Random regression analyses using B-spline functions to model growth of Nellore cattle

The objective of this study was to estimate (co)variance components using random regression on B-spline functions to weight records obtained from birth to adulthood. A total of 82 064 weight records of 8145 females obtained from the data bank of the Nellore Breeding Program (PMGRN/Nellore Brazil) which started in 1987, were used. The models included direct additive and maternal genetic effects and animal and maternal permanent environmental effects as random. Contemporary group and dam age at calving (linear and quadratic effect) were included as fixed effects, and orthogonal Legendre polynomials of age (cubic regression) were considered as random covariate. The random effects were modeled using B-spline functions considering linear, quadratic and cubic polynomials for each individual segment. Residual variances were grouped in five age classes. Direct additive genetic and animal permanent environmental effects were modeled using up to seven knots (six segments). A single segment with two knots at the end points of the curve was used for the estimation of maternal genetic and maternal permanent environmental effects. A total of 15 models were studied, with the number of parameters ranging from 17 to 81. The models that used B-splines were compared with multi-trait analyses with nine weight traits and to a random regression model that used orthogonal Legendre polynomials. A model fitting quadratic B-splines, with four knots or three segments for direct additive genetic effect and animal permanent environmental effect and two knots for maternal additive genetic effect and maternal permanent environmental effect, was the most appropriate and parsimonious model to describe the covariance structure of the data. Selection for higher weight, such as at young ages, should be performed taking into account an increase in mature cow weight. Particularly, this is important in most of Nellore beef cattle production systems, where the cow herd is maintained on range conditions. There is limited modification of the growth curve of Nellore cattle with respect to the aim of selecting them for rapid growth at young ages while maintaining constant adult weight.

Longitudinal familial analysis of blood pressure involving parametric (co)variance functions

Abstract Background For analyzing longitudinal familial data we adopted a log-linear form to incorporate heterogeneity in genetic variance components over the time, and additionally a serial correlation term in the genetic effects at different levels of ages. Due to the availability of multiple measures on the same individual, we permitted environmental correlations that may change across time. Results Systolic blood pressure from family members from the first and second cohort was used in the current analysis. Measures of subjects receiving hypertension treatment were set as censored values and they were corrected. An initial check of the variance and covariance functions proposed for analyzing longitudinal familial data, using empirical semi-variogram plots, indicated that the observed trait dispersion pattern follows the assumptions adopted. Conclusion The corrections for censored phenotypes based on ordinary linear models may be an appropriate simple model to correct the data, ensuring that the original variability in the data was retained. In addition, empirical semi-variogram plots are useful for diagnosis of the (co)variance model adopted.

Reconstruction of spatiotemporal capture data by means of orthogonal functions: the case of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in the central-east Atlantic

[EN] The information provided by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) on captures of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in the central-east Atlantic has a number of limitations, such as gaps in the statistics for certain fleets and the level of spatiotemporal detail at which catches are reported. As a result, the quality of these data and their effectiveness for providing management advice is limited. In order to reconstruct missing spatiotemporal data of catches, the present study uses Data INterpolating Empirical Orthogonal Functions (DINEOF), a technique for missing data reconstruction, applied here for the first time to fisheries data. DINEOF is based on an Empirical Orthogonal Functions decomposition performed with a Lanczos method. DINEOF was tested with different amounts of missing data, intentionally removing values from 3.4% to 95.2% of data loss, and then compared with the same data set with no missing data. These validation analyses show that DINEOF is a reliable methodological approach of data reconstruction for the purposes of fishery management advice, even when the amount of missing data is very high.

A study of epistemic modality in academic and popularised discourse: the case of possibility adverbs perhaps, maybe and possibly

[EN] This paper describes the use of perhaps, maybe and possibly in a cross-disciplinary corpus of academic and popularised scientific writing. It accounts for their higher frequency in popularised discourse by investigating their functions in detail. The analysis, conducted from various perspectives (syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and rhetorical), suggests that two factors are at work: the evidential basis for the epistemic assessment and the mode of discourse the marker is most closely associated with.

