950 resultados para 0.5-1.0 mm diameter, 1 specimen
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采用空间序列取代时间序列的方法,对退耕时间分别为2、4、6和8年的退耕地群落细根特征进行了分析,以探讨退耕地植被演替过程中细根特征在土壤剖面上的变化及其在演替过程中的作用.结果表明:(1)群落细根根长密度和根面积密度随植被演替显著增加;比根长、比根面积和地下/地上生物量也有增加趋势;细根平均直径随植被演替波动,但有减少趋势;(2)在土壤剖面上根长密度、根面积密度和根系生物量均随土壤深度的增加而降低.其中超过63%的根长、61%的根面积和72%的生物量分布在0~20cm的表层土壤中;(3)根径级统计表明,多数细根直径在0~0.5和0.5~1.0mm之间,这两级细根长度占细根总长度的80%以上;(4)逐步回归分析表明,植被演替过程中细根特征的变化主要与土壤有效氮(第2年)、有效磷(第2~8年)和土壤水分(第8年)的含量有关,且随着植被演替,2~6年退耕地中细根特征与土壤资源正相关,而第8年中二者呈负相关.这可能与植物生长对资源的需求与土壤提供资源的能力之间的平衡有关.研究表明,退耕地植被演替过程对土壤资源有一定影响,尤其是土壤水分含量显著减少;而土壤水分等土壤资源的变化又对群落产生影响,导致茵陈蒿先锋群落向地带性...
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采用人工模拟降雨试验,研究水文条件对紫色土坡面土壤侵蚀及氮和磷养分流失的影响。试验处理包括2个施肥水平(低肥和高肥水平),4个水文条件(自由下渗、土壤水分饱和、壤中流、壤中流+降雨)和一个降雨强度(60 mm/h,历时60 min)。结果表明:壤中流+降雨和土壤水分饱和条件下的土壤侵蚀量分别是自由下渗条件下的3.1和1.7倍,同自由下渗相比,壤中流、壤中流+降雨和土壤水分饱和条件下,地表径流中NO3-N、HPO4-P的浓度和流失量有显著增加;低肥水平条件下,自由下渗、土壤水分饱和、壤中流和壤中流+降雨地表径流中,NO3-N的浓度分别是0.88、58.90、698.41和87.80 mg/L,对应水文条件下地表径流中,HPO4-P的浓度分别是0.252、0.322、0.811和0.383 mg/L,高肥水平条件下,径流中的NO3-N和HPO4-P的浓度也有相同的趋势;土壤水分饱和条件下,地表径流中NO3-N和HPO4-P的流失量分别是自由下渗条件下的27~39和1.3倍,壤中流+降雨条件下,地表径流中NO3-N和HPO4-P的流失量分别是自由下渗条件下的100~114和1.5~1.7倍,同时,壤中流+降雨和土壤...
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联吡陡及其衍生物不仅用于化工和药物合成的中间体,而且具有独特的赘合作用,可被用于金属催化剂配体等方面,因此它的合成方法研究引起了人们广泛的兴趣。但是非对称联吡陡的合成日前方法仍很少。本文利用己经被成功使用于其他含氮杂环的二碳合成子-1,5-二氮杂戊二烯(vinamidiniulnsalts),合成了单取代的2,2'-,2,3'-,2,4,一二类联吡陡。在合成1,5-二氮杂戊二烯的过程中:确立了一条以四甲氧基丙烷为原料一步合成l,5一二氮杂戊二烯的简捷,经济,易工业化的合成路线,并成功进行了公斤级的放大实验;优化了1,5-二氮杂戊二烯的亲电取代反应,高收率的获得溟代,硝化的1,5-二氮杂戊二烯;优化了从取代乙酸合成p取代1,5-二氮杂戊二烯的合成方法,高收率的获得九种p芳基取代1,5-二氮杂戊二烯。本文研究了非对称联吡睫合成的一种新方法:在碱性条件下,取代的1,5-二氮杂戊二烯盐各种乙酞基吡陡亲核加成的产物,不经分离直接和氨进行[3+2+1〕的成环反应,可以高收率的合成出单取代的2,2气,2,3气,2,4气三类联吡陡。这一方法己经被成功的应用于芳基取代,卤素取代,硝基取代以及无取代基的1,5-二氮杂戊二烯与三种乙酞基吡陡的反应。这种成环反应的收率与1,5-二氮杂戊二烯俘位的吸电子特征相关。因此,针对不同取代基的1,5-二氮杂戊二烯在溶剂,碱的选择以及反应温度的控制等方面进行了优化。从而成功合成出近30种单取代的非对称联吡陡。一这种合成方法,原料价格低廉,实验操作简单,而且收率高,非常适合大量合成的要求。
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电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)已有20多年的历史,经过20年来的发展,ICP-AES已成为世界各地分析化学实验室制备的分析手段之一。目前ICP-AES已经应用于生物样品、地质样品,合金等各种样品的分析中。虽然ICP-AES已成为溶液分析最理想、最有效的方法之一,但由于样品组成的复杂性,也使分析化学工作者面临着许多困难。如在钢铁及合金分析中,样品主成份的分析需准确度要好于1%,精密度≤0.3%,采用ICP-AES法的非内标法通常是达不到要求的。对于一些较纯的水溶液样品,一般可以采用简单的水样标准化,而含有复杂的、可变的基体成份就不适合于基体匹配。为了使冶金样品主成份分析的精度小于0.3%,准确度好于1%,我们将ICP摄谱法广泛应用的内标法应用到光电直读光谱仪中。内标法的作用达到了这一目的。使用内标法,就是要使内标元素能起到在等离子体激发过程中变动的补偿作用同时,还能起到在样品引入过程中,对样品喷雾量和提升率变动的补偿作用以提高分析方法精度和准确度。在初步的试验中,我们考察了28种元素谱线强度随等离子体操作参数变化的情况。(a)谱线强度与正向功率的关系;(b)谱线强度与观察高度的关系;(c)谱线强度与载气流速的关系。这样各元素在等离子体中的行为就因所给定的条件不同而异。根据上述28种元素在等离子体中的行为进行分类,为选择合适的内标元素奠定了基础。我们还对等离子体的正向功率、载气流量、观察高度、酸度等实验条件做了研究。发现,当各操作参数等主要条件改变时,谱线强度往往改变较大,但选择的内标元素谱线亦有类似的变化。因此,在采用内标法后,可以使这种变动得到一定的补偿,从而提高了分析结果的精度。本工作选用的折衷工作条件为:正向功率:1.30KW;载气流量:0.75 l/min; 观察高度:17 mm; 酸度:10% HNO_3(v/v)。研究了单一酸对分析元素谱线强度的影响。结果表明,单一酸的酸度在20%(v/v)以内,对分析元素与内标元素的谱线净强度的比值无影响。在折衷工作条件下,我们用合成水溶液体系研究了共存元素引起的物理干扰对分析元素谱线强度的影响。实验结果表明,随着试液中共存元素(Cu)浓度的增加,粘度明显增加,并导致提升量的急剧降低,谱线强度相应下降。