Populations of larvae of Anopheles spp. in natural breeding sites in Western Venezuela, an area of refractory malaria

Studies have been un dertaken into on the diversity and relative abundance of larvae of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) spp. in 22 permanent or temporary pools in an area of 70 km² in the eastern piedmont of the Venezuela Andes, between the mountains and the plains, an area in which malaria is refractory and A. nuñeztovari is present. Twelve species were identified, the most frequent, abundant and sympatric being A. triannulatus, A. albitarsis, A. nuñeztovari, A. oswaldoi and A. strodei. The samples from the permanent pools showed greater diversity of species and greater numbers of larvae than the samples from the temporary pools. The existence of the same larval associations in pools of other localities in the eastern piedmont of the Venezuelan Andes suggests the possibility of the making an ecological map of the breeding sites of A. nuñeztovari and for these anophelines in a region extending for 430 km.

Designing market-based instruments for biodiversity conservation: learning with the Australian experience and evaluating Portugal's potential

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente, perfil Gestão de Sistemas Ambientais

Evolução cenozóica da área de Longroiva-Vilariça (NE Portugal)

In the Longroiva-Vilariça area, the identification of Cenozoic lithostratigraphic units, the sedimentology and the characterization of its geometric relations with tectonic structures allowed the interpretation of the palaeogeographic main stages: 1) the greenwhitish Vilariça Arkoses (Middle Eocene to Oligocene ?) represent proximal sediments of a very low gradient drainage towards the eastern Spanish Tertiary Duero Basin; 2)Quintãs Formation (late Miocene ?) are brown-reddish coloured piedmont alluvial deposits, correlative of important vertical displacement (western tectonic block relative uplift) along the NNE-SSW indent-linked strike-slip Bragança-Vilariça-Longroiva fault zone, interpreted as a reactivated deep hercynian fracture, with left-lateral movement; 3) the red Sampaio Formation (Gelasian-early Pleistocene ?)was interpreted as downhill conglomeratic deposits related with important overtrusting along this fault zone (the definition of the present-day narrow graben configuration) and correlative of the atlantic hydrographic incision stage beginning; 4) conglomeratic terraces (middle and late Pleistocene ?); 5) alluvial plains and colluvial deposits (Holocene).

Ambient noise tomography of the East African Rift in Mozambique

Seismic ambient noise tomography is applied to central and southern Mozambique, located in the tip of the East African Rift (EAR). The deployment of MOZART seismic network, with a total of 30 broad-band stations continuously recording for 26 months, allowed us to carry out the first tomographic study of the crust under this region, which until now remained largely unexplored at this scale. From cross-correlations extracted from coherent noise we obtained Rayleigh wave group velocity dispersion curves for the period range 5–40 s. These dispersion relations were inverted to produce group velocity maps, and 1-D shear wave velocity profiles at selected points. High group velocities are observed at all periods on the eastern edge of the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe cratons, in agreement with the findings of previous studies. Further east, a pronounced slow anomaly is observed in central and southern Mozambique, where the rifting between southern Africa and Antarctica created a passive margin in the Mesozoic, and further rifting is currently happening as a result of the southward propagation of the EAR. In this study, we also addressed the question concerning the nature of the crust (continental versus oceanic) in the Mozambique Coastal Plains (MCP), still in debate. Our data do not support previous suggestions that the MCP are floored by oceanic crust since a shallow Moho could not be detected, and we discuss an alternative explanation for its ocean-like magnetic signature. Our velocity maps suggest that the crystalline basement of the Zimbabwe craton may extend further east well into Mozambique underneath the sediment cover, contrary to what is usually assumed, while further south the Kaapval craton passes into slow rifted crust at the Lebombo monocline as expected. The sharp passage from fast crust to slow crust on the northern part of the study area coincides with the seismically active NNE-SSW Urema rift, while further south the Mazenga graben adopts an N-S direction parallel to the eastern limit of the Kaapvaal craton. We conclude that these two extensional structures herald the southward continuation of the EAR, and infer a structural control of the transition between the two types of crust on the ongoing deformation.

