Social Skills and Psychological Disorders: Converging and Criterion-Related Validity for YSR and IHSA-Del-Prette in Adolescents at Risk

This study evaluated indexes of converging and criterion-related validity for the Social Skills Inventory for Adolescents (IHSA-Del-Prette) and the Youth Self-Report (YSR) in two samples: one referring to clinical service (CLIN), with 28 adolescents (64.3% boys), 11 through 17 years old (M = 13.75; SD = 1.74), and the other referring to a psycho-educational program (PME = 46.2%), mainly composed of boys (91.7%) aged 13 through 17 (M = 15.33; SD = 1.47). Both samples completed the two inventories. Results showed a high incidence of psychological disorders in both samples (between 4% and 79% in the borderline or clinical range on YSR scales) and accentuated deficits in the general and subscale scores of IHSA-Del-Prette, especially on the frequency scale (25% to 58%). The correlations between the instruments in the two groups supported criterion-related and converging validity. Some issues concerning the differences between the samples and about the construct of social competence, underlying these inventories, are discussed. Key words authors:

Plant invasions research in Latin America: fast track to a more focused agenda

While many developed countries have invested heavily in research on plant invasions over the last 50 years, the immense region of Latin America has made little progress. Recognising this, a group of scientists working on plant invasions in Latin America met in Chile in late 2010 to develop a research agenda for the region based on lessons learned elsewhere. Our three main findings are as follows. (1) Globalisation is inevitable, but the resultant plant introductions can be slowed or prevented by effective quarantine and early intervention. Development of spatially explicit inventories, research on the invasion process and weed risk assessments can help prioritise and streamline action. (2) Eradication has limited application for plants and control is expensive and requires strict prioritisation and careful planning and evaluation. (3) Accepting the concept of novel ecosystems, new combinations of native and introduced species that no longer depend on human intervention, may help optimise invasive species management. Our vision of novel ecosystem management is through actions that: (a) maintain as much native biodiversity and ecosystem functionality as possible, (b) minimise management intervention to invasives with known impact, and (c) maximise the area of intervention. We propose the creation of a Latin American Invasive Plants Network to help focus the new research agenda for member countries. The network would coordinate research and training and establish funding priorities, develop and strengthen tools to share knowledge, and raise awareness at the community, governmental and intergovernmental levels about the social, economic and environmental costs of plant invasions.

Rates of description of Phytoseiidae mite species (Acari: Mesostigmata): space, time and body size variations

This study aims to analyse the degree of completeness of world inventory of the mite family Phytoseiidae and the factors that might determine the process of species description. The world data set includes 2,122 valid species described from 1839 to 2010. Species accumulation curves were analysed. The effect of localisation (latitude ranges) and body size on the species description patterns over space and time was assessed. A low proportion of species seems remain to be described, but this trend could be explained by a critical reduction in the number of specialists dedicated to the study of those mites. In addition, this trend refers to the areas where phytoseiids have been well studied around the world, and it may change considerably if the study of these mites would be intensified in some areas. The number of newly described species is lower near the tropics, and their body size is also smaller. Differences in body size were noted between the three sub-families of Phytoseiidae, the highest mean body lengths of adult females being observed for Amblyseiinae, the most diverse family. In the future, collections would have certainly to take into consideration such conclusions for instance in using more adequate optical equipment especially for field collections. The decrease in the number of phytoseiid mite described was confirmed and the factors that could explain such a trend are discussed. Information for improving further inventories is provided and discussed, especially in relation to sampling localization and study methods.

Range extensions along western Atlantic for Epialtidae crabs (Brachyura, Majoidea) genera Acanthonyx Latreille, 1828 and Epialtus H. Milne Edwards, 1834

The present study provided information extending the known geographical distribution of three species of majoid crabs, the epialtids Acanthonyx dissimulatus Coelho, 1993, Epialtus bituberculatus H. Milne Edwards, 1834, and E. brasiliensis Dana, 1852. Specimens of both genera from different carcinological collections were studied by comparing morphological characters. We provide new data that extends the geographical distributions of E. bituberculatus to the coast of the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina (Brazil), and offer new records from Belize and Costa Rica. Epialtus brasiliensis is recorded for the first time in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), and A. dissimulatus is reported from Quintana Roo, Mexico. The distribution of A. dissimulatus, previously known as endemic to Brazil, has a gap between the states of Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro. However, this restricted southern distribution is herein amplified by the Mexican specimens.