Introduzione alla teoria delle ranking functions

La tesi si occupa della teoria delle ranking functions di W. Spohn, dottrina epistemologica il cui fine è dare una veste logica rigorosa ai concetti di causalità, legge di natura, spiegazione scientifica, a partire dalla nozione di credenza. Di tale teoria manca ancora una esposizione organica e unitaria e, soprattutto, formulata in linguaggio immediatamente accessibile. Nel mio lavoro, che si presenta come introduzione ad essa, è anche messa a raffronto con le teorie che maggiormente l’hanno influenzata o rispetto alle quali si pone come avversaria. Il PRIMO CAPITOLO si concentra sulla teoria di P. Gärdenfors, il più diretto predecessore e ispiratore di Spohn. Questo consente al lettore di acquisire familiarità con le nozioni di base della logica epistemica. La conoscenza, nella teoria del filosofo svedese, è concepita come processo di acquisizione ed espulsione di credenze, identificate con proposizioni, da un insieme. I tre maggiori fenomeni epistemici sono l’espansione, la revisione e la contrazione. Nel primo caso si immagazzina una proposizione in precedenza sconosciuta, nel secondo se ne espelle una a causa dell’acquisizione della sua contraddittoria, nel terzo si cancella una proposizione per amore di ipotesi e si investigano le conseguenze di tale cancellazione. Controparte linguistica di quest’ultimo fenomeno è la formulazione di un condizionale controfattuale. L’epistemologo, così come Gärdenfors concepisce il suo compito, è fondamentalmente un logico che deve specificare funzioni: vale a dire, le regole che deve rispettare ciascun passaggio da un insieme epistemico a un successivo per via di espansione, revisione e contrazione. Il SECONDO CAPITOLO tratta infine della teoria di Spohn, cercando di esporla in modo esauriente ma anche molto semplice. Anche in Spohn evidentemente il concetto fondamentale è quello di funzione: si tratta però in questo caso di quella regola di giudizio soggettivo che, a ciascuna credenza, identificata con una proposizione, associa un grado (un rank), espresso da un numero naturale positivo o dallo zero. Un rank è un grado di non-credenza (disbelief). Perché la non-credenza (che comporta un notevole appesantimento concettuale)? Perché le leggi della credenza così concepite presentano quella che Spohn chiama una “pervasiva analogia” rispetto alle leggi della probabilità (Spohn la chiama persino “armonia prestabilita” ed è un campo su cui sta ancora lavorando). Essenziale è il concetto di condizionalizzazione (analogo a quello di probabilità condizionale): a una credenza si associa un rank sulla base di (almeno) un’altra credenza. Grazie a tale concetto Spohn può formalizzare un fenomeno che a Gärdenfors sfugge, ossia la presenza di correlazioni interdoxastiche tra le credenze di un soggetto. Nella logica epistemica del predecessore, infatti, tutto si riduce all’inclusione o meno di una proposizione nell’insieme, non si considerano né gradi di credenza né l’idea che una credenza sia creduta sulla base di un’altra. Il TERZO CAPITOLO passa alla teoria della causalità di Spohn. Anche questa nozione è affrontata in prospettiva epistemica. Non ha senso, secondo Spohn, chiedersi quali siano i tratti “reali” della causalità “nel mondo”, occorre invece studiare che cosa accade quando si crede che tra due fatti o eventi sussista una correlazione causale. Anche quest’ultima è fatta oggetto di una formalizzazione logica rigorosa (e diversificata, infatti Spohn riconosce vari tipi di causa). Una causa “innalza lo status epistemico” dell’effetto: vale a dire, quest’ultimo è creduto con rank maggiore (ossia minore, se ci si concentra sulla non-credenza) se condizionalizzato sulla causa. Nello stesso capitolo espongo la teoria della causalità di Gärdenfors, che