Aplicação para intervenção em terapia ocupacional com o Leap Motion

O projeto “À Descoberta das Ilhas” surge das lacunas de atenção e motivação por parte das crianças na realização de exercícios na terapia ocupacional, aliadas a uma subjetividade na análise do seu progresso. Direcionado para crianças com dificuldades de integração bilateral motora, com idades compreendidas entre os cinco e nove anos, este projeto tem como base um jogo 3D para as plataformas Windows, Mac OS X e Linux, controlado com os movimentos dos membros superiores através do dispositivo Leap Motion. Através do controlo de um avião, a criança descobre várias ilhas e desbloqueia componentes do mesmo, alcançando os diversos bónus e checkpoints ao longo de cada percurso. Ao terapeuta são apresentados gráficos com dados obtidos pelo dispositivo aquando do momento lúdico da criança que permitem acompanhar a sua evolução a cada nível. O sucesso no cumprimento dos objetivos do projeto permitiu confirmar a utilidade da aplicação na intervenção e avaliação do público-alvo.

Interrupting Chagas disease transmission in Venezuela

The interruption of vectorial transmission of Chagas disease in Venezuela is attributed to the combined effects of ongoing entomoepidemiological surveillance, ongoing house spraying with residual insecticides and the concurrent building and modification of rural houses in endemic areas during almost five decades. The original endemic areas which totaled 750,000 km², have been reduced to 365,000 km². During 1958-1968, initial entomological evaluations carried out showed that the house infestation index ranged between 60-80%, the house infection index at 8-11% and a house density index of 30-50 triatomine bugs per house. By 1990-98, these indexes were further reduced to 1.6-4.0%, 0.01-0.6% and 3-4 bugs per house respectively. The overall rural population seroprevalence has declined from 44.5% (95% C.I.: 43.4-45.3%) to 9.2% (95% C.I.: 9.0-9.4%) for successive grouped periods from 1958 to 1998. The annual blood donor prevalence is firmly established below 1%. The population at risk of infection has been estimated to be less than four million. Given that prevalence rates are stable and appropriate for public health programmes, consideration has been given to potential biases that may distort results such as: a) geographical differences in illness or longevity of patients; b) variations in levels of ascertainment; c) variations in diagnostic criteria; and d) variations in population structure, mainly due to appreciable population migration. The endemic areas with continuous transmission are now mainly confined to piedmonts, as well as patchy foci in higher mountainous ranges, where the exclusive vector is Rhodnius prolixus. There is also an unstable area, of which landscapes are made up of grasslands with scattered broad-leaved evergreen trees and costal plains, where transmission is very low and occasional outbreaks are reported.

Amazon landforms and soils in relation to biological diversity

Thirteen main landform units are distinguished for the whole of the forested Amazon region, each with its specific soil pattern and vegetation structure. These landform-soil-vegetation units are delineated on a small-scale map and illustrated by a schematic cross-section. Floristic diversity of the gamma type is to be highest on the steepland-and-valley complexes of the Andean fringe, on the crystalline shield uplands, on the inselberg complexes, and on the eutric variant of the western sedimentary plains. Endemism is expected to be highest on the sandy plains, and parts of the table lands and inselberg complexes. Speciation, linked to the concept of forest refuge areas, is likely to be highest on the sandstone table lands, on the stretches of Amazon planalto, and in the areas of relict valleys, in view of the prolonged geomorphological stability of these units.

Wood density of trees in black water floodplains of Rio Jaú National Park, Amazonia, Brazil

The Jaú National Park is the largest protected forested area in the world. The Vitória Amazônica Foundation is working towards understanding its ecosystem, to which this paper contributes. Wood density was analysed in 27 common tree species growing in the blackwater flood-plains of the Rio Jaú, an affluent of the Rio Negro (Amazonia, Brazil). Wood was sampled with an increment borer. Mean wood density of the analysed species ranged from 0.35 to 0.87 g cm-3. The mean of all sampled species was 0.67 g cm-3 (st. dev. 0.13). Lowest density was found for Hevea spruceana with 0.32 g cm-3 and highest for Crudia amazonica with 0.9 g cm-3.