Bird species diversity in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil is not explained by the Mid-domain Effect

The Atlantic Forest is an excellent case study for the elevational diversity of birds, and some inventories along elevational gradients have been carried out in Brazil. Since none of these studies explain the patterns of species richness with elevation, we herein review all Brazilian studies on bird elevational diversity, and test a geometric constraint null model that predicts a unimodal species-altitude curve, the Mid-domain Effect (MDE). We searched for bird inventories in the literature and also analysed our own survey data using limited-radius point counts along an 800 m elevational gradient in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We found 10 investigations of elevational diversity of Atlantic Forest birds and identified five different elevational patterns: monotonic decreasing diversity, constant at low elevations, constant at low elevations but increasing towards the middle, and two undescribed patterns for Atlantic Forest birds, trough-shaped and increasing diversity. The average MDE fit was low (r² = 0.31) and none of the MDE predictions were robust across all gradients. Those studies with good MDE model fits had obvious sampling bias. Although it has been proposed that the MDE may be positively associated with the elevational diversity of birds, it does not fit the Brazilian Atlantic Forest bird elevational diversity.

On the morphological differentiation between Libinia spinosa and L. ferreirae (Crustacea: Brachyura: Majoidea: Epialtidae)

Libinia spinosa H. Milne Edwards in Guérin, 1832 and L. ferreirae Brito Capello, 1871, inhabit very similar environments, and their geographic and bathymetric distributions overlap for about 3000 km along the southwestern Atlantic. Both species are commonly caught in the same haul and differentiating between them can often be difficult. Traditionally, morphological differentiation between L. spinosa and L. ferreirae has been based exclusively on the number of spines along the median, longitudinal line of the carapace and the development of a process at the anterolateral angle of the basal segment of the antenna. Because Libinia spinosa and L. ferreirae share similar numbers of median spines (7 and 6, respectively), and the number of median spines of the carapace and the process at the anterolateral angle of the basal antennal segment are variable, they are of little value in separating these species. It is shown herein that unequivocal identification can be easily achieved based on features of the male and female thoracic sternum, pereiopod dactyli, and infraorbital notch. A lectotype is designated for L. spinosa and its authorship and date are corrected. Libinia gibbosa A. Milne-Edwards, 1878, is demonstrated to be a junior synonym of L. ferreirae. The holotype of L. gibbosa is figured for the first time.

Proteomic characterisation of toxins isolated from nematocysts of the South Atlantic jellyfish Olindias sambaquiensis

Surprisingly little is known of the toxic arsenal of cnidarian nematocysts compared to other venomous animals. Here we investigate the toxins of nematocysts isolated from the jellyfish Olindias sambaquiensis. A total of 29 unique ms/ms events were annotated as potential toxins homologous to the toxic proteins from diverse animal phyla, including conesnails, snakes, spiders, scorpions, wasp, bee, parasitic worm and other Cnidaria. Biological activities of these potential toxins include cytolysins, neurotoxins, phospholipases and toxic peptidases. The presence of several toxic enzymes is intriguing, such as sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase B (SMase B) that has only been described in certain spider venoms, and a prepro-haystatin P-IIId snake venom metalloproteinase (SVMP) that activates coagulation factor X, which is very rare even in snake venoms. Our annotation reveals sequence orthologs to many representatives of the most important superfamilies of peptide venoms suggesting that their origins in higher organisms arise from deep eumetazoan innovations. Accordingly, cnidarian venoms may possess unique biological properties that might generate new leads in the discovery of novel pharmacologically active drugs.

An evaluation of the distributions of polychlorinated biphenyls and organic matter in coastal sediments