però è meno articolata e minata da alcuni errori. Il QUARTO CAPITOLO è tutto dedicato a David Lewis e alla sua teoria controfattuale della causalità, che è il maggiore avversario tanto di Spohn quanto di Gärdenfors. Secondo Lewis la migliore definizione di causa può essere data in termini controfattuali: la causa è un evento tale che, se non fosse accaduto, nemmeno l’effetto sarebbe accaduto. Naturalmente questo lo obbliga a specificare una teoria delle condizioni di verità di tale classe di enunciati che, andando contro i fatti per definizione, non possono essere paragonati alla realtà. Lewis ricorre allora alla dottrina dei mondi possibili e della loro somiglianza comparativa, concludendo che un controfattuale è vero se il mondo possibile in cui il suo antecedente e il suo conseguente sono veri è più simile al mondo attuale del controfattuale in cui il suo antecedente è vero e il conseguente è falso. Il QUINTO CAPITOLO mette a confronto la teoria di Lewis con quelle di Spohn e Gärdenfors. Quest’ultimo riduce i controfattuali a un fenomeno linguistico che segnala il processo epistemico di contrazione, trattato nel primo capitolo, rifiutando così completamente la dottrina dei mondi possibili. Spohn non affronta direttamente i controfattuali (in quanto a suo dire sovraccarichi di sottigliezze linguistiche di cui non vuole occuparsi – ha solo un abbozzo di teoria dei condizionali) ma dimostra che la sua teoria è superiore a quella di Lewis perché riesce a rendere conto, con estrema esattezza, di casi problematici di causalità che sfuggono alla formulazione controfattuale. Si tratta di quei casi in cui sono in gioco, rafforzandosi a vicenda o “concorrendo” allo stesso effetto, più fattori causali (casi noti nella letteratura come preemption, trumping etc.). Spohn riesce a renderne conto proprio perché ha a disposizione i rank numerici, che consentono un’analisi secondo cui a ciascun fattore causale è assegnato un preciso ruolo quantitativamente espresso, mentre la dottrina controfattuale è incapace di operare simili distinzioni (un controfattuale infatti è vero o falso, senza gradazioni). Il SESTO CAPITOLO si concentra sui modelli di spiegazione scientifica di Hempel e Salmon, e sulla nozione di causalità sviluppata da quest’ultimo, mettendo in luce soprattutto il ruolo (problematico) delle leggi di natura e degli enunciati controfattuali (a questo proposito sono prese in considerazione anche le famose critiche di Goodman e Chisholm). Proprio dalla riflessione su questi modelli infatti è scaturita la teoria di Gärdenfors, e tanto la dottrina del filosofo svedese quanto quella di Spohn possono essere viste come finalizzate a rendere conto della spiegazione scientifica confrontandosi con questi modelli meno recenti. Il SETTIMO CAPITOLO si concentra sull’analisi che la logica epistemica fornisce delle leggi di natura, che nel capitolo precedente sono ovviamente emerse come elemento fondamentale della spiegazione scientifica. Secondo Spohn le leggi sono innanzitutto proposizioni generali affermative, che sono credute in modo speciale. In primo luogo sono credute persistentemente, vale a dire, non sono mai messe in dubbio (tanto che se si incappa in una loro contro-istanza si va alla ricerca di una violazione della normalità che la giustifichi). In secondo luogo, guidano e fondano la credenza in altre credenze specifiche, che sono su di esse condizionalizzate (si riprendono, con nuovo rigore logico, le vecchie idee di Wittgenstein e di Ramsey e il concetto di legge come inference ticket). In terzo luogo sono generalizzazioni ricavate induttivamente: sono oggettivazioni di schemi induttivi. Questo capitolo si sofferma anche sulla teoria di legge offerta da Gärdenfors (analoga ma embrionale) e sull’analisi che Spohn fornisce della nozione di