997 resultados para 1995_01132148 TM-20 4300802
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本文论述 2 0世纪运动稳定性理论研究的三个重要结果 :李雅普诺夫函数、谢聂稳定判据、卡利托洛夫定理 .这三个结果都是对一般的连续系统作出的 ,结论明确 ,简单实用 ,因而具有广泛的应用性
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As active electromagnetic method, field data of CSAMT method follow the equation of diffusion. Propagting in solid earth media, diffusion EM signal has strong attenuation and dispersion, otherwise seismic wave shows weak attenuation and dispersion, therefore the resolution power of CSAMT method is not better than seismic reflection method. However, there is consistence and similarity between EM signal and seismic wave in wave equation, we can apply Kirchhoff integral migration technique, a proven one in seismic method in time domain, to carry out seduo-seismic processing for CSAMT signal in frequency domain so that the attenuation and dispersion could be made compensated in some extent, and the resolution power and interpretation precision of active EM wave could be improved. Satisfying passive homogeneous Helmholtz quation, we proceed with Green theorem and combine the active inhomogenous Helmholtz quation, the Kirchhoff integral formula could be derived. Given practical problems, if we only consider the surface integral value, and assume that the intergral value in other interface is zero, combined with Green theorem in uniform half space, the expression could be simplified, and we can obtain frequency-domain Kirchhoff integral formula in surface, which is also called downward continuation of EM field in frequency domain. With image conditions and energy compensation considered, in order to get image conditions in time domain Fourier inverse transformation in frequency domain can be performed, so we can formulate the active Kirchhoff integral migration expression. At first, we construct relative stratified model, with different frequency series taken into account, then we change the distances between transmitter and reciever, the EM response can be obtained. Analyzing the EM properties, we can clarify near and far zone that can instruct us to carry out transmitter layout in practical application. Combined with field data surveyed in far zone, We perform Kirchhoff integral migration and compare the results with model to interpret. Secondly, with far field EM data, we apply TM mode to get EM response of given 2D model, then apply Kirchhoff integral migration on modelling data and interpret the results.
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A large number of mantle-derived fluid activities occurred in the Dongying Sag. On the basis of the studies on the geochemical characteristics of these fluids in this sag, the spatial distribution of biomarkers in petroleum and their relationships with the parameters of mantle-derived fluids were studied, to reveal the influence of mantle-derived fluids on the biomarkers and to evaluate the reliability of these biomarkers when applied to oil-source correlation and maturity analysis. Most biomarkers used in oil correlation kept the characteristics of their sources during burial thermal evolution. Even some of them were not influenced by mantle derived fluids, such as the relative content of C27-C29 steroid(ααα20R)and C21/C23 tricyclic terpane. However, Pr/Ph and C35/C34 hopanes were sensitive to both heat energy and materiel input by the mantle-derived fluids. γ-waxnae/C30hopanes and C24 tetracyclic terpanes /C26 tricyclic terpanes responded only to thermal influence by mantle-derived fluids. They did not chemically reacted with the mantle-derived fluids. Fluorene series compounds reacted with hydrogen and / or carbon dioxide from the mantle. Mantle-derived fluids affected most maturity index. The huge thermal energy with mantle-devied fluids weakened the relationship between the maturity parameters and depth. Among them, pregnane/C27-29 steroid and Ts/(Ts+Tm) were more sensitive to the heat of the fluids. ααα20S/(20S+20R) took the second place. αββ/(ααα+αββ) and 22S/(22S+22R) were not thermally influenced by the mantle-derived fluid. Besides, the substance of mantle-derived fluids reacted with fragrants, hopanes or moretanoids and thus altered the values of MPI1, MPI2, MPR, C30 hopanes/(C30 hopanes + moretanoids) and alkyl-diben zothiophene/diben zothiophene. The thermal alernation of phenanthrene series and their spatial distribution show that the heat energy carried by mantle-derived fluids was not fierce but spread widely in Dongying Sag, which is favorable to hydrocarbon generation with little destroy. In sum, mantle-derived fluids affected biomarkers through thermal energy and chemical reactions and changed the values of oil-source correlation and maturity parameters in the deep-seated fault belts. Therefore, in the deep-seated fault belts, oil-source correlation should be restudied and the new parameters need to be explored.