The objective of this thesis is to improve the understanding of what processes and mechanism affects the distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organic carbon in coastal sediments. Because of the strong association of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) such as PCBs with organic matter in the aquatic environment, these two entities are naturally linked. The coastal environment is the most complex and dynamic part of the ocean when it comes to both cycling of organic matter and HOCs. This environment is characterised by the largest fluxes and most diverse sources of both entities. A wide array of methods was used to study these processes throughout this thesis. In the field sites in the Stockholm archipelago of the Baltic proper, bottom sediments and settling particulate matter were retrieved using sediment coring devices and sediment traps from morphometrically and seismically well-characterized locations. In the laboratory, the samples have been analysed for PCBs, stable carbon isotope ratios, carbon-nitrogen atom ratios as well as standard sediment properties. From the fieldwork in the Stockholm Archipelago and the following laboratory work it was concluded that the inner Stockholm archipelago has a low (≈ 4%) trapping efficiency for freshwater-derived organic carbon. The corollary is a large potential for long-range waterborne transport of OC and OC-associated nutrients and hydrophobic organic pollutants from urban Stockholm to more pristine offshore Baltic Sea ecosystems. Theoretical work has been carried out using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and statistical methods on a database of 4214 individual sediment samples, each with reported individual PCB congener concentrations. From this work it was concluded that the continental shelf sediments are key global inventories and ultimate sinks of PCBs. Depending on congener, 10-80% of the cumulative historical emissions to the environment are accounted for in continental shelf sediments. Further it was concluded that the many infamous and highly contaminated surface sediments of urban harbours and estuaries of contaminated rivers cannot be of importance as a secondary source to sustain the concentrations observed in remote sediments. Of the global shelf PCB inventory < 1% are in sediments near population centres while ≥ 90% is in remote areas (> 10 km from any dwellings). The remote sub-basin of the North Atlantic Ocean contains approximately half of the global shelf sediment inventory for most of the PCBs studied.

Anthropogenic CO2 in the Azores region

The AZORES-I cruise was conducted in August 1998, spanning the length of three latitudinal large-scale sections at 22, 28 and 32ºW. The oceanic carbon system was oversampled by measuring total alkalinity, total inorganic carbon and pH. It is thus possible to estimate anthropogenic CO2 (CANT) and to investigate its relationship with the main water masses that are present. CANT is calculated using the latest back-calculation techniques: jCTº and TrOCA methods. Although the two approaches produce similar vertical distributions, the results of the TrOCA method show higher CANT variability and produce higher inventories than those of the jCTº method. The large proportion of Mediterranean Water found in the northern part of the study area is the main cause of the observed increase northwards of CANT inventories. Changes in CANT inventories between 1981 and 2004 are evaluated using data from the TTO-NAS, OACES-93 and METEOR-60/5 cruises. According to the jCTº and TrOCA approaches, the average long-term rates of CANT inventory change are 1.32±0.11 mol C m-2 y-1 (P=0.008) and 1.18±0.16 mol C m-2 y-1 (P=0.018), respectively. During the 1993-1998 a significant increase in the CANT storage rate was detected by the jCTº method. It is thought that this stems directly from the enhanced Labrador Seawater formation after the increased advection observed at the time.

Datos preliminares sobre la reproducción del centollo Maja brachydactyla (Balss, 1922) en condiciones de cultivo en Canarias

[EN] The atlantic spider crab Maja brachydactyla, nowadays overfished, presents good conditions for its production in captivity. In Canary Islands (Spain), under culture conditions, with open flux of water and temperature between 18,8-22,5 ºC from November 2006 to May 2007, the fecundity index was lower than others in higher latitudes, around 100 larvae/female g, for individuals between 270 and 690 g. The incubation time torn out to be similar to colder conditions, but the period between hatching and the next spawning decreased even to 0 days. The annual spawning cycle, unlike the described for Northern Atlantic populations, could range the whole year, with 3, 4 or even more consecutive spawnings

Development of quantitative methods for sustainability assessment in process industry