clausola ceteris paribus. L’OTTAVO CAPITOLO termina l’analisi cominciata con il sesto, considerando finalmente il modello epistemico della spiegazione scientifica. Si comincia dal modello di Gärdenfors, che si mostra essere minato da alcuni errori o comunque caratterizzato in modo non sufficientemente chiaro (soprattutto perché non fa ricorso, stranamente, al concetto di legge). Segue il modello di Spohn; secondo Spohn le spiegazioni scientifiche sono caratterizzate dal fatto che forniscono (o sono finalizzate a fornire) ragioni stabili, vale a dire, riconducono determinati fenomeni alle loro cause e tali cause sono credute in modo persistente. Con una dimostrazione logica molto dettagliata e di acutezza sorprendente Spohn argomenta che simili ragioni, nel lungo periodo, devono essere incontrate. La sua quindi non è solo una teoria della spiegazione scientifica che elabori un modello epistemico di che cosa succede quando un fenomeno è spiegato, ma anche una teoria dello sviluppo della scienza in generale, che incoraggia a perseguire la ricerca delle cause come necessariamente coronata da successo. Le OSSERVAZIONI CONCLUSIVE fanno il punto sulle teorie esposte e sul loro raffronto. E’ riconosciuta la superiorità della teoria di Spohn, di cui si mostra anche che raccoglie in pieno l’eredità costruttiva di Hume, al quale gli avversari si rifanno costantemente ma in modo frammentario. Si analizzano poi gli elementi delle teorie di Hempel e Salmon che hanno precorso l’impostazione epistemica. La teoria di Spohn non è esente però da alcuni punti ancora problematici. Innanzitutto, il ruolo della verità; in un primo tempo Spohn sembra rinunciare, come fa esplicitamente il suo predecessore, a trattare la verità, salvo poi invocarla quando si pone il grave problema dell’oggettivazione delle ranking functions (il problema si presenta poiché di esse inizialmente si dice che sono regole soggettive di giudizio e poi si identificano in parte con le leggi di natura). C’è poi la dottrina dei gradi di credenza che Spohn dice presentarsi “unitamente alle proposizioni” e che costituisce un inutile distacco dal realismo psicologico (critica consueta alla teoria): basterebbe osservare che i gradi di credenza sono ricavati o per condizionalizzazione automatica sulla base del tipo di fonte da cui una proposizione proviene, o per paragone immaginario con altre fonti (la maggiore o minore credenza infatti è un concetto relazionale: si crede di più o di meno “sulla base di…” o “rispetto a…”). Anche la trattazione delle leggi di natura è problematica; Spohn sostiene che sono ranking functions: a mio avviso invece esse concorrono a regole di giudizio, che prescrivono di impiegare le leggi stesse per valutare proposizioni o aspettative. Una legge di natura è un ingranaggio, per così dire, di una valutazione di certezza ma non si identifica totalmente con una legge di giudizio. I tre criteri che Spohn individua per distinguere le leggi poi non sono rispettati da tutte e sole le leggi stesse: la generalizzazione induttiva può anche dare adito a pregiudizi, e non di tutte le leggi si sono viste, individualmente, istanze ripetute tanto da giustificarle induttivamente. Infine, un episodio reale di storia della scienza come la scoperta della sintesi dell’urea da parte di F. Wöhler (1828 – ottenendo carbammide, organico, da due sostanze inorganiche, dimostra che non è vera la legge di natura fini a quel momento presunta tale secondo cui “sostanze organiche non possono essere ricavate da sostanze inorganiche”) è indice che le leggi di natura non sono sempre credute in modo persistente, cosicché per comprendere il momento della scoperta è pur sempre necessario rifarsi a una teoria di tipo popperiano, rispetto alla quale Spohn presenta invece la propria in assoluta antitesi.