但是当气溶胶导入量发生变化的时候,同时也引起内标元素和分析元素的原子或离子在等离子体中浓度分布的发迹内标元素与分析元素严格一致,可以较正共存元素引起的物理干扰。当共存元素达到一定的浓度时,由于内标元素与分析元素不严格一致,内标法失去作用。我们又考察了内标元素的浓度对分析元素的影响,内标元素的加入量从5~500μg/ml变化。当内标元素的浓度为200μg/ml时,对Mo, Ni, Pb, Ti及Mg略有影响,对其它元素无影响。我们选定内标元素的浓度为10 PPm。在折衷工作条件下,我们绘制了含有Y作内标的一套工作曲线及相应的不含Y的工作曲线,并分析了BMn40-1.5锰白铜样品。结果表明,当含量大于0.3%时,测定精度均低于0.3%,并得出以下结论:(1)各种元素在等离子体中的行为依测定条件而异,因此内标元素的选择最好是从在等离子体中行为相似的一组内选择。(2)在光电直流光谱仪中动用内标法可以提高样品中主成份元素的精度和准确度。(3)内标法在SBR较高的情况下可以起到较好的效果,但当SBR较小时,内标法就会失去作用。样品分解是样品分析的关键步骤。在现有的分解方法中,常用的有干灰化法和湿灰化法等。然而这些方法各有其缺点。因此,我们试图寻找一种快速的湿法消解技术,微波炉快速样品溶解似乎很具有吸引力。我们利用国产微波炉和全聚器氟乙烯密封溶器结合,系统地考查了微波炉溶解茶叶及茶树叶,利用ICP-AES测定的可行性,并与湿式消解法,加压密封法等进行了比较,获得满意结果。首先,我们选择了微波炉消化处理的最佳条件,确定了最佳溶解方案,已证明HNO_3-HF(5:1)混合酸溶解样品是令人满意的。又研究了微波炉加热对分析无素挥发性的影响。结果表明,微波炉加热与不经微波炉加热样品的浓度没有明显差异。按上述确定的工作条件,我们分析茶叶及茶树叶样品,并与不同的处理方法进行了比较。采用干灰化法处理茶叶(茶树叶)至少需8小时,而且还极易损失和沾污,但干灰化法用的酸量较少,空白较低,对Cr等的测定有利。湿法消解由于使用HClO_4-HF混酸,B大部分损失或完全挥发挥失。然而采用微波炉完全溶解样品只需19分钟即可,而且由于未使用HClO_4,样品溶液最后只需蒸至近干,有效地防止了易挥发元素的损失及某些不溶性高氯酸盐的生成。微波炉混合酸消酸系统是一种合适的溶解各种各样样品的技术,它为分解各种各样样品以进行多元素测定提供了一种快速、准确、经济的方法。该方法对于通常在敞口溶器中分解易于损失的挥发性元素特别有用,而且还特别适用于样品个数多,量少的生物样品等的微量元素的分析测定。
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提出了具有3阶高通、2阶低通的带有自动调谐系统的有源电阻电容非对称带通滤波器结构.带通滤波器的中心频率为4.055 MHz,带宽为2.63 MHz.源阻抗为50Ω时,滤波器带内3阶交凋量为18.489 dB·m.滤波器输人参考噪声为47.91×10~(-6)V_(rms)(均方根电压).滤波器采用基于二进制搜索算法(BSA)的调谐方案,其调谐精度为(-1.65%,2.66%).调谐电路的芯片面积为0.282 mm×0.204 mm,不到主滤波器面积的1/5.调谐系统完成调谐功能后会自动关闭,降低了功耗和对主滤波器的串扰.在1.8 V电源电压下,滤波器消耗电流为1.96 mA.该滤波器已在IBM 0.18 μm标准互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)工艺线流片成功.
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砷(As)在自然环境下的迁移转化受到矿物质尤其是铁氧化物吸附过程的制约,大量溶解性有机酸影响了砷的吸附过程。 柠檬酸(CA)和As(Ⅴ)不同加入顺序实验表明CA抑制As(Ⅴ)吸附与其促进针铁矿溶解有关。当CA首先加入时,吸附体系溶解铁浓度为~0.3mmol/L,As(Ⅴ)吸附量随初始浓度增加在0.004~0.10mmol/g针铁矿之间;As(Ⅴ)先加入体系,溶解铁浓度为~0.16mmol/L,As(Ⅴ)吸附量在0.007~0.12mmol/g针铁矿之间。为进一步考察有机酸溶解作用对As(Ⅴ)吸附影响,本研究比较了在柠檬酸(1.0 mM)、草酸(1.5 mM)和乙酸(3.0 mM)与As(Ⅴ)共存条件下砷吸附变化和针铁矿溶解状况,结合三种有机酸引起针铁矿表面等质子状态点迁移结果认为:草酸促进针铁矿溶解趋势强于柠檬酸,而抑制砷吸附程度低于柠檬酸,可归因于小分子量有机酸抑制砷吸附是竞争表面位与溶解作用协同作用的结果。 在酸性区域,CA和As(Ⅴ)共存导致二者在针铁矿表面吸附量分别下降28%和29%左右,这与二者在针铁矿表面发生竞争吸附作用有关。在碱性区域,As(Ⅴ)吸附不受CA存在的影响;CA则随加入顺序不同存在明显差异:As(Ⅴ)先于CA加入的体系,CA严重下降达75%左右,而当CA先加入时,As(Ⅴ)的后续加入导致CA吸附少量升高。As(Ⅴ)对CA在碱性区域的影响与二者随pH变化吸附模式不同有关。 本研究采用平衡透析的方式研究了砷在腐殖酸和针铁矿之间的迁移转化问题。结果显示腐殖酸的存在影响了砷向针铁矿表面的迁移,且对As(Ⅴ)的影响比As(Ⅲ)更显著。在酸性区域,腐殖酸导致As(Ⅴ)在针铁矿表面分配系数降低最高可达70%左右;对As(Ⅲ)而言,腐殖酸在弱酸性、中性和弱碱性区域表现出最大抑制效应,As(Ⅲ)分配系数的降低在10%左右。
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土壤是人类赖以生存的自然环境和农业生产的重要资源,世界面临的粮食、资源和环境问题与土壤密切相关,目前危害土壤的主要因素是干旱和重金属污染。杨树具有适应性强、生长快和丰产等特性,本论文以青杨组杨树为模式植物,采用植物生态、生理及生物化学等方法,研究杨树对土壤干旱和锰胁迫的生态生理反应以及种群间差异,研究成果可为我国干旱半干旱地区营造人工林、防止沙漠化提供理论依据,也为恢复与重建重金属污染地区退化生态系统提供科学指导。主要研究结果如下: 1. 青海杨不同种群对干旱胁迫的响应差异 干旱胁迫显著降低了两个青海杨种群(干旱种群和湿润种群)生物量积累,包括株高、基径、干物质积累等,通过植物结构的调整,有更多的生物量向根部分配。干旱胁迫还显著降低了叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,增加了游离脯氨酸和总氨基酸含量。另一方面,干旱胁迫诱导了活性氧的积累,作为第二信使,激活了抗氧化系统,包括抗坏血酸(ASA)含量和酶系统如超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),愈创木酚过氧化物酶(GPX),抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)。