Mothers’ perception of recovery and satisfaction with patent medicine dealers’ treatment of childhood febrile conditions in rural communities

Background Infant mortality in rural areas of Nigeria can be minimized if childhood febrile conditions are treated by trained health personnel, deployed to primary healthcare centres (PHCs) rather than the observed preference of mothers for patent medicine dealers (PMDs). However, health service utilization/patronage is driven by consumer satisfaction and perception of services/product value. The objective of this study was to determine ‘mothers’ perception of recovery’ and ‘mothers’ satisfaction’ after PMD treatment of childhood febrile conditions, as likely drivers of mothers’ health-seeking behaviour, which must be targeted to reverse the trend. Methods Ugwuogo-Nike, in Enugu, Nigeria, has many PMDs/PHCs, and was selected based on high prevalence of childhood febrile conditions. In total, 385 consenting mothers (aged 15–45 years) were consecutively recruited at PMD shops, after purchasing drugs for childhood febrile conditions, in a cross-sectional observational study using a pre-tested instrument; 33 of them (aged 21–47 years) participated in focus group discussions (FGDs). Qualitative data were thematically analysed while a quantitative study was analysed with Z score and Chi square statistics, at p < 0.05. Results Most participants in FGDs perceived that their child had delayed recovery, but were satisfied with PMDs’ treatment of childhood febrile conditions, for reasons that included politeness, caring attitude, drug availability, easy accessibility, flexibility in pricing, shorter waiting time, their God-fearing nature, and disposition as good listeners. Mothers’ satisfaction with PMDs’ treatment is significantly (p < 0.05) associated with mothers’ perception of recovery of their child (χ2 = 192.94, df = 4; p < 0.0001; Cramer’s V = 0.7079). However, predicting mothers’ satisfaction with PMDs’ treatment from a knowledge of mothers’ perception of recovery shows a high accord (lambda[A from B] = 0.8727), unlike when predicting mothers’ perception of recovery based on knowledge of mothers’ satisfaction with PMDs’ treatment (lambda[A from B] = 0.4727). Conclusions Mothers’ satisfaction could be the key ‘driver’ of mothers’ health-seeking behaviour and is less likely to be influenced by mothers’ perception of recovery of their child. Therefore, mothers’ negative perception of their child’s recovery may not induce proportionate decline in mothers’ health-seeking behaviour (patronage of PMDs), which might be influenced mainly by mothers’ satisfaction with the positive attributes of PMDs’ personality/practice and sets an important agenda for PHC reforms.

Utilização do “cheque-dentista” por parte de crianças de 10 e 13 anos no ano letivo 2013/2014 em duas escolas no agrupamento de Vizela

Introdução: Uma grande parte de todas as consultas de medicina dentária realizadas em Portugal ocorre em prestadores de natureza privada, consequentemente a acessibilidade, principalmente entre os estatutos socioeconomicamente mais desfavorecido é dificultada. As crianças e os jovens são um grupo especial da população que necessita de particular atenção e proteção por parte dos serviços governamentais, investir na sua saúde e no seu bem‐estar garante ganhos de saúde ao longo das suas vidas. Tendo isto em conta, foi criado o Programa Nacional de Promoção de Saúde Oral (PNPSO). Os objetivos principais deste programa consistem na redução da incidência de doenças orais, melhoria dos conhecimentos e comportamentos sobre saúde oral e a promoção da equidade na prestação de cuidados de saúde oral. Desta forma são emitidos cheques-dentista para determinados grupos populacionais, sendo eles crianças e jovens com idade inferior a 16 anos, gravidas a ser seguidas no SNS, beneficiários do complemento solidário para idosos, portadores de Sida/VIH, e consultas no âmbito da prevenção do cancro oral. Participantes e Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo observacional transversal onde a população em análise foi constituída pelos responsáveis dos alunos de 10 e 13 anos abrangidos pelo PNPSO que no ano letivo 2013/2014 frequentaram o Colégio de Vizela e o Instituto Silva Monteiro. A recolha de dados foi feita através de um inquérito realizado por escrito com questões relativas à utilização dos documentos no âmbito do PNPSO. Em ambas as situações esteve presente o consentimento informado e garantiu-se a total confidencialidade dos dados. Os dados recolhidos neste estudo foram submetidos a uma análise estatística recorrendo ao software IBM SPSS Statistics v22. Resultados: Na população analisada quando questionados “O seu educando já tinha tido alguma consulta de medicina dentária?” 88,5% responderam “sim”, desses a maioria referiu que o médico dentista onde essas consultas foram realizadas estava incluído no programa (81,5%). Uma grande parte dos inquiridos referiu a escola como fator que lhes deu a conhecer o programa (sendo que 90,2% incluíram essa opção nas suas respostas). Quando questionados se fizeram tratamentos fora do programa 54,9% responderam que não. Em relação à utilização do(s) cheque(s)-dentista a que tiveram direito, 86,1% dos beneficiários referiu ter utilizado, desses, 67,6% mencionou a conclusão dos tratamentos com as consultas no âmbito do programa. Quando questionados o que os levou a escolher o consultório onde os tratamentos incluídos no PNPSO foram realizados, 57,9% do total de respostas foram para o “conhecimento prévio do médico dentista”. Na opinião de grande parte dos inquiridos (97,5%), o cheque-dentista é um incentivo para cuidados de saúde oral. No futuro, 99,2% dos beneficiários referiram que irão realizar os tratamentos a que tenham direito com o PNPSO. Conclusão: Com este estudo foi possível observar que grande parte dos beneficiários analisados utilizou o(s) cheque(s)-dentista a que tiveram direito. É possível observar que a maioria dos utentes referiram ter beneficiado com o programa, e afirmam que este constitui um meio de promoção e prevenção de doenças orais futuras e um incentivo para os cuidados de saúde oral. O processo de divulgação do PNPSO foi na sua maioria realizado pelas escolas, em que ambas se revelaram competentes a dar a conhecer o programa aos beneficiários.

