Lethal Parasites in Oysters from Coastal Georgia with Discussion of Disease and Management Implications

Extensive mortalities of oysters, Crassostrea virginica, occurred from 1985 through 1987 in coastal waters of Georgia. Fluid thioglycolate cultures of oysters collected from 16 of 17 locations revealed infections by the apicomplexan parasite Perkinsus marinus. An ascetosporan parasite, Haplosporidium nelsoni, was also observed in histopathological examination of oysters from 4 of the locations. While the range of H. nelsoni currently is recognized as the east coast of the United States from Maine to Florida, this is the first report of the parasite in Georgia waters. This paper documents the occurrence of these two lethal parasites in oysters from coastal waters of Georgia, along with potential disease and management implications. Results of an earlier independent and previously unpublished survey are also discussed which document the presence of P. marinus in Georgia as early as 1966.

Relação entre a via de sinalização da leptina e a progressão de carcinomas papilíferos de tireoide em crianças e adolescentes

O câncer de tireoide é a neoplasia maligna mais comum de glândula endócrina e tem sua incidência aumentada em vários países, inclusive o Brasil, nos últimos anos. Em crianças e adolescentes, o câncer de tireoide é raro, correspondendo a cerca de 2% dos casos, sendo o carcinoma papilífero o tipo histológico mais frequente. O prognóstico de crianças e adolescentes com câncer de tireoide é excelente, com taxas de sobrevida superiores a 95%. Contudo, quando diagnosticada, essa parcela da população apresenta características clínico-patológicas de doença avançada, como invasão de cápsula e extensão extratireoidiana, além de metástase linfonodal. A leptina é um hormônio produzido principalmente pelo tecido adiposo, participando da regulação da ingestão de alimentos e do gasto energético e tem sido associada a fator prognóstico de alguns tumores, como hematológicos, pancreático, câncer de mama e tireoide. Há relatos deste hormônio atuar como fator angiogênico e mitogênico. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a associação entre o carcinoma papilífero de tireoide em crianças e adolescentes e proteínas da via de sinalização da leptina, através de imunofluorescência para ObR (receptor de leptina), pJAK2 e pSTAT3, relacionando com dados que apontam para o prognóstico da doença. Foram incluídos no estudo 52 pacientes, sendo a expressão e o padrão de marcação avaliados por consenso entre dois patologistas. O perfil de marcação foi puntiforme e multifocal para o tecido não neoplásico adjacente como para o tecido tumoral. Foram atribuídos scores para a imunomarcação (1-10% e >10%) e analisadas possíveis associações entre ObR, pJAK2 e pSTAT3 com variáveis demográficas qualitativas ou características clínico-patológicas. Todos os casos apresentaram marcação relevante (>10%) no tecido não-neoplásico para as 3 proteínas, enquanto no tecido neoplásico, houve marcação em 53% dos casos para ObR, 47% para pJAK2 e 71% para pSTAT3. ObR foi 6,2 vezes mais frequente em pacientes sem metástase linfonodal. O tamanho do tumor foi inversamente relacionado com marcação relevante para pJAK2 e pSTAT3. Nossos achados mostram que ObR está relacionado a menos metástase linfonodal e pJAK-pSTAT3 com tamanho tumoral reduzido, sugerindo que a via de sinalização da leptina em câncer de tireoide de crianças e adolescentes pode contribuir para prevenir o aumento da tumorigênese.

Coral health and disease in the Pacific: vision for action

Shallow coral reefs in the IndoPacific contain the highest diversity of marine organisms in the world, with approximately 1500 described species of fish, over 500 species of scleractinian corals, and an estimated 1-10 million organisms yet to be characterized (Reaka-Kudla et al. 1994). These centers of marine biodiversity are facing significant, multiple threats to reef community and habitat structure and function, resulting in local to wide-scale regional damage. Wilkinson (2004) characterized the major pressures as including (1) global climate change, (2) diseases, plagues and invasive species, (3) direct human pressures, (4) poor governance and lack of political will, and (5) international action or inaction. Signs that the natural plasticity of reef ecosystems has been exceeded in many areas from the effects of environmental (e.g., global climate change) and anthropogenic (e.g., land use, pollution) stressors is evidenced by the loss of 20% of the world’s coral reefs (Wilkinson 2004). Predictions are that another 24% (Wilkinson 2006) are under imminent risk of collapse and an additional 26% are under a longer term threat from reduced fitness, disease outbreaks, and increased mortality. These predictions indicate that the current list of approximately 30-40 fatal diseases impacting corals will expand as will the frequency and extent of “coral bleaching” (Waddell 2005; Wilkinson 2004). Disease and corallivore outbreaks, in combination with multiple, concomitant human disturbances are compromising corals and coral reef communities to the point where their ability to rebound from natural disturbances is being lost.

In utero domoic acid toxicity: a fetal basis to adult disease in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus)

California sea lions have been a repeated subject of investigation for early life toxicity, which has been documented to occur with increasing frequency from late February through mid-May in association with organochlorine (PCB and DDT) poisoning and infectious disease in the 1970's and domoic acid poisoning in the last decade. The mass early life mortality events result from the concentrated breeding grounds and synchronization of reproduction over a 28 day post partum estrus cycle and 11 month in utero phase. This physiological synchronization is triggered by a decreasing photoperiod of 11.48 h/day that occurs approximately 90 days after conception at the major California breeding grounds. The photoperiod trigger activates implantation of embryos to proceed with development for the next 242 days until birth. Embryonic diapause is a selectable trait thought to optimize timing for food utilization and male migratory patterns; yet from the toxicological perspective presented here also serves to synchronize developmental toxicity of pulsed environmental events such as domoic acid poisoning. Research studies in laboratory animals have defined age-dependent neurotoxic effects during development and windows of susceptibility to domoic acid exposure. This review will evaluate experimental domoic acid neurotoxicity in developing rodents and, aided by comparative allometric projections, will analyze potential prenatal toxicity and exposure susceptibility in the California sea lion. This analysis should provide a useful tool to forecast fetal toxicity and understand the impact of fetal toxicity on adult disease of the California sea lion.

Field manual for investigating coral disease outbreaks

Coral reefs throughout their circumtropical range are declining at an accelerating rate. Recent predictions indicate that 20% of the world’s reefs have been degraded, another 24% are under imminent risk of collapse, and if current estimates hold, by 2030, 26% of the world’s reefs will be lost (Wilkinson 2004). Recent changes to these ecosystems have included losses of apex predators, reductions of important herbivorous fishes and invertebrates, and precipitous declines in living coral cover, with many reefs now dominated by macroalgae. Causes have been described in broad sweeping terms: global climate change, over-fishing and destructive fishing, land-based sources of pollution, sedimentation, hurricanes, mass bleaching events and disease. Recognition that corals can succumb to disease was first reported in the early 1970’s. Then it was a unique observation, with relatively few isolated reports until the mid 1990’s. Today disease has spread to over 150 species of coral, reported from 65 countries throughout all of the world’s tropical oceans (WCMC Global Coral Disease Database). While disease continues to increase in frequency and distribution throughout the world, definitive causes of coral diseases have remained elusive for the most part, with reef managers not sufficiently armed to combat it.