Estrutura, composição florística e caracterização sucessional em remanescente de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual no Sudeste do Brasil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Caracterização física de painéis aglomerados de Eucalyptus grandis com adição de resíduos industriais madeireiros

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Deterioração da madeira de Eucalyptus spp. por fungos xilófagos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Cana-de-açúcar com irrigação por gotejamento em dois espaçamentos entrelinhas de plantio

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Produção de bioetanol pelo consórcio com Zymomonas mobilis e Candida tropicalis em hidrolisado ácido da casca de soja (Glycine max)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Análise econômica do plantio e condução do eucalipto de curta rotação para fins energéticos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

EVALUATION OF EUCALYPTUS KRAFT PULP LIGNIN THROUGH THE NITROBENZENE OXIDATION, COPPER OXIDE REDUCTION AND ACIDOLYSIS TECHNIQUES

This study aimed to evaluate the sensitiveness of the information obtained for the residual lignin from Eucalyptus grandis kraft pulps analyzed through the nitrobenzene oxidation, copper oxide (CuO) reduction and acidolysis techniques. The chips were cooked, resulting pulps of kappa number 14,5 and 16,9, respectively. Both lignins' pulps were evaluated through three methods (nitrobenzene oxidation, copper oxide oxidation and acidolysis). Then, they were subjected to an oxygen delignification stage. The 16,9 kappa number pulp resulted in higher levels of non-condensed lignin structures by the acidolysis method, higher syringyl/vanillin ratios (S/V) by the nitrobenzene and copper oxide methods and better performance in the oxygen delignification stage. The different methods allowed to differ the residual lignin pulps with kappa number 14,5 and 16,9, and the nitrobenzene oxidation method showed the highest sensitiveness in this study results.

STORAGE OF Handroanthus umbellatus SEEDS

Seed storage under controlled environmental conditions represents one of the most important lines of research to be applied on short-lived forest species as Handroanthus. The present research aimed to identify the most suitable seed storage conditions and longevity behavior of Handroanthus umbellatus seeds subject to the following storage treatments: packaging permeable paper bags under a no-controlled laboratory temperature and humidity (control) and multiwall semipermeable bag at temperatures of -18 degrees C ,1 degrees C and 25 degrees C. Seeds were dried to 6.3% of water content. Stored seeds were evaluated every three months until 24 months for water content, germination percentage and vigor utilizing first counting test. Seeds of T. umbellata are orthodox, with low longevity under natural conditions, once they remain viable for less than 5 months. The best conditions of seed preservation of these species were obtained by storage at -18 degrees C in multiwall bags. Under these conditions physiological seed quality remains unchanged for a 24-month period.

ORGANIC RESIDUE AND PHOSPHORUS AS CONDITIONERS OF DEGRADED SOIL AND EFFECTS ON THE INITIAL GROWTH OF Dipteryx alata Vog.

In northwestern Sao Paulo State, it was established, in 1965, the hydroelectric station of Ilha Solteira (CESP) that produced extensive degraded areas, from where it was removed the soil superficial layers. For the re-establishment of the vegetation, in areas like these, it is necessary the addition of chemical inputs and organic material. Associating the presence in the area of macrophytes, to the need of recovery of degraded areas and the availability of seeds from native species of Cerrado, it was intended the development of this work, with the objective of evaluating the addition effects of organic residue and phosphorus on the material of degraded soil and on the initial growth of Dipteryx alata, arboreal species of 'cerrado'. The soil material was collected in area of degraded soil by the construction of Ilha Solteira hydroelectric station. The experiment was conducted in two environmental conditions, greenhouse and plenty of sun. The treatments consisted of four phosphorus doses (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg dm(-3) of P2O5), with or without macrophytes addition, with 16 treatments and 10 repetitions each one. The used macrophytes, collected at Jupia hydroelectric station, in Mato Grosso do Sul state, were dried, sliced, incorporated to the soil material and incubated during 60 days. The seeds of Dipteryx alata, collected around of the area, were sowed in washed sand and after 60 days introduced in the treatments. The plants were appraised monthly for height, stem diameter and leaves chlorophyll. After 210 days, the plants were collected and evaluated for fresh and dry weight of aerial part and radicular system and the soil material was evaluated for fertility and microbial activity by the carbon of liberated CO2. The organic residue, incorporated to the material of soil degraded, positively affects the soil fertility and the soil microbial activity. The applied phosphorus doses influenced the behavior of Ca, SB, H+Al and CTC, when applied in the absence of organic residue, it promoted significant and linear increments for values of potential acidity, and indicated the organic residue importance. The initial growth of the Dipteryx alata was favored by the protected cultivation, for the incorporation of organic residue and for the phosphorus addition to the soil. At the end although the material of degraded soil comes as good perspective for disposal of this residue, studies about the field conditions are necessary.

Productivity and costs of Beller-Buncher and forest processor in stands of eucalypts in first cut

The rationalization of forest harvesting and minimization costs is a constant search by the managers involved in this process, making them decide practices which are economically viable to optimize that operation. This study aimed to evaluate technically and economically the performance of feller-buncher and the forest processor in stands of eucalypts in first cut. The technique analysis included time and movements, productivity, efficiency operational and mechanical availability. The economic analysis included the parameters operational cost, harvesting cost and energy consumption. Aiming the optimization the cost of forest harvesting, the system composed by feller-buncher and processor forest presented itself as a technically and economically viable alternative to harvesting eucalypt in first cut or stands that do not have bifurcated trees.