这样,杨树既有避旱机制又有耐旱机制,使其在干旱胁迫下有相当程度的可塑性。与湿润种群相比,干旱种群杨树有更多的生物量分配到根部,积累了更多的游离脯氨酸和总氨基酸来进行渗透调节,并且有更有效的抗氧化系统,包括更高含量的ASA 和更高活性的APX 和GR,这些使得干旱种群杨树比湿润种群杨树对干旱有更好的耐性。 2. 喷施硝普钠(SNP)对青海杨阿坝种群干旱胁迫耐性的影响 干旱胁迫显著的降低了青海杨阿坝种群的生长和生物量积累以及叶片相对含水量,还诱导了脯氨酸的合成以进行渗透调节。干旱胁迫下过氧化氢(H2O2)显著累积从而造成对膜脂和蛋白的伤害,使得丙二醛和蛋白羰基含量升高。干旱胁迫下喷施SNP可以减轻干旱胁迫造成的伤害,包括增加叶片的相对含水量,增加脯氨酸和总氨基酸的积累,并激活抗氧化酶系统如SOD,GPX和APX,从而减少丙二醛(MDA)和蛋白羰基(C=O)的积累,但是在水分良好情况下SNP的效果不显著。 3. 青杨不同种群对锰胁迫的生长与形态响应差异 在同一锰浓度下,干旱种群的耐性指数都要高于湿润种群,这表明青杨对干旱和高锰胁迫具有交叉耐性。两个种群的株高,生物量和叶绿素含量都随锰浓度的升高而逐渐下降。就累积浓度而言,0 和0.1 mM 锰胁迫下,干旱种群积累的锰浓度要高于湿润种群,而在高浓度锰胁迫下(0.5 和1 mM),湿润种群要高于干旱种群。在0,0.1 和0.5 mM下,锰大多积累在根中,叶片次之,茎中最少。而在1 mM,锰更多的积累在叶片中。就累积总量而言,在各个锰浓度胁迫下,根,茎和叶相比,两个种群青杨都是叶片累积的锰总量要高于根和茎。两个种群间比较,对照中没有显著区别,0.1 mM 锰胁迫下,湿润种群根中累积的锰要高于干旱种群,而在地上部中,干旱种群要高于湿润种群。而0.5 和1 mM 锰胁迫下,根、叶、茎+叶、根+茎+叶中,锰累积总量都是湿润种群高于干旱种群。锰胁迫下,青杨叶片数和叶面积包括总叶面积和平均叶面积都显著降低。叶片横切面的光学显微观察结果表明未经锰胁迫的栅栏组织的细胞饱满,海绵组织发达、清晰;胁迫后杨树叶片栅栏组织细胞出现不同程度的皱缩,海绵组织几乎不可见,此外还发现输导组织在胁迫下密度变小和分生组织严重割裂等现象。 4. 青杨不同种群对锰胁迫的生理与生化响应差异 青杨两个种群脱落酸(ABA)含量在锰胁迫下都显著增加,干旱种群的增幅更大。三种多胺含量在锰胁迫下显示了不同的响应趋势:腐胺在两个种群的各个锰处理下都增加,亚精胺只在干旱种群中显著增加,而精胺除了干旱种群在1 mM 下有所增加外,在锰胁迫下变化很小。谷胱甘肽含量随锰浓度升高而增加,在0.5 mM 锰时达到最高值,1mM 时有所下降。植物络合素(PCs)含量与非蛋白巯基(NP-SH)趋势相似,随锰浓度的升高而增加,且干旱种群中含量要高于湿润种群。锰处理还引起氧化胁迫,表现为过氧化氢和丙二醛含量增加。SOD 活性在湿润种群中,在0 到0.5 mM 锰胁迫下活性升高,但在1 mM 锰胁迫时,其活性有所下降。而在干旱种群中,SOD 活性变化较小,并始终维持在一个较高的水平。APX 活性在两个种群中都随锰浓度的升高而增加,干旱种群活性要高于湿润种群。锰胁迫还显著增加了酚类物质的含量,同时GPX 和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性也随锰浓度的升高而增加。干旱种群的酚类含量和GPX 与PPO 活性都要高于湿润种群。锰胁迫还改变了氨基酸的含量和构成,根据锰胁迫下浓度变化的不同,可以将游离氨基酸分为三组:第一组包括,谷氨酸,丙氨酸和天门冬氨酸,这一组氨基酸含量在锰胁迫下有所下降。第二组包括缬氨酸,亮氨酸和苏氨酸含量在锰胁迫下基本不变化或变化很小。剩下的氨基酸为第三组,这组氨基酸含量在锰胁迫下显著增加,而根据增加的幅度又可以将它们分为两个亚组,丝氨酸,酪氨酸,苯丙氨酸,组氨酸和脯氨酸,在1 mM 下的含量是对照的4 倍以上。异亮氨酸,赖氨酸,精氨酸和甘氨酸含量在1 mM 下是对照含量的2 倍以下。同时,同一锰浓度下,干旱种群比湿润种群积累的氨基酸含量要高。 Soil is the indispensable environment for human survival and important resource foragriculture development. Food and environmental problems facing the world are all closelyrelated to soil and nowadays it is threatened by many factors, among which drought stress andheavy metal pollution are the most serious ones. Poplars (Populus spp.) are importantcomponents of ecosystem and suitable as a source of fuel, fiber and lumber due to their fastgrowth. In this study, different populations of Section Tacamahaca spach were used as modelplants to investigate the adaptability to drought stress and manganese toxicity and differencesbetween populations from dry and wet climate regions. Our results can provide theoreticalevidence for the afforestation and prevention of desertification in the arid and semi-arid areas,and also can supply scientific direction for the reconstruction and rehalibitation of ecosystemscontaminated by heavy metals. The results are as follows: 1. Differences in ecophysiological responses to drought stress in two contrastingpopulations of Populus przewalskii Drought stress not only significantly affected dry mass accumulation and allocation, butalso significantly decreased chlorophyll pigment contents and accumulated