The increasing aversion to technological risks of the society requires the development of inherently safer and environmentally friendlier processes, besides assuring the economic competitiveness of the industrial activities. The different forms of impact (e.g. environmental, economic and societal) are frequently characterized by conflicting reduction strategies and must be holistically taken into account in order to identify the optimal solutions in process design. Though the literature reports an extensive discussion of strategies and specific principles, quantitative assessment tools are required to identify the marginal improvements in alternative design options, to allow the trade-off among contradictory aspects and to prevent the “risk shift”. In the present work a set of integrated quantitative tools for design assessment (i.e. design support system) was developed. The tools were specifically dedicated to the implementation of sustainability and inherent safety in process and plant design activities, with respect to chemical and industrial processes in which substances dangerous for humans and environment are used or stored. The tools were mainly devoted to the application in the stages of “conceptual” and “basic design”, when the project is still open to changes (due to the large number of degrees of freedom) which may comprise of strategies to improve sustainability and inherent safety. The set of developed tools includes different phases of the design activities, all through the lifecycle of a project (inventories, process flow diagrams, preliminary plant lay-out plans). The development of such tools gives a substantial contribution to fill the present gap in the availability of sound supports for implementing safety and sustainability in early phases of process design. The proposed decision support system was based on the development of a set of leading key performance indicators (KPIs), which ensure the assessment of economic, societal and environmental impacts of a process (i.e. sustainability profile). The KPIs were based on impact models (also complex), but are easy and swift in the practical application. Their full evaluation is possible also starting from the limited data available during early process design. Innovative reference criteria were developed to compare and aggregate the KPIs on the basis of the actual sitespecific impact burden and the sustainability policy. Particular attention was devoted to the development of reliable criteria and tools for the assessment of inherent safety in different stages of the project lifecycle. The assessment follows an innovative approach in the analysis of inherent safety, based on both the calculation of the expected consequences of potential accidents and the evaluation of the hazards related to equipment. The methodology overrides several problems present in the previous methods proposed for quantitative inherent safety assessment (use of arbitrary indexes, subjective judgement, build-in assumptions, etc.). A specific procedure was defined for the assessment of the hazards related to the formations of undesired substances in chemical systems undergoing “out of control” conditions. In the assessment of layout plans, “ad hoc” tools were developed to account for the hazard of domino escalations and the safety economics. The effectiveness and value of the tools were demonstrated by the application to a large number of case studies concerning different kinds of design activities (choice of materials, design of the process, of the plant, of the layout) and different types of processes/plants (chemical industry, storage facilities, waste disposal). An experimental survey (analysis of the thermal stability of isomers of nitrobenzaldehyde) provided the input data necessary to demonstrate the method for inherent safety assessment of materials.

Caratteristiche merceologiche, nutrizionali, sensoriali e di freschezza di Nasello (Merluccius merluccius), Lanzardo (Scomber japonicus) e Suro (Trachurus trachurus)

Three finfish species frequently caught in the waters of the Gulf of Manfredonia (Apulia, Italy) were studied in order to know how the flesh composition (proximate, fatty acid, macro- and micro- element contents) could be affected by the season effect. The species we examined were European hake (Merluccius merluccius), chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) and horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), which were analysed at the raw state in three catch season and after cooking in two catch season. More precisely, European hake and chub mackerel caught during winter, summer and fall were analysed at the raw state. The composition of the flesh of grilled European hake and chub mackerel was study on fish caught in winter and fall. Horse mackerel of summer and winter catches were analysed both at the raw and grilled state. Furthermore, an overall sensory profile was outlined for each species in two catch season and the relevant spider web diagrams compared. On the whole, two hundred and eighty fish were analysed during this research project in order to obtain a nutritional profile of the three species. One hundred and fifty was the overall number of specimens used to create complete sensory profiles and compare them among the species. The three finfish species proved to be quite interesting for their proximate, fatty acids, macro- and micro-element contents. Nutritional and sensory changes occurred as seasons elapsed for chub and horse mackerel only. A high variability of flesh composition seemed to characterise these two species. European hake confirmed its mild sensory profile and good nutritional characteristics, which were not affected by any season effect.

