Secondary flows induced by the rotation of a sphere or coaxial cones in micropolar fluids

The micropolar fluids like Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids cannot sustain a simple shearing motion, wherein only one component of velocity is present. They exhibit both primary and secondary motions when the boundaries are subject to slow rotations. The primary motion, as in Non-Newtonian fluids, characterized by the equation due to Rivlin-Ericksen, Oldroyd, Walters etc., resembles that of Newtonian fluid for slow steady rotation. We further notice that the micro-rotation becomes identically equal to the vorticity present in the fluid and the condition b) of "Wall vorticity" can alone be satisfied at the boundaries. As regards, the secondary motion, we notice that it can be determined by the above procedure for a special class of fluids, namely that for which j0(n2-n3)=4 n3/l2. Moreover for this class of fluids, the micro-rotation is identical with the vorticity of the fluid everywhere. Also the stream function for the secondary flow is identical with that for the Newtonian fluid with a suitable definition of the Reynolds number. In contrast with the Non-Newtonian fluids, characterized by the equation due to Rivlin-Ericksen, Oldroyd, Walters etc., this class of micropolar fluids does not show separation. This is in conformity with the statement of Condiff and Dahler (3) that in any steady flow, internal spin matches the vorticity everywhere provided that (i) spin boundary conditions are satisfied, (ii) body torques and non-conservative body forces are absent, and (iii) inertial and spin-inertial terms are either negligible or vanish identically.

ESR and optical absorption studies in copper diethyldithiocarbamate

ESR investigations at X band and optical-absorption measurements have been reported in single crystals of copper (n) diethyldithiocarbamate Cu[S 2CN(C2H5)2]2 diluted to 0.2% with the corresponding zinc complex. The measurements have been made both at room and liquid-oxygen temperatures. ESR measurements gave the following values for the parameters in spin Hamiltonian g11=2.1085, g=2.023(6), A63= 142.4×10-4 cm-1, A65 = 152.0×10-4 cm-1, B = 22.4×10-4 cm-1, Q~3×10-4 cm-1. Polarized optical absorption study has made possible a proper assignment of the absorption bands to their corresponding transitions. This has led to information regarding the ordering of the MO levels of the complex. The coefficients used in the MO description of the complex have been calculated from the observed parameters. The results show that the metal ligand BIσ bond is purely covalent and that the out-of-plane w bonding is appreciably covalent whereas the in-plane Π bonding is ionic. Further, it is noted that the metal ligand binding is more covalent with sulfur as ligand than with oxygen or nitrogen.

Content of zinc, iron and their absorption inhibitors in Nicaraguan common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

Protein-energy malnutrition and mineral deficiencies are two of the three forms of nutritional deficiencies that affect most developing countries due to inadequate access to food and diets based on a sole crop. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the staple crop of Nicaragua and it has the potential to improve the nutritional status of the poorest group of the nation. Its high content of both protein and nonhaem iron provides many nutrients, but inhibitors also may prevent absorption of iron and zinc by the human consumer. A proper production chain must be followed to ensure the best grain quality for the consumer. To achieve food security, both production and high nutritional content must be maintained. Four nationally important accessions of common bean, with different harvesting dates, were selected to be submitted to two treatments: to evaluate the impact of storage conditions on the end quality of the grain. The duration of the study was six months with sampling every six weeks, and the two treatments were controlled one stored at 40°C and 75 RH %, and the other was stored in in-situ conditions. Proximate and mineral composition was evaluated as well as tannin, phytate and bioavailability. Significant differences among different accessions were found, being the most significant in protein, Fe and Zn content, tannins and phytate. Protein values ranged from 21-23%. Iron content was 61-81 mg/kg but only 3-4% was bioavailable. Zinc content was 21-25 mg/kg and 10-12% was bioavailable. The concentration of phytate ranged from 8.6-9.6 mg/g while tannin values ranged within 37.7-43.8 mg/g. Storage at high temperatures was demonstrated to have an impact on certain nutritional compounds and proved detrimental to final grain quality. Soluble sugar content and tannin content decreased after six months in both storage conditions, IDF decreased in the in-situ and SDF in the stress. The iron content and bioavailability in INTA Biofortificado were not as outstanding as expected, so experiments should be conducted to compare its iron uptake and delivery with other cultivars.