Physiographic and floristic gradients across topography in transitional seasonally dry evergreen forests of southeast Pará, Brazil

Seasonally dry evergreen forests in southeast Pará, Brazil are transitional between taller closed forests of the interior Amazon Basin and woodland savannas (cerrados) of Brazil's south-central plains. We describe abiotic and biotic gradients in this region near the frontier town of Redenção where forest structure and composition grade subtly across barely undulating topography. Annual precipitation averaged 1859 mm between 1995-2001, with nearly zero rainfall during the dry season months of June August. Annual vertical migrations of deep-soil water caused by seasonal rainfall underlie edaphic and floristic differences between high- and low-ground terrain. Low-ground soils are hydromorphic, shaped by perching water tables during the wet season, pale gray, brown, or white in color, with coarse texture, low moisture retention during the dry season, and relatively high macro-nutrient status in the surface horizons. Forest canopies on low ground are highly irregular, especially along seasonal streams, while overstory community composition differs demonstrably from that on high ground. High-ground soils are dystrophic, well-drained through the wet season, brown or red-yellow in color, with finer texture, higher moisture retention, and low macro-nutrient status in the surface horizons compared to low-ground soils. Forest canopies are, on average, taller, more regular, and more closed on high ground. Low-ground areas can be envisioned as energy and nutrient sinks, where, because of hydrologic cycles, canopy disturbance likely occurs more frequently than at high-ground positions if not necessarily at larger scales.

Desarrollo sustentable de geoestructuras compuestas por suelo loéssico compactado mejorado con agregado de materiales estabilizantes. Sustainable development of compacted loess soil geo-structures with addition of stabilizing materials.

Los suelos estabilizados mediante compactación, permiten obtener materiales con ventajas ténicas y economicas en diferentes tipos de obras de ingeniería. Ejemplos de su uso se tiene en bases viales de autopistas, rutas o calles urbanas, pistas de aterrizaje, barreras de contención para enterramientos sanitarios o lagunas de estabilización, apoyos de plateas para fundación de edificios, losas industriales, entre otras aplicaciones. Las fallas en este tipo de construcciones pueden resultar en catástrofes ambientales, sociales y elevadas pérdidas económicas, por lo que resulta de gran importancia optimizar el diseño e incrementar la seguridad de este tipo de construcciones. Las obras con estas características involucran grandes volúmenes y/o superficies que requieren controles sistemáticos durante su desarrollo, a los fines de garantizar el cumplimiento de las propiedades de los materiales establecidos en la etapa de diseño. De esta forma, es necesario contar con ensayos de campo sencillos, confiables y eficientes que permitan identificar propiedades físicas, mecánicas e hidráulicas. Las geoestructuras generadas mediante la compactación del suelo próximo al sector de construcción pueden funcionar adecuadamente, con reducidos costos de material y transporte. Su estabilización puede ejecutarse en forma natural, o con la incorporación de agregados minerales como bentonita, cal o cemento. Estas incorporaciones mejoran las propiedades hidráulicas y mecánicas del material, optimizando el comportamiento requerido para la obra. Para establecer la forma en la que estos minerales modifican el comportamiento del suelo local compactado deben realizarse investigaciones especiales con los materiales involucrados. En el ámbito internacional existen numerosas investigaciones sobre comportamiento de suelos compactados, no obstante, si bien aportan antecedentes para la planificación de estudios locales, sus resultados no pueden trasladarse de manera directa. Las características propias del suelo local constituye la principal variable debido a la diversidad en las propiedades geotécnicas de cada Región. Esta investigación, se focaliza en el empleo de suelos limosos de la formación loéssica de la zona central de Argentina. Los suelos de la llanura cordobesa poseen comportamientos particulares, los cuales son contemplados en los diseños presentados como resutado de las investigaciones internacionales. Esta particularidad se relaciona con su inestabilidad, lo que los clasifica como suelos colapsables. Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo podrán ser extendidos a una gran superficie de la Provincia de Córdoba y a la Región Pampeana en general, a los fines de establecer recomendaciones de diseño y construcción para la confección de Pliegos de Especificaciones Técnicas de diferentes tipos de obras públicas y privadas. El estudio contempla la ejecución de un plan experimental a escala de laboratorio y campo. Los materiales corresponden a suelo limosos puros, y diferentes agregados tales como bentonita, cal y cemento. Se planifican ensayos para evaluar el desempeño del material, a partir de la confección de muestras preparadas con diferentes condiciones de compactación (energía, humedad y método), y en forma de mezcla con los distintos tipos de agregados. Se realizarán ensayos de permeabilidad en celdas de pared rígida y flexible, junto a ensayos mecánicos de compresión confinada, simple y triaxial. Para el trabajo experimental de campo se prevé la ejecución de terraplenes de prueba instrumentados con tensiómetros e infiltrómetros para evaluar el comportamiento hidraúlico en el tiempo, junto con ensayos de penetración y plato de carga para la caracterización mecánica. En forma conjunta se propone el desarrollo de modelos numéricos de caracterización hidromecánica. Stabilized soils by compaction, produce materials technical and economic advantages in different types of engineering works. For example, road bases in highways, roads or city streets, containment barriers for sanitary landfill or stabilization ponds, foundation support of building, industrial flat, and other applications. Failures can result in environmental catastrophes, social, and economic loss, so it is important to optimize the design and increase the safety of such buildings. These works involve large surfaces that require systematic tests during construction, so it is necessary to have simple field tests, reliable and efficient to identify physical, mechanical and hydraulic properties. The geo-structures generated by local soil compaction have reduced material and transportation costs. Stabilization can be naturally, or with the addition of mineral aggregates as bentonite, lime and cement. These additions improve the hydraulic and mechanical properties of the material. So, special investigations should be conducted with the materials involved. There are many international studies on compacted soils behavior but their results can not be transferred directly due to the particularities of regional soils. For this research silty soils of central Argentina are the main focus. The soils of Córdoba plains are instability, so are classified as collapsible soils. The results obtained in this work may be extended to a large area of the Province of Cordoba and the Pampas region in general, in order to establish design and construction recommendations. The study includes laboratory and field tests. The materials are pure silty soil, and different aggregates such as bentonite, lime and cement. Tests are planned to evaluate the performance. Laboratory includes rigid and flexible wall cells, confined, triaxial and simple compression tests. For field experimental instrumented embankments will be constructed. A numerical hydromechanical model will be developed.

