic potential of nanofibers derived from plant cellulose to obtain information vital both for the future usage of these materials in agribusiness and for an understanding of their environmental impacts.

Aplicações biotecnológicas do supressor de silenciamento de cucumber mosaic virus

Tese de Doutoramento, Ciências Agrárias, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Caracterización y cuantificación de flavonoides en dos especies de Petroselinum con diferentes tratamientos térmicos

En México se consumen dos especies de perejil (Petroselinum crispum y Petroselinum sativum), los cuales contienen diferentes compuestos bioactivos entre los que destacan los flavonoides (apíina, luteolina, apigenina y algunos glucósidos), aceites esenciales (apiol y miristicina), cumarinas (bergapteno, imperatorina, xantotoxina, trioxaleno y angelicina). Estos compuestos fenólicos han demostrado efectos antioxidantes en investigaciones in vitro y se observó el papel importante en la prevención de la patogénesis de algunas enfermedades y su interacción en la inhibición o disminución de radicales libres. La apigenina, el flavonoide mayoritario del perejil, tiene capacidad de inhibir mutaciones en las células de mama, riñón y próstata y efectos antiproliferativos en cáncer de colon, pulmón y melanoma de acuerdo a reportes científicos. Existe evidencia de que los compuestos fenólicos sufren cambios que afectan su biodisponibilidad por acción del calor, también existen reportes de que el calor potencializa el contenido de polifenoles en algunos alimentos, no existe información científica sobre las especies de perejil producidos y consumidos en México, los flavonoides que contienen y sus mecanismos de acción y las características estructurales de los compuestos bioactivos, requeridas para demostrar sus actividades biológicas. Por lo que es pertinente investigar si las especies de perejil que se consumen en nuestro país contienen los compuestos que han sido reportados en otras variedades. Objetivo: Caracterizar y cuantificar el contenido de flavonoides en dos especies de perejil (Petroselinum sativum y Peroselinum crispum) cultivadas en México y evaluar el efecto causado por tratamientos térmicos. Métodos: Se analizaron dos especies de perejil fresco y 12 días después (estado de senescencia). El perejil fresco se sometió a dos tratamientos térmicos: a) inmersión (agua destilada a 100 °C) y se tomaron muestras a 1, 5, 15 y 30 minutos y b) cocción a vapor durante 5, 15 y 30 minutos, como control se estudió el perejil sin ningún tratamiento (0 minutos). Las pruebas que se realizaron fueron la determinación de polifenoles totales, flavonoides totales, pruebas fitoquímicas coloridas para la identificación de grupos funcionales y la identificación y cuantificación de flavonoides por HPLC. Resultados: El contenido de polifenoles, flavonoides y apigenina se encontró principalmente en el extracto líquido debido a que se encontraban en forma de glucósidos los cuales son solubles en agua. Entre las especies de perejil en estado fresco se encontró diferencia significativa (p<0.05) en el contenido de flavonoides totales y apigenina pero no de polifenoles totales. En los productos en estado de senescencia no se encontró diferencia significativa entre las especies en el contenido de polifenoles y flavonoides totales, pero si en el contenido de apigenina. El flavonoide mayoritario en las dos especies de perejil fue la apigenina. Se observó que los tratamientos térmicos aumentan el contenido de compuestos fenólicos, los tiempos prolongados de calor reducen el contenido de estos compuestos bioactivos. Al comparar los tratamientos térmicos se encontró que el mayor incremento de polifenoles, flavonoides y apigenina en el tratamiento térmico por inmersión en agua durante un minuto, siendo mayor en la especie Petroselinum crispum respecto a la muestra control (3 veces en polifenoles totales, 19 veces en flavonoides totales y 135 veces en apigenina). Conclusión: Al comparar el contenido de polifenoles totales de las especies de perejil estudiada con investigaciones de otros países se encontró que el P. crispum presenta un mayor contenido de polifenoles y flavonoides. Los flavonoides en las dos especies de perejil se encuentran en forma de glicósidos principalmente de apigenina. Por último, podemos deducir que los métodos de cocción tienen capacidad de incrementar el contenido de compuestos fenólicos en el perejil.