free proline andtotal amino acids. On the other hand, drought also significantly increased the levels ofabscisic acid and reactive oxygen species, as secondary messengers, to induce the entire set ofantioxidative systems including the increase of reduced ascorbic acid content and the activities of superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathioneredutase. Thus the combination of drought avoidance and tolerance mechanisms conferredpoplar a high degree of plasticity in response to drought stress. Compared with the wetclimate population, the dry climate population showed lower dry matter accumulation andallocated more biomass to root systems, and accumulated more free proline and total aminoacids for osmotic adjustment. The dry climate population also showed more efficientantioxidant systems with higher content of ascorbic acid and higher activities of ascorbateperoxidase and glutathione redutase than the wet climate population. All these made the dryclimate population superior in adaptation to drought stress than the wet climate population. 2. Effect of exogenous applied SNP on drought tolerance in Populus przewalskii Drought stress significantly increased hydrogen peroxide content and caused oxidativestress to lipids and proteins assessed by the increase in malondialdehyde and total carbonylcontents, respectively. The cuttings of P. przewalskii accumulated proline and other aminoacids for osmotic adjustment to lower water potential, and activated the antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase to maintain thebalance of generation and quenching of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, exogenous SNPapplication significantly heightened the growth performance of P. przewalskii cuttings underdrought treatment by promotion of proline accumulation and activation of antioxidant enzymeactivities, while under well-watered treatment the effect of SNP application was very little. 3. Morphological responses to manganese toxicity in the two contrasting populations ofPopulus cathayana High concentration of manganese caused significant decrease in shoot height andbiomass accumulation. The tolerance index of the dry climate population was significantlyhigher than that of the wet climate population, suggesting the superior Mn tolerance in theformer and the existence of cross-tolerance of drought stress and high Mn toxicity. Injuries tothe leaf anatomical features were also found as the reduced thickness in palisade and spongyparenchyma, the decreased density in the conducting tissue and the collapse and split in themeristematic tissue in the central vein. As for the Mn concentrations in the plant tissues, under0, 0.1 and 0.5 mM, most of the Mn accumulated in the roots, then leaves, and stem the least, while under 1 mM, most of the Mn accumulated in the leaves. As far as the total amounts ofMn extraction are concerned, the leaf extracted more Mn than the root and stem in the twopopulations under various Mn concentrations. There is no difference between the twopopulations under control. Under 0.1 mM, the wet climate population extracted higher Mn inthe root than the dry climate population, while in the shoot, the dry climate populationextracted much more Mn. Under 0.5 and 1 mM, the wet climate population translocated moreMn both in the root and the shoot than the dry climate population. 