Two new rodent genera from the Oligocene White River formation (family Heteromyidae) / William G. Reeder --

v.10:no.35(1960)

Reproductive strategy of a non-annual rivulid in a perennial wetland

ABSTRACT Atlantirivulus riograndensis (Costa & Lanés, 2009) is a fish registered to the basin of Patos lagoon and the adjacent coastal plains in southern states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, Brazil, found in shallow water courses with that have large quantities of aquatic vegetation and forest edges. The objective of this study was to investigate the reproductive strategy and tactics of this species including the sex ratio, the length at first maturity, spawning type, fecundity and the possible associations among reproduction and abiotic factors. Sampling of specimens occurred in perennial wetlands within the Banhado dos Pachecos wildlife refuge, in the city of Viamão, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, which is a conservation unit that belongs to an area of environmental protection in the Pampa Biome. The capture of 30 A. riograndensis specimens per month occurred from January to December of 2012. A total of 188 females and 172 males were captured and the total sex ratio was 1:1 in the sampled population. Sexual maturity of the species occurs after 13.59 and 11.92 mm (SL) for females and males, respectively. Both a multiple spawning and a long reproductive period (since August to March) were confirmed by the presence of post-ovulatory follicles that were observed through histological analysis and the values of the gonadosomatic index in females considered spawning capable. The average absolute fecundity of the species is of 19.33 (± 6.18) vitellogenic oocytes in mature ovaries. No significant relationship was found between mean GSI and the abiotic data. Reproductive tactics presented by A. riograndensis indicate a species with an opportunistic reproductive strategy, following the pattern of other species of the Rivulidae family.