Catalytic dehydrogenation of 2-propanol to acetone

Catalytic dehydrogenation of 2-propanol over Cu-SiO2 catalyst was investigated. The undesired side reaction of dehydration can be controlled by a selective catalyst and choice of proper operating conditions. The kinetics of the heterogeneous catalytic reaction can be adequately expressed by a forward first-order and reverse second-order mechanism. The rate-controlling step with chemically pure 2-propanol is single-site surface reaction, while for the technical grade alcohol the adsorption of alcohol is rate-controlling. The static bed data are compared with the fluidized bed dat

Raman spectrum of C-deuteratedγ-glycine (NH 3+ CD2COO−)

The Raman spectrum of C-deuterated γ-glycine (NH3+CD2COO-) in the crystal powder form was taken using λ 2536·5 excitation. 26 Raman lines were recorded. Of these, eight lines are attributed to the external oscillations and eighteen Raman lines to the internal oscillations. Proper assignments are given to the observed frequencies.

Free energy of mixing of divalent basic oxides with silica

An expression derived for the free energy of mixing of a divalent basic oxide (MO) with SiO2 based on a model of silicate structure, takes into account the distribution of O2- (from MO) into the silica network, the mixing of silicate ions with O2- and the enthalpy of mixing. The resulting expression is ΔGmix=RT{N11n (2N1-N)2/4N1(1-N)+N21n N 2-N/1-N}, where N={(β+N1)-√(β+N 1)2-8βN1N2}/2β β=characteristic constant for the system N1=mol fraction of silica N2=mol fraction of MO. For the proper choice of β, calculated values of the activity of MO for the system PbO-SiO2, MnO-SiO2, FeO-SiO2 and CaO-SiO2 are in good agreement with experiment. The model predicts that the activity of the basic oxide decreases with increase in temperature.

The Raman spectra of organic compounds -Part I. Methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and n-butyl alcohols

The Raman spectra of methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol and n-butyl alcohol have been recorded using λ 2537 excitation. 35, 49, 45 and 51 Raman lines respectively have been identified in the spectra of these alcohols, in addition to the rotational 'wings'. In each case, a large number of additional lines have been recorded. The existence of Raman lines with frequency shifts greater than 3800 cm.-1, first reported by Bolla in the spectrum of ethyl alcohol, has been confirmed. Similar high-frequency shift Raman lines have also been recorded in the spectrum of methyl alcohol. They have been assigned as combinations. Proper assignments have been given for the prominent Raman lines appearing in the spectra of these alcohols.

Raman spectra of addition compounds of glycine (diglycine hydrochloride, diglycine hydrobromide and diglycine nitrate)

Raman spectra of single crystals of diglycine hydrochloride, diglycine hydrobromide and diglycine nitrate have been recorded for the first time. λ 2536·5 resonance radiation of mercury has been used as exciter. The spectrum of diglycine hydrochloride exhibits 10 low frequency lines and 41 lines due to internal oscillations, while that of diglycine hydrobromide exhibits 11 lines and 41 lines respectively. In the case of diglycine nitrate 46 lines have been recorded, of which 10 belong to the lattice spectrum. These spectra are compared with the Raman spectra of triglycine sulphate and α-glycine and proper assignments have been given to the internal oscillations.

E-learning in a rural context: Alternative media and contemporary applications

This report has been written as part of the E-ruralnet –project that addresses e-learning as a means for enhancing lifelong learning opportunities in rural areas, with emphasis on SMEs, micro-enterprises, self-employed and persons seeking employment. E-ruralnet is a European network project part-funded by the European Commission in the context of the Lifelong Learning Programme, Transversal projects-ICT. This report aims to address two issues identified as requiring attention in the previous Observatory study: firstly, access to e-learning for rural areas that have not adequate ICT infrastructure; and secondly new learning approaches introduced through new interactive ICT tools such as web 2.0., wikis, podcasts etc. The possibility of using alternative technology in addition to computers is examined (mobile telephones, DVDs) as well as new approaches to learning (simulation, serious games). The first part of the report examines existing literature on e-learning and what e-learning is all about. Institutional users, learners and instructors/teachers are all looked at separately. We then turn to the implementation of e-learning from the organizational point of view and focus on quality issues related to e-learning. The report includes a separate chapter or e-learning from the rural perspective since most of Europe is geographically speaking rural and the population in those areas is that which could most benefit from the possibilities introduced by the e-learning development. The section titled “Alternative media”, in accordance with the project terminology, looks at standalone technology that is of particular use to rural areas without proper internet connection. It also evaluates the use of new tools and media in e-learning and takes a look at m-learning. Finally, the use of games, serious games and simulations in learning is considered. Practical examples and cases are displayed in a box to facilitate pleasant reading.

