Length and sex effects on the spatial structure of catches of Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) on longline gear

Field experiments were conducted to test the hypotheses that Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) display small-scale spatial structure within longline catches, relative to other species and empty hooks, or within-species based on sex or length. Sequential hook-by-hook inventories, along with length and sex data, were taken at thirty-one survey stations. Two-dimensional spatial statistics were used to test for 1) aggregation, defined as the clustering of individuals within a given demographic of size or sex over small intervals of distance; and 2) segregation, defined as the sequential occurrence of individuals within a given demographic of size or sex, uninterrupted by other observations, irrespective of the distance between individuals. Statistically significant structure was detected within catches that is more commonly associated with fish length than sex. Significant spatial structuring occurred at 60% of all stations tested. Significant aggregation of halibut of legal length for commercial retention (≥82 cm) was detected at 44% of stations and aggregation of sublegal-size halibut was detected at 11%. Maleand female-based aggregations were observed at 22% and 11% of stations, respectively. Significant segregation of females was observed at 20% of stations, male segregation occurred at 8% of stations, and segregation by size at 16% of stations. Understanding small-scale spatial structure within longline catches may help us interpret changes in survey and commercial catch data. If structure is generated by behavior, then observed size-at-age or relative sex-ratios may be biased relative to underlying distributions. Although physical processes such as gape limitation should remain stable over the time, dynamic processes may be spatially and temporally variabl

Estimates of body sizes at maturation and at sex change, and the spawning seasonality and sex ratio of the endemic Hawaiian grouper (Hyporthodus quernus, F. Epinephelidae)

A case study of the reproductive biology of the endemic Hawaiian grouper or hapu’upu’u (Hyporthodus quernus) is presented as a model for comprehensive future studies of economically important epinephelid groupers. Specimens were collected throughout multiple years (1978–81, 1992–93, and 2005–08) from most reefs and banks of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. The absence of small males, presence of atretic oocytes and brown bodies in testes of mature males, and both developed ovarian and testicular tissues in the gonads of five transitional fish provided evidence of protogynous hermaphroditism. No small mature males were collected, indicating that Hawaiian grouper are monandrous (all males are sex-changed females). Complementary microscopic criteria also were used to assign reproductive stage and estimate median body sizes (L50) at female sexual maturity and at adult sex change from female to male. The L50 at maturation and at sex change was 580 ±8 (95% confidence interval [CI]) mm total length (TL) and 895 ±20 mm TL, respectively. The adult sex ratio was strongly female biased (6:1). Spawning seasonality was described by using gonadosomatic indices. Females began ripening in the fall and remained ripe through April. A February–June main spawning period that followed peak ripening was deduced from the proportion of females whose ovaries contained hydrated oocytes, postovulatory follicles, or both. Testes weights were not affected by season; average testes weight was only about 0.2% of body weight—an order of magnitude smaller than that for ovaries that peaked at 1–3% of body weight. The species’ reproductive life history is discussed in relation to its management.

Zaintzen garrantzia Haur Hezkuntzako lehenengo zikloan

[EUS] Gizarteak jasandako aldaketak direla eta, eskolatze goiztiarrak nabarmen egin du gora azken urteotan. Haurrak bere biziko lehen hilabeteetan gurasoengandik aldendu eta haur eskolara joan beharra dauka. Hala ere, lehen haurtzaroko edo 0-3 urte bitarteko haurren premiak ez dira Haur Hezkuntzako bigarren zikloko haurren beharrizanen berdinak eta, ondorioz, gure hezkuntza sistema egoera berri horretara egokitzen jarraitu beharra daukagu. Lan honetan haurra behatu eta tratatzeko eredu ezberdin bat aurkeztuko da, Emmi Pikler pediatrak sortutakoa eta Lóczy-n aurrera eramaten dena. Horretarako, Pikler-Lóczy pedagogia horretako atal batean, hots, eguneroko zaintzetan murgildu eta horiek sakon aztertzeari ekingo diogu. Eredu hori gure eremuko haur eskolakoetatik aldendu arren, gure jardunbidea birplanteatzeko aukera paregabea eskaintzen digu.