4. Physiological and biochemical responses to manganese toxicity in the two contrastingpopulations of Populus cathayana Mn treatment resulted in oxidative stress indicated by the oxidation to lipids, proteinsand DNA. A regulated network of defence strategies was employed for the chelation,detoxification and tolerance of Mn including the enhanced synthesis of ABA and polyamines,the accumulation of free amino acids, especially His and Pro, and the activation of theenzymes superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase. Contents of non-protein thiol,reduced glutathione, phytochelatins and phenolics compounds and activities of superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase also increased significantly forantioxidant or chelation functions. The wet climate population not only accumulated lessabscisic acid, free amino acids, phytochelatins and phenolics compounds, but also exhibitedlower activities of superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase thusresulting in more serious oxidative damage and more curtained growth.
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岷江柏(Cupressus chenggiana S. Y. Hu)是我国川甘地区特有的珍稀濒危乔木,一般生长在干旱的河谷区,在涵养水源和保护水 土等方面起着重要的作用。本文选择4个岷江柏种群,采用了野外调查和室内实验相结合的研究方法,调查岷江柏种群结实状况, 分析种子和球果形态特征,阐明种子发芽的基本特征,研究岷江柏种子贮藏过程中几个生理指标的动态变化特点,目的是为岷江柏 种苗繁育、自然更新能力评估以及珍稀濒危机制分析提供理论依据。研究得出如下结论:1.岷江柏球果呈椭球形,长为1.5~ 2.2cm,宽为1.5~1.9cm,质量为1.7~4.2g,球果鳞片数量为8~11片,球果内种子数量一般在40~70粒。岷江柏种子为椭圆形,长 为3.58~4.02mm,宽为3.10~3.15mm,厚为0.96~1.11mm,千粒重为3.1~3.5g。岷江柏的结实率很低,并且有显著的地理差异和 大小年差异。2. 岷江柏种子发芽温度范围是5℃~30℃,其中种子的适宜发芽温度范围是10℃~25℃。种子最适发芽温度随着贮藏 时间的增加而变化。在适宜温度范围内,种子发芽周期为20d。温度对种子的发芽势和T50有显著影响,对种子发芽率没有显著影响 ;光照有利于种子发芽;岷江柏种子的发芽特征是岷江柏保护种子资源、防止物种濒危的一种环境适应,有助于岷江柏种子提高发 芽率和幼苗的存活率。岷江柏种子是一种耐贮藏的正常性种子,在短期贮藏过程中,贮藏温度和种子含水量对于种子生理指标和种 子发芽没有显著影响。3. 岷江柏种子在短期贮藏过程中,千粒重没有显著变化;含水量都经历了先下降,再稳定的过程;粗脂肪 含量和可溶性糖含量逐渐降低;可溶性蛋白含量和丙二醛含量逐渐增加;脯氨酸含量在贮藏1~7个月时变化差异不明显,但是贮藏 7~10个月后显著增加。岷江柏种子的各个生理指标之间的相关性差异不显著。4. 岷江柏球果和种子的形态特征存在显著的地理差 异。岷江柏种子的发芽能力的地理性差异不大,种群间差异不大。岷江柏种群的地理差异由种群特征、生境特征和气候特征共同决 定。5. 在岷江柏的人工繁育中,对于刚刚采集的种子,发芽温度在15℃~25℃比较适合,其中以25℃最佳;而对于短期贮藏(4~ 10个月)后的种子,发芽温度在10℃~25℃均可,以15℃~20℃为最佳。野外播种的最适时间为4~6月,6~9月的间歇性干旱和降 水波动可能是限制岷江柏自然更新的因素之一。在短期贮藏过程中,种子可以采用常规室温贮藏,可以节约成本。