Kirjallisuuskatsaus: Eturauhassyövän androgeeniresponsiiviset in vivo -mallit; Kokeellinen osa: Bioluminesenssiin perustuvan ortotooppisen eturauhassyöpämallin optimointi

Eturauhassyöpä on yksi yleisimmistä syövistä länsimaissa. Eturauhassyöpä on yleensä hitaasti kehittyvä tauti. Edetessään se voi kuitenkin muuntua aggressiivisemmaksi ja aiheuttaa metastaaseja, jotka ovat pääasiallisena syynä taudin kuolleisuuteen. Androgeenit ovat merkittäviä tekijöitä eturauhassyövän patogeneesissä ja eturauhassyöpäkudos on useimmiten riippuvainen androgeeneista. Tämän vuoksi hoidon tavoitteena on estää niiden eritys kirurgisella tai kemiallisella kastraatiolla ja/tai estää androgeenien vaikutus antiandrogeeneilla. Eturauhassyöpää sekä sen hoitoon tarkoitettuja uusia lääkehoitomahdollisuuksia tutkitaan kiivaasti. Eturauhassyövän tutkimiseen on kehitetty lukematon määrä erilaisia in vivo -malleja. Koska eturauhassyöpä on yleensä androgeeneille herkkä, kuvaavat androgeeniresponsiiviset eläinmallit ihmisen tautia parhaiten. Eturauhassyövän mallintamiseen in vivo voidaan käyttää eri eläinlajeja, mutta hiiri on ylivoimaisesti käytetyin mallieläin. Immuunipuutteisiin hiiriin voidaan aiheuttaa kasvaimia inokuloimalla ihmisen kasvainsoluja tai osia ihmisen kasvaimista. Ortotooppisesti eturauhaseen inokuloitavat kasvainmallit mallintavat eturauhassyövässä esiintyvää syöpäsolujen ja stroomasolujen välistä epänormaalia vuorovaikutusta. Muuntogeeniset hiirimallit ovat yhä yleisempiä eturauhassyövän tutkimuksessa. Muuntogeenisilla malleilla voidaan mallintaa taudin kehittymistä ja sen etenemistä kokonaisuudessaan parhaiten. Eturauhasessa olevaa kasvainta ja sen kasvua on vaikea seurata ilman prostataspesifisen antigeenin (PSA) pitoisuuden mittausta tai erityisiä kuvantamistekniikoita. Tällaisia menetelmiä, kuten optista kuvantamista, käytetään yhä enemmän hyödyksi erilaisissa eturauhassyövän in vivo -malleissa. Tutkielman kokeellisen osan tavoitteena oli optimoida bioluminesenssiin perustuva optinen kuvantamismenetelmä androgeeniresponsiivisessa LNCaP-luc2-solulinjassa ortotooppisessa eturauhassyöpämallissa. Bioluminesenssikuvantaminen perustuu kasvainsolujen ilmentämän lusiferaasin katalysoimaan reaktioon, jossa entsyymin substraatti, lusiferiini, hapettuu ja tuottaa näkyvää valoa. Lisäksi tavoitteena oli tutkia lääkehoitojen ja kastraation vasteita mallissa. Bioluminesenssiin perustuvalla kuvantamisella oli mahdollista seurata eturauhaskasvainten kasvua noninvasiivisesti, reaaliaikaisesti ja toistuvasti. Bioluminesenssikuvantamisen avulla kasvainten kvantitointi oli nopeampaa kuin ultraäänikuvantamisen avulla, ja kasvainten kasvua oli myös mahdollista seurata useammin kuin seerumin PSA-mittausten avulla. Bioluminesenssikuvantamisen todettiin korreloivan paremmin PSA-pitoisuuden kanssa kuin kasvaimen todelliseen kokoon lopetushetkellä. Seerumin PSA-pitoisuus korreloi kuitenkin bioluminesenssimittausta paremmin eturauhaskasvaimen kokoon tässä kokeessa. Kasvainten oletettua suurempaa kokoa voidaan pitää todennäköisimpänä syynä sille, ettei lääkehoitojen tai kastraation todettu vaikuttavan kasvainten kasvuun bioluminesenssikuvantamisella mitattuna. Bioluminesenssikuvantaminen ei sovellu suurille eikä nekroottisille kasvaimille, sillä kuvantamismenetelmä toimii vain elävillä soluilla. Bioluminesenssikuvantamisen hyödyntämisen kannalta oleellista tässä mallissa on myös lusiferiini-injektion onnistuminen. Jatkotutkimuksia tarvitaan edelleen mallin validoimiseksi mm. lääkehoitojen vasteiden osoittamiseksi.