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The Dabie Mountains is a collisional orogenic belt between the North China and Yantze Continental plates. It is the eastern elongation of the Tongbai and Qingling orogen, and is truncated at its east end by the Tan-Lu fault. Jadeite-quartzite belt occurs in the eastern margin of UHPMB from the Dabie Mountains. Geochemical features indicate that the protoliths of the jadeite-quartzite and associated eclogite to be supracrustal rocks. The occurrence of micro-inclusions of coesite in jadeite and garnet confirmed that the continental crust can be subducted to great depth (8 0-100km) and then exhumed rapidly with its UHP mineral signature fairly preserved. Therefore, study of UHP jadeite-quartzite provides important information on subduction of continental crustal rocks and their exhumation histories, as well as the dynamics of plate tectonic processes at convergent margins. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the presence of hydrous component in the jadeite-quartzite belt, significant natural variations in the hydrous component content of UHP minerals and to discuss the role of water in petrology, geochemistry and micro-tectonic. On the basis of our previous studies, some new geological evidences have been found in the jadeite-quartzite belt by researches on petrography, mineralogy, micro-tectonic, hydrous component content of UHP minerals and combined with the study on rheology of materials using microprob, ER, TEM. By research and analysis of these phenomenona, the results obtained are as follows: 1. The existence of fluid during ultra-high pressure metamorphic process. Jadeites, omphacite, garnet, rutile, coesite and quartz from the jadeite-quartzite belt have been investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and TEM. Results show that all of these minerals contain trace amount of water which occur as hydroxyl and free-water in these minerals. The two-type hydrous components in UHP minerals are indicated stable in the mantle-depth. The results demonstrated that these ultra-high pressure metamorphic minerals, which were derived from continental crust protoliths, they could bring water into the mantle depth during the ultra-high pressure metamorphism. The clusters of water molecules within garnet are very important evidence of the existence of fluid during ultra-high pressure metamorphic process. It indicated that the metamorphic system was not "dry"during the ultra-high pressure stage. 2.The distribution of hydrous component in UHP minerals of jadeite-quartzite. The systematic distribution of hydrous components in UHP minerals are a strong indication that water in these minerals, are controlled by some factors and that the observed variations are not of a random nature. The distribution and concentration of hydrous component is not only correlated with composition of minerals, but also a function of geological environment. Therefore, the hydrous component in the minerals can not only take important part in the UHP metamorphic fluid during subduction of continental crustal rocks, but also their hydroxyl transported water molecules with decreasing pressure during their exhumation. And these water molecules can not only promote the deformation of jadeite through hydrolytic weakening, but also may be the part of the retrograde metamorphic fluid. 3.The role of water in the deformed UHP minerals. The jadeite, omphacite, garnet are strong elongated deformation in the jadeite-quartzite from the Dabie Mountains. They are (1) they are developed strong plastic deformation; (2) developed dislocation loop, dislocation wall; (3) the existence of clusters of water molecular in the garnet; and (4) the evolution of micero-tectonic from clusters of water molecular-dislocation loop in omphacite. That indicated that the water weakening controlled the mechanism of deformed minerals. Because the data presented here are not only the existence of clusters of water molecular in the garnet, but also developed strong elongation, high density of dislocation and high aspect ratios, adding microprobe data demonstrate the studied garnet crystals no compositional zoning. Therefore, this indicates that the diffusion process of the grain boundary mobility did not take place in these