Charakterisierung und Stabilität von Arthropoden-Hämocyanin

Hämocyanine sind große, multimere Sauerstofftransport- proteine, die frei gelöst in der Hämolymphe von Arthropoden und Mollusken vorkommen.Zur Charakterisierung verschiedener Arthropoden-hämocyanine wurden deren molare Massen bestimmt. Die mit einer Vielwinkel-Laser-Lichtstreuapparatur ermittelten Molekulargewichte zeigten eine grosse Schwankungsbreite. Dies konnte auf Ungenauigkeiten der zur Berechnung der Molekulargewichte verwendeten spezifischen Extinktions- koeffizienten und Brechungsindex-Inkremente zurückgeführt werden.Mit der Methode der Massenspektrometrie (MALDI-TOF) bestimmte Molekulargewichte einzelner Untereinheiten des Hämocyanins der Vogelspinne Eurypelma californicum zeigten eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung mit aus der Sequenz errechneten Werten.Für das 24-mere Spinnenhämocyanin von Eurypelma californicum wurde die Stabilität gegenüber GdnHCl und der Temperatur auf den verschiedenen strukturellen Ebenen des Proteins untersucht.Viele Stabilitätsuntersuchungen werden an kleinen Proteinen durchgeführt, deren Entfaltung kooperativerfolgt. Bei größeren Proteinen mit unterschiedlichen strukturellen Bereichen (Domänen) ist der Entfaltungs-prozess weitaus komplexer. Ziel war es, durch die Denaturierung des Spinnen-Hämocyanins Erkenntnisse über die Stabilität und Entfaltung der verschiedenen strukturellen Ebenen eines so großen Proteinkomplexes zu gewinnen.Ein wichtiges Charakteristikum für die Interpretation der Entfaltungsexperimente ist die starke Löschung der Tryptophanfluoreszenz im oxygenierten Spinnen-Hämocyanin. Die Löschung kann vollständig durch Förster-Transfer erklärt werden kann. Sie bleibt auf die einzelnen Untereinheiten beschränkt und stellt somit ein reines O₂-Beladungssignal dar.Unter Einwirkung von GdnHCl dissoziiert das native, 24-mere Spinnen-Hämocyanin ohne die Entstehung langlebiger Inter- mediate. Die Untereinheiten werden durch das Oligomer stabilisiert. Die Entfaltung eines Monomers, der Unter- einheit e, folgt einer Hierarchie der verschiedenen strukturellen Ebenen des Moleküls. Die Entfaltung beginnt zunächst von außen mit der Auflockerung der Tertiärstruktur. Der Kern von Domäne II mit dem aktiven Zentrum weist hingegen eine besondere Stabilität auf.Die ausgeprägte Hitzestabilität des Eurypelma-Hämocyanins hängt vom Oligomerisierungsgrad, dem verwendeten Puffer und dessen Ausgangs-pH-Wert ab und spiegelt offensichtlich die extremen Lebensbedingungen im Habitat wider.

Methodologische Untersuchungen zur Veränderung sahelischer Überschwemmungsgebiete mittels Fernerkundung - Fallbeispiel Nigerbinnendelta (Mali) -

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Langzeitbeobachtungsstudien zur Landschaftsdynamik inSahelländern stehen generell einem defizitären Angebot anquantitativen Rauminformationen gegenüber. Der in Malivorgefundene lokal- bis regionalräumliche Datenmangelführte zu einer methodologischen Studie, die die Entwicklungvon Verfahren zur multi-temporalen Erfassung und Analyse vonLandschaftsveränderungsdaten beinhaltet. Für den RaumWestafrika existiert in großer Flächenüberdeckunghistorisches Fernerkundungsmaterial in Form hochauflösenderLuftbilder ab den 50er Jahren und erste erdbeobachtendeSatellitendaten von Landsat-MSS ab den 70er Jahren.Multitemporale Langzeitanalysen verlangen zur digitalenReproduzierbarkeit, zur Datenvergleich- undObjekterfaßbarkeit die a priori-Betrachtung derDatenbeschaffenheit und -qualität. Zwei, ohne verfügbare, noch rekonstruierbareBodenkontrolldaten entwickelte Methodenansätze zeigen nichtnur die Möglichkeiten, sondern auch die Grenzen eindeutigerradiometrischer und morphometrischerBildinformationsgewinnung. Innerhalb desÜberschwemmungsgunstraums des Nigerbinnendeltas im ZentrumMalis stellen sich zwei Teilstudien zur Extraktion vonquantitativen Sahelvegetationsdaten den radiometrischen undatmosphärischen Problemen:1. Präprozessierende Homogenisierung von multitemporalenMSS-Archivdaten mit Simulationen zur Wirksamkeitatmosphärischer und sensorbedingter Effekte2. Entwicklung einer Methode zur semi-automatischenErfassung und Quantifizierung der Dynamik derGehölzbedeckungsdichte auf panchromatischenArchiv-Luftbildern Die erste Teilstudie stellt historischeLandsat-MSS-Satellitenbilddaten für multi-temporale Analysender Landschaftsdynamik als unbrauchbar heraus. In derzweiten Teilstudie wird der eigens, mittelsmorphomathematischer Filteroperationen für die automatischeMusterkennung und Quantifizierung von Sahelgehölzobjektenentwickelte Methodenansatz präsentiert. Abschließend wird die Forderung nach kosten- undzeiteffizienten Methodenstandards hinsichtlich ihrerRepräsentativität für die Langzeitbeobachtung desRessourceninventars semi-arider Räume sowie deroperationellen Transferierbarkeit auf Datenmaterial modernerFernerkundungssensoren diskutiert.