Accuracy of sex determination for northeastern Pacific Ocean thornyheads (Sebastolobus altivelis and S. alascanus)

Determining the sex of thornyheads (Sebastolobus alascanus and S. altivelis) can be difficult under field conditions. We assessed our ability to correctly assign sex in the field by comparing results from field observations to results obtained in the laboratory through both macroscopic and microscopic examination of gonads. Sex of longspine thornyheads was more difficult to determine than that of shortspine thornyheads and correct determination of sex was signif icantly related to size. By restricting the minimum size of thornyheads to 18 cm for macroscopic determination of sex we reduced the number of fish with misidentified sex by approximately 65%.

Analysis of sex-specific spawning biomass per recruit of the sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) in the waters off eastern Taiwan

Analyses of sex-specific yield per recruit and spawning stock biomass per recruit were conducted to evaluate the current status of the sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) fishery in the waters off eastern Taiwan. Natural mortality rates estimated from Pauly’s empirical equation were 0.26/yr for females and 0.27/yr for males. The current fishing mortality rates were estimated as 0.24/yr and 0.43/yr for females and males, respectively, which are much lower than the estimated F0 .1 (0.62/yr and 0.79/yr for females and males, respectively) and FSSB40 (0.46/yr for females) which are commonly used as target reference points in fisheries management. The effects of the fishing mortality, natural mortality, and age at first capture on the estimates of biological reference points were evaluated by using the Monte Carlo simulation. The results indicate that failure to consider the uncertainty in parameters such as natural mortality or age at first capture may lead to the improper estimation of biological reference points. This study indicates the possibility of current fishing mortality exceeding the target biological reference points may be negligible for sailfish in the waters off eastern Taiwan. However, in view of the recent rapid increase in fishing effort, it is evident that the stock status and development of the fishery need to be closely monitore

The western blue groper (Achoerodus gouldii), a protogynous hermaphroditic labrid with exceptional longevity, late maturity, slow growth, and both late maturation and sex change

The western blue groper (Achoerodus gouldii) is shown to be a temperate protogynous hermaphrodite, which spawns between early winter and mid-spring. Because A. gouldii changes body color at about the time of sex change, its color can be used as a proxy for sex for estimating the size and age at sex change and for estimating growth when it is not possible to use gonads for determining the sex of this fish. The following characteristics make A. gouldii highly susceptible to overfishing: 1) exceptional longevity, with a maximum age (70 years) that is by far the greatest yet estimated for a labrid; 2) slow growth for the first 15 years and little subsequent growth by females; and 3) late maturation at a large total length (TL50 = 653 mm) and old age (~17 years) and 4) late sex change at an even greater total length (TL50 = 821 mm) and age (~35 years). The TL50 at maturity and particularly at sex change exceeded the minimum legal total length (500 mm) of A. gouldii and the lengths of many recreationally and commercially caught fish. Many of these characteristics are found in certain deep-water fishes that are likewise considered susceptible to overfishing. Indeed, although fishing effort for A. gouldii in Western Australia is not particularly high, per-recruit analyses indicate that this species is already close to or fully exploited.

Distribution of red deepsea crab (Chaceon quinquedens) by size and sex in the Gulf of Mexico

The red deepsea crab (Chaceon quinquedens (Smith, 1879)) has supported a commercial fishery off the coast of New England since the 1970s (Wigley et al., 1975) and has had annual harvests from 400 metric tons (t) (1996) to 4000 t (2001) (NEFMC, 2002). In 2002, a fishery management plan for the northeast fishery on the Atlantic coast was implemented and total allowable catch was reduced to approximately 2500 t (NEFMC, 2002). Although there are management plans for the golden crab (C. fenneri) and the red deep sea crab for Atlantic coast regions, there is no fishery management plan for red deepsea crabs in the Gulf of Mexico. Successful management for sustainable harvests should be based on a knowledge of the life history of the species, but C. quinquedens has been a difficult species for which to obtain life history and abundance information because of its deep distribution.