garnets. On the basis of above features, we consider that it can only be explained by plastic deformation of the garnets. The clusters of water molecules present in garnet was directly associated with mechanical weakening and inducing in plastic deformation of garnet by glissile dislocations. Investigate of LPO, strain analysis, TEM indicated that these clinopyroxenes developed strong elongation, high aspect ratios, and developed dislocation loop, dislocation wall and free dislocations. These indicated that the deformation mechanism of the clinopyroxenes plastically from the Dabie Mountains is dominant dislocation creep under the condition of the UHP metamorphic conditions. There are some bubbles with dislocation loops attached to them in the omphacite crystal. The bubbles attached to the dislocation loops sometimes form a string of bubble beads and some loops are often connected to one another via a common bubble. The water present in omphacite was directly associated with hydrolitic weakening and inducing in plastic deformation of omphacite by dislocations. The role of water in brittle deformation. Using microscopy, deformation has been identified as plastic deformation and brittle deformation in UHP minerals from the Dabie Mountains. The study of micro-tectonic on these minerals shows that the brittle deformation within UHP minerals was related to local stresses. The brittle deformation is interpreted as being caused by an interaction of high fluid pressure, volume changes. The hydroxyl within UHP minerals transported water molecules with decreasing pressure due to their exhumation. However, under eclogite facies conditions, the litho-static pressure is extreme, but a high fluid pressure will reduce the effective stress and make brittle deformation possible. The role of water in prograde metamorphism. Geochemical research on jadeite-quartzite and associated eclogite show that the protoliths of these rocks are supracrustal rocks. With increasing of temperature and pressure, the chlorite, biotite, muscovite was dehydrous reaction and released hydrous component during the subduction of continental lithosphere. The supracrustal rocks were transformed UHP rocks and formed UHP facies assemblage promotely by water introduction, and was retained in UHP minerals as hydrous component. The water within UHP minerals may be one of the retrograde metamorphic fluids. Petrological research on UHP rocks of jadeite-quartzite belt shows that there was existence of local fluids during early retrograde metamorphism. That are: (1) coronal textures and symplectite around relict UHP minerls crystals formed from UHP minerls by hydration reactions; (2) coronal textures of albite around ruitle; and (3) micro-fractures in jadeite or garnet were filled symplectite of Amp + PI + Mt. That indicated that the reactions of early retrograde metamorphism dependent on fluid introduction. These fluids not only promoted retrograde reaction of UHP minerals, but also were facilitate to diffuse intergranular and promote growth in minerals. Therefore, the hydrous component in the UHP minerals can not only take important part in the UHP metamorphic fluid during subduction of continental crustal rocks, but also their hydroxyl transport water molecules with decreasing pressure and may take part in the retrograde metamorphic fluid during their exhumation. 7. The role of water in geochemistry of UHP jadeite-quartzite. Geochemical research show that there are major, trace and rare earth element geochemical variations in the jadeite-quartzite from the Changpu district of Dabie Mountains, during retrograde metamorphic processes from the jadeite-quartzite--gneiss. The elements such as SiO_2、FeO、Ba、Zr、Ga、La、Ce、PTN Nd% Sm and Eu increase gradually from the jadeite-quartzite to retrograded jadeite-quartzite and to gneiss, whilst TiO_2. Na_2CK Fe2O_3、Rb、Y、Nb、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb decrease gradually. And its fO_2 keep nearly unchanged during early retrograde metamorphism, but decreased obviously during later retrograde metamorphism. These indicate that such changes are not only controlled by element transformation between mineralogical phases, but also closely relative to fluid-rock interaction in the decompression retrograde metamorphic processes.