Impedance functions of end-bearing inclined piles.

[EN]In this work, stiffness and damping functions of pile foundations with inclined end-bearing piles have been computed for square 2X2 and 3X3 pile groups embedded in a soft stratum overlaying a rigid bedrock. The paper algo invetigates the influence that the assumption of a perfectly rigid bedrock and fixed boundary conditions at the pile tips have on the impedance functions.

Creazione e sviluppo di corpora multimediali. Nuove metodologie di ricerca nella traduzione audiovisiva

The construction and use of multimedia corpora has been advocated for a while in the literature as one of the expected future application fields of Corpus Linguistics. This research project represents a pioneering experience aimed at applying a data-driven methodology to the study of the field of AVT, similarly to what has been done in the last few decades in the macro-field of Translation Studies. This research was based on the experience of Forlixt 1, the Forlì Corpus of Screen Translation, developed at the University of Bologna’s Department of Interdisciplinary Studies in Translation, Languages and Culture. As a matter of fact, in order to quantify strategies of linguistic transfer of an AV product, we need to take into consideration not only the linguistic aspect of such a product but all the meaning-making resources deployed in the filmic text. Provided that one major benefit of Forlixt 1 is the combination of audiovisual and textual data, this corpus allows the user to access primary data for scientific investigation, and thus no longer rely on pre-processed material such as traditional annotated transcriptions. Based on this rationale, the first chapter of the thesis sets out to illustrate the state of the art of research in the disciplinary fields involved. The primary objective was to underline the main repercussions on multimedia texts resulting from the interaction of a double support, audio and video, and, accordingly, on procedures, means, and methods adopted in their translation. By drawing on previous research in semiotics and film studies, the relevant codes at work in visual and acoustic channels were outlined. Subsequently, we concentrated on the analysis of the verbal component and on the peculiar characteristics of filmic orality as opposed to spontaneous dialogic production. In the second part, an overview of the main AVT modalities was presented (dubbing, voice-over, interlinguistic and intra-linguistic subtitling, audio-description, etc.) in order to define the different technologies, processes and professional qualifications that this umbrella term presently includes. The second chapter focuses diachronically on various theories’ contribution to the application of Corpus Linguistics’ methods and tools to the field of Translation Studies (i.e. Descriptive Translation Studies, Polysystem Theory). In particular, we discussed how the use of corpora can favourably help reduce the gap existing between qualitative and quantitative approaches. Subsequently, we reviewed the tools traditionally employed by Corpus Linguistics in regard to the construction of traditional “written language” corpora, to assess whether and how they can be adapted to meet the needs of multimedia corpora. In particular, we reviewed existing speech and spoken corpora, as well as multimedia corpora specifically designed to investigate Translation. The third chapter reviews Forlixt 1's main developing steps, from a technical (IT design principles, data query functions) and methodological point of view, by laying down extensive scientific foundations for the annotation methods adopted, which presently encompass categories of pragmatic, sociolinguistic, linguacultural and semiotic nature. Finally, we described the main query tools (free search, guided search, advanced search and combined search) and the main intended uses of the database in a pedagogical perspective. The fourth chapter lists specific compilation criteria retained, as well as statistics of the two sub-corpora, by presenting data broken down by language pair (French-Italian and German-Italian) and genre (cinema’s comedies, television’s soapoperas and crime series). Next, we concentrated on the discussion of the results obtained from the analysis of summary tables reporting the frequency of categories applied to the French-Italian sub-corpus. The detailed observation of the distribution of categories identified in the original and dubbed corpus allowed us to empirically confirm some of the theories put forward in the literature and notably concerning the nature of the filmic text, the dubbing process and Italian dubbed language’s features. This was possible by looking into some of the most problematic aspects, like the rendering of socio-linguistic variation. The corpus equally allowed us to consider so far neglected aspects, such as pragmatic, prosodic, kinetic, facial, and semiotic elements, and their combination. At the end of this first exploration, some specific observations concerning possible macrotranslation trends were made for each type of sub-genre considered (cinematic and TV genre). On the grounds of this first quantitative investigation, the fifth chapter intended to further examine data, by applying ad hoc models of analysis. Given the virtually infinite number of combinations of categories adopted, and of the latter with searchable textual units, three possible qualitative and quantitative methods were designed, each of which was to concentrate on a particular translation dimension of the filmic text. The first one was the cultural dimension, which specifically focused on the rendering of selected cultural references and on the investigation of recurrent translation choices and strategies justified on the basis of the occurrence of specific clusters of categories. The second analysis was conducted on the linguistic dimension by exploring the occurrence of phrasal verbs in the Italian dubbed corpus and by ascertaining the influence on the adoption of related translation strategies of possible semiotic traits, such as gestures and facial expressions. Finally, the main aim of the third study was to verify whether, under which circumstances, and through which modality, graphic and iconic elements were translated into Italian from an original corpus of both German and French films. After having reviewed the main translation techniques at work, an exhaustive account of possible causes for their non-translation was equally provided. By way of conclusion, the discussion of results obtained from the distribution of annotation categories on the French-Italian corpus, as well as the application of specific models of analysis allowed us to underline possible advantages and drawbacks related to the adoption of a corpus-based approach to AVT studies. Even though possible updating and improvement were proposed in order to help solve some of the problems identified, it is argued that the added value of Forlixt 1 lies ultimately in having created a valuable instrument, allowing to carry out empirically-sound contrastive studies that may be usefully replicated on different language pairs and several types of multimedia texts. Furthermore, multimedia corpora can also play a crucial role in L2 and translation teaching, two disciplines in which their use still lacks systematic investigation.