Anfíbios Anuros do Distrito Federal

The frogs of the Federal District of Brazil are listed and discussed as to habit, biology and ecology. The F. D is situated 22° 54' 24" S. & 43° 10' 21" W Gr. and comprises 1.356 km². Its topography includes sea-shore, maritime scrub, lagoons, plains and marsh, open slopes, forested mountains and great heads of rock. Three thousand feet of altitude are attained at two points. Fifty two different frogs occur in the F.D. Three fifths of them live in open country. Two fifths of these have never been found above the plains; the others range higher but mostly in open country. Their environment offers conditions suitable for average tadpoles and adults. these frogs are more or less unspecialized. There are six genera and thirty species. Two thirds of the latter belong to the type genera of the large neotropical families Bufonidae, Leptodactylidae and Hylidae. Only in the maritime scrub formation are conditions somewhat different. Water for average tadpoles is provided by the lagoons. The xerophytism of the vegetation is, however, so marked that bromeliads growing on the ground provide almost the only appropriate shelter for adult tree-frogs used to sleeping upright on the vegetation. One large Hylid genus lives entirely in them. It is casque-headed and phragmotic, shutting the lumen of the leaf-cup with head used as a plug. Another large Hylid genus shows a lesser degree of the same specialization. (Lutz A & Lutz B, 1939 II). One genus with two species is entirely saxicolous; it lives on wet ledges of rock at all phases of its life history. (B. Lutz 1948). The other two fifths of the frogs from F. D. are montane forest forms. Their environment offers numerous and varied biotopes and is near optimum for adults. There is,however, hardly any standing water available for larvae. These frogs are ecologically diversified. They also show a general trend towards spawning in the adult biotipe, which leads to delayed hatching, semi-aquatic and terrestrial larvae and direct development. (B Lutz, 1948). The author interprets the morphological specialization of the casque-headed Hylids and the biological specialization of the montane forest forms as adaptive. Casque-headedness and phragmosis increase protection against blood-suckers and predators. The humidity of the rain forest permits eggs, embryos and larvae to develop, unharmed, outside their usual, aquatic, environment.

Prehistoric tuberculosis in America: adding comments to a literature review

Tuberculosis is a prehistoric American human disease. This paper reviews the literature and discusses hypotheses for origins and epidemiological patterns of prehistoric tuberculosis. From the last decades, 24 papers about prehistoric tuberculosis were published and 133 cases were reviewed. In South America most are isolated case studies, contrary to North America where more skeletal series were analyzed. Disease was usually located at the deserts of Chile and Peru, Central Plains in USA, and Lake Ontario in Canada. Skeletal remains represent most of the cases, but 16 mummies have also been described. Thirty individuals had lung disease, 19 of them diagnosed by the ribs. More then 100 individuals had osseous tuberculosis and 26 also had it in other organs. As today, transmission of the infection and establishment of the disease were favored by cultural and life-style changes such as sedentarization, crowding, undernutrition, use of dark and insulated houses, and by the frequency of interpersonal contacts. The papers confirm that despite previous perceptions, tuberculosis seems to have occured in America for millennia. It only had epidemiological expression when special conditions favored its expansion. Occurring as epidemic bursts or low endemic disease, it had differential impact on groups or social segments in America for at least two millennia.

A contribution to taxonomy and ecology of shrews (Crocidura zimmermanni and C. suaveolens) from Crete and Turkey

Chromosomal and biochemical investigations of shrews from the genus Crocidura from Crete and Turkey show that C. russula monacha Thomas, 1906 and C. caneae Miller, 1909 are both members of the species C. suaveolens Pallas, 1811. C. russula zimmermanni Wettstein, 1953. The population of C. suaveolens in Crete, whose presence on the island dates from at least 3500 years b.p. is biochemically very similar to those of C. suaveolens from Turkey. The same set of electrophoretic data suggests that C. suaveolens from Cyprus became isolated from main land populations much earlier. C. zimmermanni shows closer phylogenetic relationships with C. leucodon and C. suaveolens, than with C. russula. endemic in Crete, C. zimmermanni is syntopic with C, suaveolens at medium and high altitudes, but has been eliminated by the latter in the fertile lowland plains.