No evidence of bias from fish behavior in the selectivity of size and sex of the protogynous red porgy (Pagrus pagrus, Sparidae) by hook-and-line gear

Most fisheries select the size of fish to be caught (are size selective), and many factors, including gear, market demands, species distributions, fishery laws, and the behavior of both fishermen and fish, can contribute to that selectivity. Most fishing gear is size-selective and some, such as gill nets, are more so than others. The targeting behavior of fishermen is another key reason commercial and recreational fisheries tend to be size-selective. The more successful fishermen constantly seek areas and methods that yield larger or more profitable sizes of fish. Fishery regulations, especially size limits, produce size-selective harvests. Another factor with the potential to cause selectivity in a hook-and-line fishery is the different behavioral responses of fish to the bait or lure, whether the different responses arise among different fish sizes or between the sexes.

Identification of Sex and Female’s Reproductive Stage in Commercial Fish Species through the Quantification of Ribosomal Transcripts in Gonads

The estimation of maturity and sex of fish stocks in European waters is a requirement of the EU Data Collection Framework as part of the policy to improve fisheries management. On the other hand, research on fish biology is increasingly focused in molecular approaches, researchers needing correct identification of fish sex and reproductive stage without necessarily having in house the histological know-how necessary for the task. Taking advantage of the differential gene transcription occurring during fish sex differentiation and gametogenesis, the utility of 5S ribosomal RNA (5S rRNA) and General transcription factor IIIA (gtf3a) in the molecular identification of sex and gametogenic stage was tested in different economically-relevant fish species from the Bay of Biscay. Gonads of 9 fish species (, Atlantic, Atlantic-chub and horse mackerel, blue whiting, bogue, European anchovy, hake and pilchard and megrim), collected from local commercial fishing vessels were histologically sexed and 5S and 18S rRNA concentrations were quantified by capillary electrophoresis to calculate a 5S/18S rRNA index. Degenerate primers permitted cloning and sequencing of gtf3a fragments in 7 of the studied species. 5S rRNA and gtf3a transcript levels, together with 5S/18S rRNA index, distinguished clearly ovaries from testis in all of the studied species. The values were always higher in females than in males. 5S/18S rRNA index values in females were always highest when fish were captured in early phases of ovary development whilst, in later vitellogenic stages, the values decreased significantly. In megrim and European anchovy, where gonads in different oogenesis stages were obtained, the 5S/18S rRNA index identified clearly gametogenic stage. This approach, to the sexing and the quantitative non-subjective identification of the maturity stage of female fish, could have multiple applications in the study of fish stock dynamics, fish reproduction and fecundity and fish biology in general.

Fé cega, faca amolada: reflexões acerca da assistência médico-cirúrgica à intersexualidade na cidade do Rio de Janeiro

Este trabalho teve como objetivo refletir sobre o protocolo médico dispensado à intersexualidade. Os nascimentos de bebês intersex vêm sendo entendidos como urgências biológicas e sociais, naturalizando-se uma necessidade cirúrgica durante a infância. As operações pretendem fixar anatomicamente o padrão masculino ou feminino hegemônico para que não haja equívocos na atribuição de sexo/gênero. No entanto, este tipo de solução não é consensual fora do campo biomédico e em diferentes esferas sociais, acadêmicas, ativistas e operadores da justiça, levantam-se questões no que concerne às normalizações em genitálias de crianças e adolescentes intersexuais. Partindo das divergências a respeito dos procedimentos precoces, esta pesquisa pretendeu compreender os argumentos, biológicos e sociais, acionados para sustentar a prática cirúrgica normalizadora de genitais considerados fora do padrão standart masculino ou feminino. Para tal, foram realizadas entrevistas com nove profissionais de saúde que prestam assistência a pessoas intersexuais e suas famílias na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Como estratégia complementar, foi feito um levantamento bibliográfico na literatura especializada brasileira acerca de estudos longitudinais sobre os resultados cirúrgicos. A partir deste material, buscou-se refletir sobre as concepções de gênero e sexualidade que orientam o tratamento e sobre como tais concepções se articulam às definições de saúde oferecidas por esses profissionais para justificar os procedimentos corretivos. A análise permitiu refletir acerca da prática médica local, demonstrando que a atenção oferecida a estas pessoas se articula a uma vulnerabilidade social a partir de outros marcadores (classe, origem regional). Além disso, a promessa de restauração da normalidade via intervenção cirúrgica não se reflete nos estudos longitudinais que, além de escassos, trazem indicadores inconsistentes e imprecisos.

