Involvement of the insular cortex in the consolidation and expression of contextual fear conditioning

The insular cortex (IC) has been reported to be involved in the modulation of memory and autonomic and defensive responses. However, there is conflicting evidence about the role of the IC in fear conditioning. To explore the IC involvement in both behavioral and autonomic responses induced by contextual fear conditioning, we evaluated the effects of the reversible inhibition of the IC neurotransmission through bilateral microinjections of the non-selective synapse blocker CoCl2 (1 mm) 10 min before or immediately after the conditioning session or 10 min before re-exposure to the aversive context. In the conditioning session, rats were exposed to a footshock chamber (context) and footshocks were used as the unconditioned stimulus. Forty-eight hours later, the animals were re-exposed to the aversive context for 10 min, but no shock was given. Behavioral (freezing) as well as cardiovascular (arterial pressure and heart rate increases) responses induced by re-exposure to the aversive context were analysed. It was observed that the local IC neurotransmission inhibition attenuated freezing and the mean arterial pressure and heart rate increase of the groups that received the CoCl2 either immediately after conditioning or 10 min before re-exposure to the aversive context, but not when the CoCl2 was injected before the conditioning session. These findings suggest the involvement of the IC in the consolidation and expression of contextual aversive memory. However, the IC does not seem to be essential for the acquisition of memory associated with aversive context. © 2013 Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

User-producer interaction in the Brazilian oil industry: The relationship between petrobras and its suppliers of wet Christmas tree

The objective of this work is to analyze the importance of the user-producer interaction for the innovative process of the Brazilian oil industry from the 2000s. To do so, we selected two of the three providers installed in Brazil that produce the set of valves used in the oil wellhead to control its production, set which is called wet Christmas tree (WCT), the Norway's Aker Solutions and the American FMC Technologies. The results of this analysis indicate not only the development of the oil industry in Brazil is marked by a strategy of cooperative innovation, but they also reveal the importance of geographical proximity and direct cooperation, especially between the centers of engineering and research and development of companies. Furthermore, these partnerships are not limited to the adaptation of products to new needs, but they also include the development of new systems. © Universidad Alberto Hurtado, Facultad de Economía y Negocios.

Involvement of pituitary gonadotropins, gonadal steroids and breeding season in sex change of protogynous dusky grouper, Epinephelus marginatus (Teleostei: Serranidae), induced by a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor

Two experiments were performed using the aromatase inhibitor (AI) letrozole (100mg/kg) to promote sex change, from female-to-male, in protogynous dusky grouper. One experiment was performed during the breeding season (spring) and the other at the end of the breeding season (summer). During the spring, AI promoted sex change after 9weeks and the sperm produced was able to fertilize grouper oocytes. During the summer, the sex change was incomplete; intersex individuals were present and sperm was not released by any of the animals. Sex changed gonads had a lamellar architecture; cysts of spermatocytes and spermatozoa in the lumen of the germinal compartment. In the spring, after 4weeks, 11ketotestosterone (11KT) levels were higher in the AI than in control fish, and after 9weeks, coincident with semen release, testosterone levels increased in the AI group, while 11KT returned to the initial levels. Estradiol (E2) levels remained unchanged during the experimental period. Instead of decreasing throughout the period, as in control group, 17 α-OH progesterone levels did not change in the AI-treated fish, resulting in higher values after 9weeks when compared with control fish. fshβ and lhβ gene expression in the AI animals were lower compared with control fish after 9weeks. The use of AI was effective to obtain functional males during the breeding season. The increase in androgens, modulated by gonadotropins, triggered the sex change, enabling the development of male germ cells, whereas a decrease in E2 levels was not required to change sex in dusky grouper. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Alteration in cellular viability, pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide production in nephrotoxicity generation by Amphotericin B: Involvement of PKA pathway signaling

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Realidade virtual aplicada à ergonomia por meio do design participativo

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Review of the development of the transport system in the Caribbean with reference to the establishment of regional institutions and the involvement of aid donors

Includes bibliography

Report on the Workshop on User Education Techniques for Use in Special Libraries

Informe del Taller efectuado para identificar una definicion de educacion del usuario que sea apropiada para las bibliotecas especializadas del Sistema de Informacion del Caribe; para analizar el punto de vista del usuario de los sistemas de informacion; y para revisar algunas tecnicas que permitan el uso de los medios de comunicacion para llegar al usuario.

CARIBTRADE, trade statistics database: user manual

Includes bibliography

TradeCAN: database and software for a Competitiveness Analysis of Nations: user guide

Includes bibliography

Envolvimento dos usuários no processo de inovação por meio da web 2.0: um estudo de caso na indústria automobilística

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

CAN: Análisis de la Competitividad de los Países: programa computacional para evaluar y describir el medio competitivo internacional, versión 2.0, manual de uso = Competitive Analysis of Nations: software to evaluate and describe the international competitive environment, version 2.0, user's manual

Incluye Bibliografía

Ministry of Economic Development of Belize, Project Bank: user's manual, Belmopan, April 1988

Introduce un programa de computador que servirá de herramienta para ayudar al gobierno de Belice en la preparación, programación y monitoreo de inversiones públicas y privadas

Aid for Trade indicators Dashboard: user manual

This Manual is intended to guide individuals and institutions seeking to use the Aid for Trade Dashboard developed by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean as part of the Development Project “Facilitating the Effective Integration of Developing Countries into the Global Economy through Aid for Trade Schemes”. This Dashboard presents a set of online indicators for all the countries comprising the five United Nations’ Regional Commissions which are currently participating in this Project.

A participação popular na gestão do Sistema Único de Saúde – SUS: limites e possibilidades

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)