Discursive (de)legitimation of a contested Finnish greenfield investment project in Latin America

Despite the central role of legitimacy in corporate social responsibility debate, little is known of subtle meaning-making processes through which social actors attempt to establish or de-establish legitimacy for socially contested corporate undertakings, and through which they, at the same time, struggle to define the proper social role and responsibility of corporations. We investigated these processes in the context of the intense socio-political conflict around the Finnish forest industry company Metsa¨-Botnia’s world-scale pulp mill in Uruguay. A critical discursive analysis of Finnish media texts highlights three types of struggle that characterized the media coverage: legalistic argumentation, truth fights, and political battles. Interestingly, this case illustrates how the corporate representatives — with the help of the national media — tend to frame the issue in legalistic terms, emphasize their expert knowledge in technical and environmental evaluations, and distance themselves from political disputes. We argue that similar tendencies are likely to characterize corporate social responsibility debates more generally.

Nonlinear aeroelasticity of rotating and flapping wings - a review

The interaction between large deflections, rotation effects and unsteady aerodynamics makes the dynamic analysis of rotating and flapping wing a nonlinear aeroelastic problem. This problem is governed by nonlinear periodic partial differential equations whose solution is needed to calculate the response and loads acting on vehicles using rotary or flapping wings for lift generation. We look at three important problems in this paper. The first problem shows the effect of nonlinear phenomenon coming from piezoelectric actuators used for helicopter vibration control. The second problem looks at the propagation on material uncertainty on the nonlinear response, vibration and aeroelastic stability of a composite helicopter rotor. The third problem considers the use of piezoelectric actuators for generating large motions in a dragonfly inspired flapping wing. These problems provide interesting insights into nonlinear aeroelasticity and show the likelihood of surprising phenomenon which needs to be considered during the design of rotary and flapping wing vehicle

Two-Phase Thermodynamic Model for Efficient and Accurate Absolute Entropy of Water from Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Presented here is the two-phase thermodynamic (2PT) model for the calculation of energy and entropy of molecular fluids from the trajectory of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In this method, the density of state (DoS) functions (including the normal modes of translation, rotation, and intramolecular vibration motions) are determined from the Fourier transform of the corresponding velocity autocorrelation functions. A fluidicity parameter (f), extracted from the thermodynamic state of the system derived from the same MD, is used to partition the translation and rotation modes into a diffusive, gas-like component (with 3Nf degrees of freedom) and a nondiffusive, solid-like component. The thermodynamic properties, including the absolute value of entropy, are then obtained by applying quantum statistics to the solid component and applying hard sphere/rigid rotor thermodynamics to the gas component. The 2PT method produces exact thermodynamic properties of the system in two limiting states: the nondiffusive solid state (where the fluidicity is zero) and the ideal gas state (where the fluidicity becomes unity). We examine the 2PT entropy for various water models (F3C, SPC, SPC/E, TIP3P, and TIP4P-Ew) at ambient conditions and find good agreement with literature results obtained based on other simulation techniques. We also validate the entropy of water in the liquid and vapor phases along the vapor-liquid equilibrium curve from the triple point to the critical point. We show that this method produces converged liquid phase entropy in tens of picoseconds, making it an efficient means for extracting thermodynamic properties from MD simulations.

Vibrational force constant and electron relaxation in H2 and Li2

The force constants of H2 and Li2 are evaluated employing their extended Hartree-Fock wavefunctions by a polynomial fit of their force curves. It is suggested that, based on incomplete multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock wavefunctions, force constants calculated from the energy derivatives are numerically more accurate than those obtained from the derivatives of the Hellmann-Feynman forces. It is observed that electrons relax during the nuclear vibrations in such a fashion as to facilitate the nuclear motions.

Monetary Policy Implementation in the Interbank Market

The liquidity crisis that swept through the financial markets in 2007 triggered multi-billion losses and forced buyouts of some large banks. The resulting credit crunch is sometimes compared to the great recession in the early twentieth century. But the crisis also serves as a reminder of the significance of the interbank market and of proper central bank policy in this market. This thesis deals with implementation of monetary policy in the interbank market and examines how central bank tools affect commercial banks' decisions. I answer the following questions: • What is the relationship between the policy setup and interbank interest rate volatility? (averaging reserve requirement reduces the volatility) • What can explain a weak relationship between market liquidity and the interest rate? (high reserve requirement buffer) • What determines banks' decisions on when to satisfy the reserve requirement? (market frictions) • How did the liquidity crisis that began in 2007 affect interbank market behaviour? (resulted in higher credit risk and trading frictions as well as expected liquidity shortage)