Sex-change rules, stock dynamics, and the performance of spawning-per-recruit measures in protogynous stocks

Predicting and under-standing the dynamics of a population requires knowledge of vital rates such as survival, growth, and reproduction. However, these variables are influenced by individual behavior, and when managing exploited populations, it is now generally realized that knowledge of a species’ behavior and life history strategies is required. However, predicting and understanding a response to novel conditions—such as increased fishing-induced mortality, changes in environmental conditions, or specific management strategies—also require knowing the endogenous or exogenous cues that induce phenotypic changes and knowing whether these behaviors and life history patterns are plastic. Although a wide variety of patterns of sex change have been observed in the wild, it is not known how the specific sex-change rule and cues that induce sex change affect stock dynamics. Using an individual based model, we examined the effect of the sex-change rule on the predicted stock dynamics, the effect of mating group size, and the performance of traditional spawning-per-recruit (SPR) measures in a protogynous stock. We considered four different patterns of sex change in which the probability of sex change is determined by 1) the absolute size of the individual, 2) the relative length of individuals at the mating site, 3) the frequency of smaller individuals at the mating site, and 4) expected reproductive success. All four pat-terns of sex change have distinct stock dynamics. Although each sex-change rule leads to the prediction that the stock will be sensitive to the size-selective fishing pattern and may crash if too many reproductive size classes are fished, the performance of traditional spawning-per-recruit measures, the fishing pattern that leads to the greatest yield, and the effect of mating group size all differ distinctly for the four sex-change rules. These results indicate that the management of individual species requires knowledge of whether sex change occurs, as well as an understanding of the endogenous or exogenous cues that induce sex change.

A responsabilidade dos pais pelos atos dos filhos menores

Trata-se de estudo sobre a responsabilidade dos pais em caso de ato ilícito cometido pelo filho menor. Nos termos do artigo 932, I, do atual Código Civil brasileiro, os pais respondem pelos atos dos filhos que estiverem sob sua autoridade e em sua companhia. Nesse sentido, intenta-se esclarecer conceitos como paternidade, autoridade e companhia a fim de melhor compreender o alcance da norma. O exercício da autoridade parental e a garantia da vítima serão apresentados como fundamentos do dever dos pais de reparar os danos causados por seus filhos. Partindo-se desses fundamentos, busca-se também nova abordagem do instituto do poder familiar, levando em consideração a mudança na concepção das famílias nos últimos anos. O desempenho da autoridade por outras figuras, como os avós e os padrastos, permitem reflexões em torno da responsabilidade sobre os menores que estão sob seus cuidados, principalmente no que pertine ao dever de reparar os danos causados. Acerca do fenômeno da responsabilidade civil, atenta-se para a grande preocupação com a vítima, merecedora de indenização pelos prejuízos sofridos. A possibilidade de atingir o patrimônio de terceiros, independente da caracterização da culpa, sinaliza a garantia dada ao ofendido. A mesma importância merece o interesse do menor, seja no que diz respeito ao seu patrimônio, seja em suas relações existenciais. Em razão disso, o estudo também aborda o ato ilícito cometido por menores, partindo de uma releitura do regime das capacidades, a fim de considerar a análise da conduta culposa do ofensor a partir do seu possível discernimento. Os princípios constitucionais como melhor interesse da criança e do adolescente, dignidade da pessoa humana, solidariedade, igualdade e paternidade responsável figuram como diretrizes à compreensão do tema.

Sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria, Populations on Gulf of Alaska Seamounts

Sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria, were tagged and released on Gulf of Alaska seamounts during 1999–2002 to determine the extent, if any, of emigration from the seamounts back to the continental slope and of movement between seamounts. Seventeen sablefish from Gulf of Alaska seamounts have been recovered on the continental slope since tagging began, verifying that seamount to slope migration occurs. Forty-two sablefish were recovered on the same seamounts where they were tagged, and none have been recaptured on seamounts other than the ones where they were released. Sablefish populations on Gulf of Alaska seamounts are made up of individuals mostly older than 5 years and are maledominant, with sex ratios varying from 4:1 up to 10:1 males to females. Males are smaller than females, but the average age of males is greater than that of females, and males have a greater range of age (4–64 yr) than females (4–48 yr). Otoliths of seamount fish frequently have an area of highly compressed annuli, known as the transition zone, where growth has suddenly and greatly slowed or even stopped. Because transition zones can be present in both younger and older seamount fish and are rare in slope fish, formation of otolith transition zones may be related to travel to the seamounts. The route sablefish use to reach the seamounts is so far unknown. One possibility is that fish enter the eastward-flowing North Pacific Current off the Aleutian Islands or western Gulf of Alaska and travel more or less passively on the current until encountering a seamount. The route from seamount back to slope would likely be the northwardflowing Alaska Current. These routes are discussed in light of tag recovery locations of slope- and seamount-tagged fish.

Consumo de álcool e exposição ao HIV entre universitários: associação dos conhecimentos sobre HIV e práticas sexuais

O objetivo deste estudo é discutir a associação entre padrão de consumo de álcool e dimensões de risco à exposição ao HIV, desdobradas em conhecimento sobre HIV e práticas sexuais entre universitários. Trata-se de uma pesquisa transversal com abordagem quantitativa, realizada com 416 universitários de 14 cursos distintos. Os dados foram coletados através de dois instrumentos e tratados através de estatística descritiva com o software SPSS 21.0. A pesquisa foi autorizada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, sob n 003.3.2012. A população de estudo é predominantemente do sexo masculino (59,6%), com faixa etária entre 19 a 22 anos (54,3%), de cor branca (57,5%), sem companheiros (69,2%) ou filhos (92,3%) e com maior percentual de católicos (31,3%) e daqueles que não possuem religião (33,7%). Destaca-se, ainda, que são possuidores de computador ou eletrônicos portáteis (98,8%) com fácil acesso à internet (96,8%). Os principais achados apontam que a maioria faz uso de álcool (60%), com a proporção de 7 homens para cada 3 mulheres. Relacionado ao AUDIT, foi identificado predomínio das zonas I (abstinência ou baixo risco-73,8%) e II (uso nocivo-20,4%). Sobre as relações sexuais, a maioria afirmou ter experiência sexual (69,5%), com idade da primeira relação entre 16 e 18 anos (54%), no entanto, mais homens (54,3%) afirmaram manter relações sexuais após o consumo de álcool do que mulheres (45,7%). Apesar do conhecimento sobre HIV/aids e álcool ser considerado como fator protetor pela literatura vigente, constatou-se que não há associação deste conhecimento com a prática sexual mais segura. Independente do padrão de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, os universitários apresentam o mesmo tipo de prática sexual, muitas vezes se expondo à infecção ao HIV e outras doenças sexualmente transmissíveis. Dentre os dados analisados, um dos motivos de exposição ao HIV/Aids são as relações sexuais após a ingestão de bebida alcoólicas e o não uso de preservativos nestas situações. O consumo exagerado de bebidas alcoólicas está ligado ao sexo masculino e este grupo apresenta práticas sexuais de maior risco. Sugere-se que novos estudos possam analisar a relação de causa e efeito para verificar quais fatores podem influenciar de fato a exposição ao HIV de estudantes usuários de álcool. Estas informações são relevantes para conhecermos a atual demanda desse grupo e focar nas reais necessidades que são imperiosas para a prevenção dos futuros danos nocivos à saúde individual e coletiva. Torna-se necessário compreender qual é a demanda dos jovens em se expor a diversos riscos à saúde adotando práticas não seguras e, principalmente, o que de fato modula estas condutas.