Cupressus chenggiana is a specific and endangered plant in Sichuan and Gansu provinces of China, and it usually grows in dry valley and plays an important role in water supply and soil and water conservation in the dry valley of alpine and canyon region of southwest China. The research selected four Cupressus chenggiana populations and used the methods of the field investigation and the lab experiments. The fruiting characters of Cupressus chenggiana populations, the morphological characters of seeds and cones, the germination characters of seeds and the store physiological dymatics of several factors of seeds have been studied in order to give some theoretical advices on the artificial propagation and the ability of natural regeneration and the endangered principle of Cupressus chenggiana in the paper. The main results may be clarified as follows: 1. The cones of Cupressus chenggiana are ellipsoidal, length ranged from 1.5 to 2.2cm, with ranged from 1.5 to 1.9 cm, weight ranged from 1.7 to 4.2g, the number of cone squama ranged from 8 to 11, and the seed number of per cone ranged from 40 to 70. The seeds of Cupressus chenggiana are elliptical, length ranged from 3.58 to 4.02 mm, width ranged from 3.10 to 3.15 mm, thickness ranged from 0.96 to 1.11 mm, and the weight of 1000 seeds ranged from 3.1 to 3.5g. The fruiting rate of Cupressus chenggiana is very low, and the fruiting period of Cupressus chenggiana has the geographical differences and the big or small year differences. 2. Seed germination temperature is between 5℃ and 30℃, while the suited temperature is between 10℃ and 25℃. The optimum temperature of seed germination will change as the store time of seeds changes logner. The cycle of seed germination can persist 20 days in the range of the suited temperature. The germination temperatures have significant influences on the germination potential and T50, but have no significant infuluences on the germination rate. The photoperiod is in favor of seed germination. The characters of Cupressus chenggiana seed germination represent a kind of environmental adaptability to protect the seed sources and endangered species, and it can give help to increase the germination rate of seeds and the livability of seedings. The seeds of Cupressus chenggiana are a kind of orthodox seeds that can endure the long time storage. In the short time storage, the store temperatures and the moisture contents of seeds have no significant infuluences on the physiological factors and the germination of seeds, but the store time has significant influences on the physiological factors of seeds. 3. In the short store course of Cupressus chenggianna seeds, the 1000 seed weight has no significant variation; The moisture content descends at the beginning of the storage, but has no significant variation later; The crude fat content and the soluble sugar content descend gradually; The soluble protein content and MDA content increase gradually; The praline content has no significant variation after 1~7 months storage, but increase significantly after 7~10 months storage. The correlations of different physiological factors are not significant. 