Transcriptional functions of DNA Topoisomerases at a genome-wide scale and a single gene levels

The DNA topology is an important modifier of DNA functions. Torsional stress is generated when right handed DNA is either over- or underwound, producing structural deformations which drive or are driven by processes such as replication, transcription, recombination and repair. DNA topoisomerases are molecular machines that regulate the topological state of the DNA in the cell. These enzymes accomplish this task by either passing one strand of the DNA through a break in the opposing strand or by passing a region of the duplex from the same or a different molecule through a double-stranded cut generated in the DNA. Because of their ability to cut one or two strands of DNA they are also target for some of the most successful anticancer drugs used in standard combination therapies of human cancers. An effective anticancer drug is Camptothecin (CPT) that specifically targets DNA topoisomerase 1 (TOP 1). The research project of the present thesis has been focused on the role of human TOP 1 during transcription and on the transcriptional consequences associated with TOP 1 inhibition by CPT in human cell lines. Previous findings demonstrate that TOP 1 inhibition by CPT perturbs RNA polymerase (RNAP II) density at promoters and along transcribed genes suggesting an involvement of TOP 1 in RNAP II promoter proximal pausing site. Within the transcription cycle, promoter pausing is a fundamental step the importance of which has been well established as a means of coupling elongation to RNA maturation. By measuring nascent RNA transcripts bound to chromatin, we demonstrated that TOP 1 inhibition by CPT can enhance RNAP II escape from promoter proximal pausing site of the human Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1) and c-MYC genes in a dose dependent manner. This effect is dependent from Cdk7/Cdk9 activities since it can be reversed by the kinases inhibitor DRB. Since CPT affects RNAP II by promoting the hyperphosphorylation of its Rpb1 subunit the findings suggest that TOP 1inhibition by CPT may increase the activity of Cdks which in turn phosphorylate the Rpb1 subunit of RNAP II enhancing its escape from pausing. Interestingly, the transcriptional consequences of CPT induced topological stress are wider than expected. CPT increased co-transcriptional splicing of exon1 and 2 and markedly affected alternative splicing at exon 11. Surprisingly despite its well-established transcription inhibitory activity, CPT can trigger the production of a novel long RNA (5’aHIF-1) antisense to the human HIF-1 mRNA and a known antisense RNA at the 3’ end of the gene, while decreasing mRNA levels. The effects require TOP 1 and are independent from CPT induced DNA damage. Thus, when the supercoiling imbalance promoted by CPT occurs at promoter, it may trigger deregulation of the RNAP II pausing, increased chromatin accessibility and activation/derepression of antisense transcripts in a Cdks dependent manner. A changed balance of antisense transcripts and mRNAs may regulate the activity of HIF-1 and contribute to the control of tumor progression After focusing our TOP 1 investigations at a single gene level, we have extended the study to the whole genome by developing the “Topo-Seq” approach which generates a map of genome-wide distribution of sites of TOP 1 activity sites in human cells. The preliminary data revealed that TOP 1 preferentially localizes at intragenic regions and in particular at 5’ and 3’ ends of genes. Surprisingly upon TOP 1 downregulation, which impairs protein expression by 80%, TOP 1 molecules are mostly localized around 3’ ends of genes, thus suggesting that its activity is essential at these regions and can be compensate at 5’ ends. The developed procedure is a pioneer tool for the detection of TOP 1 cleavage sites across the genome and can open the way to further investigations of the enzyme roles in different nuclear processes.

Neural basis of visual deficits recovery: visual residual functions and multisensory integration.

The ability of integrating into a unified percept sensory inputs deriving from different sensory modalities, but related to the same external event, is called multisensory integration and might represent an efficient mechanism of sensory compensation when a sensory modality is damaged by a cortical lesion. This hypothesis has been discussed in the present dissertation. Experiment 1 explored the role of superior colliculus (SC) in multisensory integration, testing patients with collicular lesions, patients with subcortical lesions not involving the SC and healthy control subjects in a multisensory task. The results revealed that patients with collicular lesions, paralleling the evidence of animal studies, demonstrated a loss of multisensory enhancement, in contrast with control subjects, providing the first lesional evidence in humans of the essential role of SC in mediating audio-visual integration. Experiment 2 investigated the role of cortex in mediating multisensory integrative effects, inducing virtual lesions by inhibitory theta-burst stimulation on temporo-parietal cortex, occipital cortex and posterior parietal cortex, demonstrating that only temporo-parietal cortex was causally involved in modulating the integration of audio-visual stimuli at the same spatial location. Given the involvement of the retino-colliculo-extrastriate pathway in mediating audio-visual integration, the functional sparing of this circuit in hemianopic patients is extremely relevant in the perspective of a multisensory-based approach to the recovery of unisensory defects. Experiment 3 demonstrated the spared functional activity of this circuit in a group of hemianopic patients, revealing the presence of implicit recognition of the fearful content of unseen visual stimuli (i.e. affective blindsight), an ability mediated by the retino-colliculo-extrastriate pathway and its connections with amygdala. Finally, Experiment 4 provided evidence that a systematic audio-visual stimulation is effective in inducing long-lasting clinical improvements in patients with visual field defect and revealed that the activity of the spared retino-colliculo-extrastriate pathway is responsible of the observed clinical amelioration, as suggested by the greater improvement observed in patients with cortical lesions limited to the occipital cortex, compared to patients with lesions extending to other cortical areas, found in tasks high demanding in terms of spatial orienting. Overall, the present results indicated that multisensory integration is mediated by the retino-colliculo-extrastriate pathway and that a systematic audio-visual stimulation, activating this spared neural circuit, is able to affect orientation towards the blind field in hemianopic patients and, therefore, might constitute an effective and innovative approach for the rehabilitation of unisensory visual impairments.