Estudo como corretivo orgânico de misturas de composto de RSU com borras de café

Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL

Onion: nature protection against physiological threats

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is found in various regions of Europe, North America, Asia, and Africa. It is one of the classic examples of Allium species used not only for culinary preparations but also for medicinal purposes. Onion with a variety of purposes is often used as a raw material in many dishes and accepts almost all of the traditions and culture. Owing to its storage characteristics and durability of shipping, onions have been traded more widely than most vegetables. The pungent fractions of garlic are mostly sulfur-containing moieties while its two chemical groups have marked effect on human health. These are flavonoids and ALK (EN)-based cysteine sulfoxides (ACSOs). Compounds in onions have been reported with a range of health benefits, including anticancer properties, antiplatelet activity, antithrombotic activity, antiasthmatic activity, and antibiotic effects.

Nitrogen requirements at bulb initiation for production of intermediate-day onions

Nitrogen requirements at bulb initiation for production of intermediate-day onions Article in Acta horticulturae · October 2016 DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1142.11 1st Rui Machado 16.44 · Universidade de Évora 2nd David R. Bryla 30.16 · United States Department of Agriculture Abstract Nitrogen requirements at bulb initiation for production of intermediate-day onions Authors: R.M.A. Machado, D.R. Bryla Keywords: Allium cepa, crop growth, nitrogen uptake, soil nitrate Abstract: The effect of nitrogen application on growth, nitrogen (N) uptake, yield, and quality of intermediate-day onion (Allium cepa 'Guimar') was evaluated in the field in southern Portugal. Plants were fertilized with 30 kg ha-1 N at transplanting, 10 kg ha-1 N at 29 days after transplanting (DAT) during early leaf growth, and with 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg ha-1 N at 51 DAT at the initiation of bulbing. The root system of plants in each treatment were concentrated in the top 0.1 m of soil and limited to 0.3 m depth but neither root length density nor rooting depth were affected by N application during later stages of bulb development. Leaf and bulb dry matter, on the other hand, increased linearly with N rate during bulb growth (85 DAT) and at harvest (114 DAT), respectively. Soil nitrate-N (NO3-N) at 0-0.3 m depth likewise increased linearly with N rate during bulb growth but declined from 15-30 mg kg-1 at bulbing to >10 mg kg-1 in each treatment by harvest. A substantial amount of N in the plants, which ranged from 302-525 mg, was taken up from the soil. Application of 60 kg ha-1 N resulted in luxury consumption. Yield (fresh bulb weight) increased from 0.19 kg plant-1 with no N at bulbing to as much as 0.28 kg plant-1 with 60 kg ha-1 N. Bulbs harvested from plants fertilized 40-60 kg ha-1 N averaged 8.2-8.5 cm in diameter, while those from plants with no N at bulbing averaged only 7.2 cm in diameter. Application of N fertilizer is thus recommended at bulbing to increase N uptake, yield, and bulb size of intermediate-day onions, particularly in dry Mediterranean climates where many onions are produced. Other components of quality, including neck diameter, bulb water content, total soluble solids, and juice pH, were not affect by N applied at bulbing.