Emissions of volatile organic compounds from tropical savanna vegetation and biomass burning

This dissertation focuses on characterizing the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from grasses and young trees, and the burning of biomass mainly from Africa and Indonesia. The measurements were performed with a proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS). The biogenic emissions of tropical savanna vegetation were studied in Calabozo (Venezuela). Two field campaigns were carried out, the first during the wet season (1999) and the second during the dry season (2000). Three grass species were studied: T. plumosus, H. rufa and A. canescens, and the tree species B. crassifolia, C. americana and C. vitifolium. The emission rates were determined with a dynamic plant enclosure system. In general, the emissions increased exponentially with increasing temperature and solar radiation. Therefore, the emission rates showed high variability. Consequently, the data were normalized to a standard temperature of 30°C, and standard emission rates thus determined allowed for interspecific and seasonal comparisons. The range of average daytime (10:00-16:00) emission rates of total VOCs measured from green (mature and young) grasses was between 510-960 ngC/g/h. Methanol was the primary emission (140-360 ngC/g/h), followed by acetaldehyde, butene and butanol and acetone with emission rates between 70-200 ngC/g/h. The emissions of propene and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) were <80 ngC/g/h, and those of isoprene and C5-alcohols were between 10-130 ngC/g/h. The oxygenated species represented 70-75% of the total. The emission of VOCs was found to vary by up to a factor of three between plants of the same species, and by up to a factor of two between the different species. The annual source of methanol from savanna grasses worldwide estimated in this work was 3 to 4.4 TgC, which could represent up to 12% of the current estimated global emission from terrestrial vegetation. Two of the studied tree species, were isoprene emitters, and isoprene was also their primary emission (which accounted for 70-94% of the total carbon emitted) followed by methanol and butene + butanol. The daytime average emission rate of isoprene measured in the wet season was 27 mgC/g/h for B. crassifolia, and 123 mgC/g/h for C. vitifolium. The daytime emissions of methanol and butene + butanol were between 0.3 and 2 mgC/g/h. The total sum of VOCs emission measured during the day in the wet season was between 30 and 130 mgC/g/h. In the dry season, in contrast, the methanol emissions from C. vitifolium saplings –whose leaves were still developing– were an order of magnitude higher than in the wet season (15 mgC/g/h). The isoprene emission from B. crassifolia in the dry season was comparable to the emission in the wet season, whereas isoprene emission from C. vitifolium was about a factor of three lower (~43 mgC/g/h). Biogenic emission inventories show that isoprenoids are the most prominent and best-studied compounds. The standard emission rates of isoprene and monoterpenes of the measured savanna trees were in the lower end of the range found in the literature. The emission of other biogenic VOCs has been sparsely investigated, but in general, the standard emissions from trees studied here were within the range observed in previous investigations. The biomass burning study comprised the measurement of VOCs and other trace-gas emissions of 44 fires from 15 different fuel types, primarily from Africa and Indonesia, in a combustion laboratory. The average sum of emissions (excluding CO2, CO and NO) from African fuels was ~18 g(VOC)/kg. Six of the ten most important emissions were oxygenated VOCs. Acetic acid was the major emission, followed by methanol and formaldehyde. The emission of methane was of the same order as the methanol emission (~5 g/kg), and that of nitrogen-containing compounds was ~1 g/kg. An estimate of the VOC source from biomass burning of savannas and grasslands worldwide suggests that the sum of emissions is about 56 Tg/yr, of which 34 Tg correspond to oxygenated VOCs, 14 Tg to unsaturated and aromatic compounds, 5 Tg to methane and 3 Tg to N-compounds. The estimated emissions of CO, CO2 and NO are 216, 5117 and 9.4 Tg/yr, respectively. The emission factors reported here for Indonesian fuels are the first results of laboratory fires using Indonesian fuels. Acetic acid was the highest organic emission, followed by acetol, a compound not previously reported in smoke, methane, mass 97 (tentatively identified as furfural, dimethylfuran and ethylfuran), and methanol. The sum of total emissions of Indonesian fuels was 91 g/kg, which is 5 times higher than the emissions from African fuels. The results of this study reinforces the importance of oxygenated compounds. Due to the vast area covered by tropical savannas worldwide, the biogenic and biomass burning emission of methanol and other oxygenated compounds may be important for the regional and even global tropospheric chemistry.