Simulation studies of correlation functions and relaxation in polymeric systems

We investigate the statics and dynamics of a glassy,non-entangled, short bead-spring polymer melt with moleculardynamics simulations. Temperature ranges from slightlyabove the mode-coupling critical temperature to the liquidregime where features of a glassy liquid are absent. Ouraim is to work out the polymer specific effects on therelaxation and particle correlation. We find the intra-chain static structure unaffected bytemperature, it depends only on the distance of monomersalong the backbone. In contrast, the distinct inter-chainstructure shows pronounced site-dependence effects at thelength-scales of the chain and the nearest neighbordistance. There, we also find the strongest temperaturedependence which drives the glass transition. Both the siteaveraged coupling of the monomer and center of mass (CM) andthe CM-CM coupling are weak and presumably not responsiblefor a peak in the coherent relaxation time at the chain'slength scale. Chains rather emerge as soft, easilyinterpenetrating objects. Three particle correlations arewell reproduced by the convolution approximation with theexception of model dependent deviations. In the spatially heterogeneous dynamics of our system weidentify highly mobile monomers which tend to follow eachother in one-dimensional paths forming ``strings''. Thesestrings have an exponential length distribution and aregenerally short compared to the chain length. Thus, arelaxation mechanism in which neighboring mobile monomersmove along the backbone of the chain seems unlikely.However, the correlation of bonded neighbors is enhanced. When liquids are confined between two surfaces in relativesliding motion kinetic friction is observed. We study ageneric model setup by molecular dynamics simulations for awide range of sliding speeds, temperatures, loads, andlubricant coverings for simple and molecular fluids. Instabilities in the particle trajectories are identified asthe origin of kinetic friction. They lead to high particlevelocities of fluid atoms which are gradually dissipatedresulting in a friction force. In commensurate systemsfluid atoms follow continuous trajectories for sub-monolayercoverings and consequently, friction vanishes at low slidingspeeds. For incommensurate systems the velocity probabilitydistribution exhibits approximately exponential tails. Weconnect this velocity distribution to the kinetic frictionforce which reaches a constant value at low sliding speeds. This approach agrees well with the friction obtaineddirectly from simulations and explains Amontons' law on themicroscopic level. Molecular bonds in commensurate systemslead to incommensurate behavior, but do not change thequalitative behavior of incommensurate systems. However,crossed chains form stable load bearing asperities whichstrongly increase friction.

The massless two-loop two-point function and zeta functions in counterterms of Feynman diagrams

The main part of this thesis describes a method of calculating the massless two-loop two-point function which allows expanding the integral up to an arbitrary order in the dimensional regularization parameter epsilon by rewriting it as a double Mellin-Barnes integral. Closing the contour and collecting the residues then transforms this integral into a form that enables us to utilize S. Weinzierl's computer library nestedsums. We could show that multiple zeta values and rational numbers are sufficient for expanding the massless two-loop two-point function to all orders in epsilon. We then use the Hopf algebra of Feynman diagrams and its antipode, to investigate the appearance of Riemann's zeta function in counterterms of Feynman diagrams in massless Yukawa theory and massless QED. The class of Feynman diagrams we consider consists of graphs built from primitive one-loop diagrams and the non-planar vertex correction, where the vertex corrections only depend on one external momentum. We showed the absence of powers of pi in the counterterms of the non-planar vertex correction and diagrams built by shuffling it with the one-loop vertex correction. We also found the invariance of some coefficients of zeta functions under a change of momentum flow through these vertex corrections.