Rotações de Culturas e Afolhamentos

A rotação de culturas é uma prática agronómica importante em todos os sistemas de agricultura. A alternância de culturas de espécies com características distintas ao nível morfológico (sistema radical), ciclo vegetativo (épocas distintas de sementeira e colheita) e ao nível da sua resistência a pragas e doenças, contribui para o aumento da melhoria das características físicas, químicas e biológicas dos solos. A rotação de culturas pode melhorar a estrutura do solo, quer pela introdução de matéria orgânica, quer pela porosidade biológica criada pelas raízes das culturas. O aumento da porosidade biológica conduzirá a uma maior infiltração da água no solo com consequência na redução do escoamento superficial e portanto, da erosão hídrica. O acréscimo da porosidade biológica no solo pelas raízes é de extrema importância, principalmente em sistemas de mobilização nula (sementeira directa). A utilização de plantas leguminosas, como por exemplo a Vicia sativa L. (vicia ou ervilhaca) a Lupinus luteus L.(tremocilha), o Cicer arietinum L. (grão-de-bico) a Pisum sativum L. (ervilha), etc., na rotação, favorecerá o incremento de azoto no solo, o qual será favorável ao crescimento das gramíneas com redução dos seus custos de produção. Outro aspecto extremamente importante da rotação de culturas prende-se com a melhor distribuição do parque de máquinas e da mão-de-obra ao longo do ano, fazendo-se alternar culturas com épocas de sementeira e de colheita diferentes, como por exemplo o Helianthus annuus L. (girassol) que é uma cultura de primavera-verão, o trigo mole (Triticum aestivum L.) e a cevada dística (Hordeum distichum L.) que são culturas de outono-inverno, etc.

Efeito de doses de fósforo na produtividade e armazenamento pós-colheita de dois cultivares de cebola.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi definir a dose adequada e economicamente viável de fósforo para melhores efeitos na produtividade e conservação, no armazenamento pós-colheita, de bulbos de cultivares de cebola, nas condições do Submédio do Vale do São Francisco.

Produção e renda bruta em consórcio de couve-de-folha e coentro com uso de biofertilizante em cultivo protegido.

Neste trabalho foi estudada a consorciação da couve-de-folha com o coentro, com uso de biofertilizante aplicado ao solo.

Doses de nitrogênio na produtividade e classificação de bulbos de cultivares de cebola.

Os elementos mais absorvidos em termos de porcentagem na matéria seca da cebola são o potássio e nitrogênio. Como o objetivo de avaliar a produtividade e classificação de bulbos de cultivares de cebola em função de doses de nitrogênio foi conduzido um experimento no período de junho a setembro de 2013, em Petrolina-PE. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso no esquema fatorial 5x2, compreendendo cinco doses de nitrogênio (0; 60; 120, 180 e 240 kg ha-1) e duas cultivares (Brisa IPA-12 e Vale Ouro IPA-11), com três repetições. A cultivar Brisa IPA-12 (80,7 t ha-1) foi superior a cultivar Vale Ouro IPA-11 (77,0 t ha-1). A dose de 183,2 kg ha-1 de N promoveu a maior produtividade comercial (94,7 t ha-1). A cultivar Brisa IPA-12 apresentou maior produção de refugos (2,4 t ha-1) comparativamente a cultivar Vale Ouro IPA-11 (1,1 t ha-1). Verificou-se com o aumento das doses uma redução gradativa da produção de bulbos considerados não comerciais, sendo a menor produção de refugos estimada na dose de 167,7 kg ha-1 de N. Maior massa fresca e bulbos de diâmetro superior foram obtidos com o incremento das doses de nitrogênio

Infecção de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides em cebola sob diferentes temperaturas.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da temperatura na infecção de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides em cebola. Mudas de cebola, da variedade Alfa São Francisco, foram inoculadas numa suspensão de esporos, na concentração de 105 esporos/mL até o ponto de escorrimento. Após a inoculação, as mudas foram cobertas com saco plástico preto umedecido, vedado próximo à base dos vasos, por 24 horas, para simular o período de molhamento do campo, e mantidas em estufas sob as temperaturas de 15 oC, 20 oC, 25 oC, 30 oC, 35 oC e 40 oC. Foi determinada a severidade da doença considerando-se a porcentagem da área foliar com sintomas. As variáveis significativas no teste F da análise de variância foram submetidas à análise de regressão. A elevação da temperatura propiciou aumento na severidade da antracnose da cebola.