4. The morphological characters of cones and seeds of four populations exist significant differences. The germination of Cupressus chenggiana seeds has no significant geographical variation. The geographical variation of Cupressus chenggiana populations can be ascribed to the population characters, climate and environment. 5. In the course of artificial propagation of Cupressus chenggiana, it is favored that the germination temperature of newly collected seeds is between 15℃ and 25℃, while the optimum temperature is 25℃. After the short storage ranged from 4 months to 10 months, it is favored that the germination temperature is between 10℃ and 25℃, while the optimum temperature is ranged from 15℃ to 20℃. The field sowing optimum time is between April and June, and the interval drought and fallrain fluctuation between July and September may be one of the reasons that restrict natural regeneration of Cupressus chenggiana. In the short storage, seeds can be stored in the condition of room temperature.
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描述了一个 5× 5阵列带电粒子 PHOSWICH闪烁探测器望远镜结构。它的每一个单元由 1片厚度为 1mm,面积为 2 4 mm× 2 4 mm快塑料闪烁体 NE10 2 A和 1个前表面为 2 4 mm× 2 4 mm,后表面为 37mm×37mm,厚度为 4 0 mm的 Cs I( Tl)晶体组成的。在兰州放射性离子次级束流线 ( RIBL L )上测试到 Z/ΔZ =2 0
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A bar on the Brazos River near Calvert, Texas, has been analyzed in order to determine the geologic meaning of certain grain size parameters and to study the behavior of the size fractions with transport. The bar consists of a strongly bimodal mixture of pebble gravel and medium to fine sand; there is a lack of material in the range of 0.5 to 2 mm, because the source does not supply particles of this size. The size distributions of the two modes, which were established in the parent deposits, are nearly invariant over the bar because the present environment of deposition only affects the relative proportions of the two modes, not the grain size properties of the modes themselves. Two proportions are most common; the sediment either contains no gravel or else contains about 60% gravel. Three sediment types with characteristic bedding features occur on the bar in constant stratigraphic order, with the coarsest at the base. Statistical analysis of the data is based on a series of grain size parameters modified from those of Inman (1952) to provide a more detailed coverage of non-normal size curves. Unimodal sediments have nearly normal curves as defined by their skewness and kurtosis. Non-normal kurtosis and skewness values are held to be the identifying characteristics of bimodal sediments even where such modes are not evident in frequency curves. The relative proportions of each mode define a systematic series of changes in numerical properties; mean size, standard deviation and skewness are shown to be linked in a helical trend, which is believed to be applicable to many other sedimentary suites. The equations of the helix may be characteristic of certain environments. Kurtosis values show rhythmic pulsations along the helix and are diagnostic of two-generation sediments.