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本文主要地讨论了生物标志化合物数据的处理方法,并将此应用到古沉积环境的判别方面。全文共分三大部分:第一部分主要讨论是多元统计方法对那些研究的较成熟的烃类生物标志经合物参数在重建古沉积环境方面的应用。对分别采自不同沉积环境的共46个样品中生物标志化合参数的R型因子分析和对应分析的结果表明:生物标志化合物参数可以有效地将所研究的样品分划分为:淡水湖泊相沉积环境、半咸水/淡水环境、膏盐环境和泻湖沉积具火山灰沉积的环境,与此对应,生物标志化合物参数也可以划分为相应的四大类,即:(1)反映淡水湖泊沉积环境的特征为:含较丰富的高等植物输入的生物标志化合物,如:具较高的H/L,C31/C17,C27/C17比值等;(2)半咸水/淡水沉积环境以较高的Pr,Pr/Ph和高的藿/甾比为特征;(3)生物标志化合物参数组合{Ph/nC18,植烷,升藿烷指数,伽玛蜡烷指数, iC25+iC30和Tm/Ts}是反映膏盐环境的一类生物标志化合物参数;(4)可能可以用含较高的C28甾烷和β-胡萝卜烷来区分泻湖具火山灰沉的环境。正构烷烃的分布对于划分沉积环境远不如上述的综合生物标志化合物那样有效,但是,中等链长的正烷烃(C22,C24)在主因子分析的第二主因子轴上有较大的载荷,反晨了含较高中等链长的正烷烃是膏盐环境的一个特征,对其归一化数据的主因子分析的结果还表明,它是一类较好的物源(高等植物或低等生物输入)指示生物标志化合物。第二部分讨论的是膏盐环境中含硫化合物GC/MS数据的处理方法,通过初步确定碳数、碳数的校正、计算TPI(噻吩指数,Thiophene index)和CTPI、确定噻吩代码、建立TPmaster、绘制噻吩化合物分布的“指纹图”等步骤,在大多数噻吩化合物结构不明的情况下,快速地、清楚地、有条理地将这类化合物的所有异构体表达出来,同时还实现了这类化合物在不同样品间的自动对比和直观对比;大大的方便了这类化合物在地质体中应用的研究。在理论上,可以通过TPmater寻找新的异构体和新的噻吩化合物系列。第三部分在计算同位素分子峰发布的基础上,快速地、有效地处理了卟啉的质谱数据,即:卟啉Probe-MS数据的同位素校正。这一计算程序不仅可以计算混合分子同位素峰束中单个化合物的含量(即质谱数据的同位素校正),还可以计算任意化合物和混合物的分子同位素峰的分布类型,通过对比质谱数据,有助于地质体中新的卟啉化合物的发现和鉴定。在用该计算程序处理了采自不同沉积环境的七个样品的Probe-MS数据后,再加上自由基卟啉的HPLC特征,结果表明:可以用卟啉的分布将淡水/半咸水环境的沁阳凹陷、泻湖相具火山灰沉积的准葛尔盆地和四川三叠系海相区分开来。
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本文对比研究了江汉盆地油区和非油区土壤、岩石的矿物成分和化学成分特征,提出了反映该区烃类蚀变特征的地球化水灾因子;在研究该区主要地物(土壤、岩石、原油)可见—近红外光谱特征的基础上,提出了反映该区烃类蚀变成分因子的TM波段比值因子;在成分因子及TM波段比值因子的统计分析的基础上,探索以室内土壤光谱数据中提取和烃类蚀变相关的特征信息,并建立了二者的回归方程;在研究该区TM图象数据特征的基础上,通过室内光谱数据和TM图象数据的关系,利用上述回归方程,从TM图象数据中提取了和烃类蚀变相关的特征信息;在遥感信息和石油地质、物化探及勘探成果等多元信息复合分析的基础上,来映证特征信息的正确性以及利用反馈信息不断修正提取方程,在地物组成-光谱-图象相互联系的基础上,最终建立本区烃类蚀变信息提取模型。
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本文以岩溶山区贵阳市为研究对象,利用多时相TM遥感数据及相关资料,结合地理信息系统技术,对贵阳市资源环境进行了初步调查与研究。论文研究内容主要包括三个部分:(1)遥感图象予处理(2)遥感图象分类(3)试验区空间数据库的建立与初步应用。通过本论文的研究,得到以下几点认识和成果:a)在岩溶山区城市能利用TM数据城市环境调查与动态研究。b)探索了一个适合于岩溶山区城市TM遥感土地分类的最佳波段组合。c)通过对TM数据土地分类结果分析。认为试验区土地利用结构不合理。d)制作了试验区一系列不同时相的遥感专题数据图件。通过这些专题图件可以得到试验区的资源环境现状及其变化趋势。e)建立了试验区实间数据库。
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No Brasil, casos de resistência do carrapato-do-boi [Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus] aos acaricidas organofosforados têm sido relatados a partir do início dos anos de 1970 e, aos piretróides, no fi nal dos anos de 1980. Desde então, as reclamações de produtores quanto a esse problema vêm se avolumando em todas as regiões pecuárias. Por isso, torna-se importante conhecer bem a real situação de sua resistência e caracterizar adequadamente seu controle a fi m de torná-lo mais efi ciente e reduzir seu custo. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a suscetibilidade de populações de R. (B.) microplus em relação a acaricidas de distintas classes e caracterizar seu controle no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Para tanto, foram realizados bioensaios toxicológicos com carrapatos obtidos em bovinos de propriedades de gado de corte e de leite em onze das principais regiões produtivas do Estado: Três Lagoas, Dourados, Alto Taquari, Iguatemi, Baixo Pantanal, Campo Grande, Bodoquena, Paranaíba, Aquidauana, Nova Andradina e Cassilândia. A escolha das propriedades amostradas priorizou aquelas com histórico de problemas críticos no controle químico dos carrapatos, mas, na ausência deles em condições de realizar os testes com tal precedente histórico, as fazendas foram escolhidas por consulta conforme a disponibilidade de carrapatos. Nos testes de suscetibilidade foi utilizada a técnica de imersão de teleóginas (cinco minutos), com posterior avaliação de parâmetros biológicos. Na imersão foram utilizados doze acaricidas comerciais (totalizando sete princípios ativos pertencentes a quatro classes distintas): amitraz; diazinon; cipermetrina; clorpirifós + cipermetrina + citronelal; diclorvós (DDVP) + clorfenvinfós; cimiazole + cipermetrina; etion + cipermetrina; DDVP + clorpirifós; clorpirifós + cipermetrina; cipermetrina + clorpirifós + butóxido de piperonila + citronelal e cipermetrina + clorfenvinfós. Após a imersão (lotes de no mínimo 10 teleóginas por produto), as teleóginas foram secas e mantidas em câmara climatizada por 30 dias para a avaliação de parâmetros reprodutivos, tais como: peso da postura (no 16o dia), taxa de eclosão e efi ciência reprodutiva (no 40o dia). Foram considerados eficazes os produtos cuja efi cácia foi igual ou superior a 95%, critério este estabelecido pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (Mapa) para o registro de novos produtos. Em todas as propriedades foi verificada resistência a pelo menos um produto carrapaticida, havendo diversas propriedades com resistência de até 100% a um ou mais princípios ativos. Constatou-se que a efi cácia dos produtos piretróides nas populações amostradas foi, em geral, inferior a 70%, não sendo recomendado seu uso nas propriedades visitadas. Dentre os doze produtos avaliados, apenas dois produtos, DDVP 60% + clorfenvinfós 20% (97,68%) e Cipermetrina 15% + clorpirifós 25% + butóxido de piperonila 15% + citronelal 1% (100%), apresentaram efi cácia média superior a 95% e devem controlar satisfatoriamente as infestações pelo carrapato em condições de campo. Paralelamente, observou-se que os pecuaristas utilizam, também, produtos não autorizados ou sem registro ofi cial e efetuam diferentes combinações de produtos a seu dispor, incluindo produtos caseiros ou específi cos para uso agrícola, em função da ausência de um programa nacional de controle do carrapato bovino.