Estimativas de parâmetros genéticos para seleção precoce de clones de Eucalyptus para região com ocorrência de geadas

Further to increase the wood yield, is important goal of forest tree breeding the adaptation of clones through diverse environment, especially for soil and climate. Perennial tree species such as eucalypts, have a long life cycle and the frosts can occur and to be their limiting source of cultivation. The aim of the study was to determine the genetic variability and the genetic correlations between selection ages of clones cultivated in the municipality of Palma So la, SC, Brazil, where frosts are common in the winter. A clonal trial was set up in 2008 in Palma So la, by statistical design of randomized complete blocks considering 29 clones, six replications, six plants per plot, and 3.0m x 3.0 m spacing. The silvicultural characters of total plant height, diameter of breast height (dbh), and wood volume were evaluated through 24, 36, 48, and 60 months old. The deviance analysis and estimates of genetic parameters were based on the REML / BLUP genetic statistical procedure. Significant differences were observed for all traits in the deviance analysis. High correlations and statistically significant between characters were observed, indicating that the early selection will provide significant gains. Part of the clones USP/IPEF 64, USP/IPEF 78, USP/IPEF 52, USP/IPEF 68, and USP/IPEF 74) are potential to be used into the breeding programs and in commercial stands into the studied frost regions.

Análise fitoquímica comparativa de flores e folhas de Casearia sylvestris SWARTZ

Casearia sylvestris Swartz (Salicaceae), conhecida como guaçatonga, é uma espécie vegetal distribuída amplamente pela América do Sul, ocorrendo em 22 estados brasileiros. Na medicina popular é utilizada no tratamento de picadas de cobra, úlceras gástricas, como cicatrizante, anti-inflamatório e antisséptico tópico. Extratos de suas folhas demonstraram atividade antiulcerogênica, anti-inflamatória e citotóxica em células tumorais, dentre outras. Diversos metabólitos secundários foram isolados e/ou identificados principalmente de suas folhas, incluindo monoterpenos, sesquiterpenos, diterpenos, compostos fenólicos, etc. Apesar do extenso conhecimento sobre ações farmacológicas e sobre a fitoquímica das folhas, há apenas um trabalho publicado sobre metabólitos secundários de suas flores. Portanto, foi proposto neste trabalho realizar análises cromatográficas e espectrométricas de extratos de folhas e flores de C. sylvestris Swartz com o objetivo de comparar os perfis químicos destes órgãos com ênfase em terpenos. Os extratos produzidos com diferentes solventes (hexano: acetato de etila: isopropanol; hexano e etanol 70 %) de folhas e flores foram obtidos por sonicação com rendimentos variando entre 0,03 e 23,39% (m/m), sendo os maiores rendimentos obtidos com etanol 70 %. Os óleos essenciais de folhas e flores foram obtidos por extração por arraste a vapor d`água e foram analisados por cromatografia em fase gasosa e o componente majoritário apresentado foi o biciclogermacreno, tanto em folhas como em flores; o óleo essencial de flores demonstrou ser mais complexo. Os extratos foram analisados por cromatografia em camada delgada e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector de arranjo de diodos. Os dados de cromatografia em camada delgada sugerem um perfil químico praticamente idêntico para folhas e flores, o que não foi confirmado pelas análises por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência que ...

Avaliação econômica de diferentes composições veiculares empregadas no transporte rodoviário de madeira: estudo de caso

Transport is one the essential services for the development of most economic activities. In the forestry sector, the main transport used to carry wood from the forest to local consumption is road. The transport increases the producing costs of wood and may be responsible of a high percentage in the final price of the wood sold in the industry. To reduce the company’s costs and increase the efficiency of forest production those transport activities must be analyzed and improved. In that context, an economic analysis is the main objective of this work, evaluating three different types of log transport from a sawmill in São Paulo´s Southwest region. For this, a data collection was done to compound the costs and the incomes of timber transport, and that way, to do the economic analyses of each transport. The monitoring activities were done in the second 2013 half-year and the research achieved economic viability results utilizing tools and methods of Economic Engineering

Desenvolvimento de metodologia para a obtenção da cubicagem de madeira em toras empilhadas através de imagens digitais

Obtaining accurate estimates of the volume of stacked wood is important in view of the increasing value of wood as raw material. Therefore, the forest companies have become increasingly concerned about the methods currently used to convert cubic meters for stereo. In this context, emerged the need of optimizing the measurement process and accuracy of the volume of stacked wood. For this, companies have been testing methods with greater efficiency, speed and low operating cost. Existing methods made through approximate equations, and also by determining the conversion factor, called the stacking factor (Fe), are questioned, due to errors and inaccuracies. The use of digital photographs is an alternative method that would minimize operator intervention, allowing greater control and speed the process, thus eliminating part of the imprecision of the traditional method. The use of the method is viable, due to present an error of about 10% while traditional methods showed an error of 17%

Ocorrência e distribuição espacial de mamíferos não-voadores em reflorestamento no sudeste do Brasil

The Conservation in countrysides landscapes only it will be understood in the context of the habitat fragmentation that have been affected the species richness, abundance and distribution. We carried out a mammal survey in platation forest at São Paulo State and 8 we discussed the species richness comparing with others sites surveyed elsewhere. We investigate the landscape influence in the mammal species distribution through spatial analysis. The absence of primate species in plantation forests appear to be a pattern for this environments. The species richness was similar among areas and it was higher when there have contiguous native forest remnants. Moreover the landscape interference don’t appeared affect the mammal species distribution. In overview the landscape connectivity is ameliorate with forest plantation. However, those species more susceptible to extinction in fragmented landscape only can persist when there are contiguous forest fragments from the plantation forests. The management of plantation forests can improves the conservation value for medium and large size mammals species at countryside landscapes.