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利用修正的Thornthwaite最大蒸发力公式,计算了辽西地区不同市的水分亏缺量。各市最大潜在蒸发散计算结果是:朝阳1180.6 mm,锦州1146.0 mm,葫芦岛1140.1 mm,阜新1030.3 mm;水分亏缺量计算结果为:朝阳-658.3 mm,锦州-538.4 mill,葫芦岛-544.8 mm,阜新-626.9 mm。利用美国spss数理统计软件计算了油松与蒙古栎的胸径连年生长量和对应的各年1—12月份的月均温、月降雨量、平均相对湿度的回归关系,表明油松生长与温度紧密,蒙古栎生长与水分关系紧密。
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以黄土丘陵林区 1 0 a径流泥沙观测资料为基础 ,分析了林地开垦后不同侵蚀年限情况下土壤侵蚀强度的变化。结果发现 ,随侵蚀年限的增长 ,土壤侵蚀强度呈明显的增长趋势 ,平均每年约有 1 0 mm的土层被侵蚀掉 ,到侵蚀的第 1 0 a时 ,已有 1 0 0 .81 mm的土层被侵蚀掉 ,相当于林地土壤的 A层大部分遭到流失。土壤侵蚀强度的增加 ,土壤质量的下降 ,土壤性状的恶化 ,更促使侵蚀程强度的加剧
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黄土丘陵沟壑区地形变化异常复杂 ,1∶5万地形图对原始 1∶1万地形图等高线形态综合、取舍程度很大 ,这些都在不同程度上影响了地形分析结果的准确性。以高精度的 1∶1万比例尺DEM为校准值 ,运用 1∶1万及 1∶5万比例尺DEM叠合比较分析的方法 ,研究 1∶5万DEM的地形信息容量及提取不同地形要素的精度。试验结果表明 ,在黄土丘陵区 ,与 1∶1万DEM相比 ,1∶5万DEM在所提取的地面坡度、地面曲率、沟壑量等地形定量指标方面均都存在着较大的误差。
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研究紫外照射条件下,土壤厚度对多环芳烃苯并[a]芘、芘光降解的影响及其动力学变化,以及土壤粒径对多环芳烃苯并[a]芘、芘和菲的光解的影响。结果表明,苯并[a]芘和芘的光降解速率与土壤厚度呈负相关,光解速率的顺序为1.0 mm>1.6 mm>2.0 mm>2.4 mm>4.0 mm,通过对实验数据的模拟土壤中苯并[a]芘和芘的光降解符合准一级动力模型;三种不同土壤粒径(分别小于1 mm、0.45 mm、0.25 mm)对多环芳烃苯并[a]芘、芘和菲的光降解有明显影响,在三种粒径范围内,PAHs的降解在小于1 mm土壤中最快,同一粒径中多环芳烃的降解速率:苯并[a]芘>芘>菲。
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A simple and sensitive assay system for glucose based on the glutathione (GSH)-capped CdTe quantum dots (QDs) was developed. GSH-capped CdTe QDs exhibit higher sensitivity to H2O2 produced from the glucose oxidase catalyzed oxidation Of glucose, and are also more biocompatible than other thiols-capped QDs. Based on the quenching of H2O2 on GSH-capped QDs, glucose can be detected. The detection conditions containing reaction time, the concentration of glucose oxidase and the sizes of QDs were optimized and the detection limits for glucose was determined to be 0.1 mu M; two detection ranges of glucose from 1.0 mu M to 0.5 mM and from 1.0 mM to 20 mM, respectively Were obtained. The detection limit was almost a 1000 times lower than other QDs-based optical glucose sensing systems. The developed glucose detection system was simple and facile with no need of complicated enzyme immobilization and modification of QDs.