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2010
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2010
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2010
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Os programas de colonização na Amazônia tem chamado atenção de cientistas, autoridades e ambientalistas para o impacto ambiental causado por desmatamentos e queimadas na faixa de fronteira agrícola. O extrativismo vegetal tem sido merecedor de grande atenção por parte destes grupos, mas pouca ênfase tem sido dada ao extrativismo animal. A forma como este é praticado pelas populações ribeirinhas, indígenas e de seringueiros já foi objeto de alguns estudos; porém, os conhecimentos disponíveis sobre extrativismo animal em projeto de colonização em área de fronteira agrícola são inexistentes. Se, o extrativismo animal é pouco conhecido é ainda menos estudado e monitorado quanto ao impacto que exerce sobre a composição e estrutura dos povoamentos e populações faunísticas. Este tópico merece uma avaliação criteriosa, pois a caça é uma atividade tradicional na vida das populações rurais brasileiras, destinando-se principalmente à subsistência das mesmas. Em áreas de fronteira agrícola, onde aproximadamente 70% dos colonos são originários de outros ecossistemas, pouco se sabe sobre o extrativismo animal por eles praticados. Este estudo investigou a utilização dos recursos cinegéticos amazônicos por estes colonos e o impacto que estas atividades causam na fauna amazônica. O município escolhido foi Machadinho d´Oeste, em Rondônia, implantado por um projeto de colonização elaborado pelo INCRA e financiado pelo BANCO MUNDIAL, e que, até 1980, possuía sua área toda florestada e intacta. Hoje, cerca de 20 anos após, tem uma interface agrícola e fauna silvestre , com inter-relações específicas, pouco conhecidas e avaliadas. O conhecimento dessas relações possibilita a adoção de medidas corretas para o monitoramento destas áreas que têm estendido suas fronteiras nos últimos anos.
Webmapping desenvolvido em tecnologia Flex para análises e monitoramento de obras de infraestrutura.
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Buscando o aprimoramento das análises de imagens, maior segurança e contínua disponibilização de imagens de satélite para monitoramento orbital das obras do Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC) do governo federal, uma nova interface de webmapping foi desenvolvida pelas áreas de Gestão Territorial Estratégica (GTE) e de Tecnologia da Informação (GTI) da Embrapa Monitoramento por Satélite utilizando a linguagem Flex. Essa nova interface é complementar à desenvolvida e apresentada em Carvalho (2009). Flex é uma linguagem de programação baseada em Flash para a criação de aplicações web do tipo Internet Rica (da sigla em inglês RIA ? Rich Internet Application), que têm características e funcionalidades de softwares tradicionais do tipo aplicativo.
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O conhecimento do ponto de maturidade fisiológica é de fundamental importância para orientação dos produtores na obtenção de sementes de alta qualidade. Esta é uma informação essencial para nortear o planejamento das operações de colheita, secagem e processamento das sementes. É sabido que a maturidade fisiológica da semente é específica da cultivar e pode ser determinada por diversos parâmetros, tais como: número de dias da emergência até as espigas tornarem-se amarronzadas; soma térmica; matéria seca; teor de água dos grãos; formação da camada negra; desaparecimento da linha de leite nas sementes. Para os milhos normais, esta característica é bem conhecida. Já para o milho doce as informações são escassas e, de uma maneira geral, não têm atendido aos anseios dos produtores. O programa de melhoramento genético do milho da Embrapa Milho e Sorgo mantém ações para a obtenção de cultivares de milho superiores com ampla adaptação e melhoria na qualidade dos grãos. As sementes de milho doce apresentam maiores problemas relacionados à qualidade quando comparadas com as dos milhos normais. Isto é refletido, na média, para o nível de germinação das sementes, que fica em torno de 20% abaixo da germinação das sementes do milho comum. O que se propôs com este trabalho foi estudar a maturação fisiológica de sementes de cultivares de milho doce desenvolvidos pela Embrapa Milho e Sorgo e estabelecer parâmetros que possam auxiliar sua colheita, secagem e processamento, com o objetivo de se obter sementes de alta qualidade.