Serum copper evolution in patients that underwent endoscopic gastrostomy for long term enteral feeding

Background and aims: Copper (Cu) is a well studied trace element but little is known about Cu evolution in long term endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) feeding. We aimed to evaluate the evolution serum Cu since the gastrostomy until 12 weeks after the procedure in PEG patients fed with homemade meals. Methods: A prospective observational study was performed evaluating serum copper, albumin, transferrin and body mass index (BMI) at the time of the gastrostomy, 4 weeks and 12 weeks after. Data also included age, gender, NRS 2002 and nature of the underlying disease causing dysphagia: head and neck cancer (HNC) or neurological dysphagia (ND). After gastrostomy, patients were fed with homemade PEG meals. Results: One hundred and forty-six patients enrolled, 89 men, aged 21-95 years, 90 with neurologic dysphagia (ND), and 56 with head and neck cancer (HNC). 78 (53%) showed low BMI. Initially, Cu ranged 42-160 μg/dl (normal: 70-140 μg/dl); 130 patients (89%) presented normal Cu, 16 (11%) presented hypocupremia, 53% low albumin (n = 77), and 94 (65%) low transferrin. After 4 weeks, 93% presented normal Cu, 7% presented hypocupremia, low albumin was present in 34%, and low transferrin in 52%. After 12 weeks, 95% presented normal Cu, 5% presented hypocupremia, low albumin was present in 25%, and low transferrin in 32%. Comparing age, gender, underlying disease, BMI, albumin and transferrin, there were no significant differences on serum Cu. Conclusions: Most patients present normal serum Cu when gastrostomy is performed. For patients presenting hypocupremia before gastrostomy, homemade meals are effective for normalizing serum Cu.

Caracterização do índice de biofilme oral em doentes internados no serviço de cuidados intensivos 1 do Centro Hospitalar do Porto

Introdução: A cavidade oral de um doente que esteja internado num serviço hospitalar apresenta uma flora diferente das pessoas saudáveis. Ao fim de 48 horas de internamento, a flora apresenta um maior número de microrganismos que rapidamente podem ser responsáveis por aparecimento de infeções secundárias, tais como pneumonias, resultante à proliferação bactérias que lhe está associada. Este risco é ainda superior em doentes críticos. Nesta população torna-se fundamental a implementação de um efetivo protocolo de higiene oral, procurando controlar ao máximo o desenvolvimento do biofilme oral. Objetivo: Avaliar o índice de biofilme oral dos doentes na admissão a um serviço de Cuidados Intensivos, procedendo á sua reavaliação após 7 dias de internamento e, procurando deste modo avaliar a eficácia de higienização oral efetuada no Serviço. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo prospetivo, institucional, descritivo, analítico e observacional realizado no Serviço de Cuidados Intensivos do CHP. Foram envolvidos no estudo doentes com mais de 18 anos, e com um tempo de internamento igual ou superior a 7 dias. Procedeu-se à colheita de dados demográficos, motivo de admissão, tempo de internamento, medicação prescrita, tipo de alimentação efetuada no serviço, necessidade ou não de suporte respiratório e qual o tipo de higiene realizada no serviço. Foi avaliado o índice de higiene oral simplificado de Greene & Vermillion (IHO-S) nas primeiras 24h e 7 dias após a 1ª avaliação. O IHO-S é um indicador composto que avalia 2 componentes, a componente de resíduos e a componente de cálculo, sendo cada componente avaliada numa escala de 0 a 3. São avaliadas 6 faces dentárias que são divididas em 3 porções clínicas (porção gengival, terço médio e porção oclusal). No final de cada avaliação é calculado o somatório do valor encontrado para cada face, sendo este total dividido pelo nº de faces analisadas. O cálculo do IHO-S por indivíduo corresponde à soma das componentes. Resultados: Foram avaliados 74 doentes, tendo-se excluído 42 por não terem a dentição mínima exigida. Os 32 doentes que completaram o estudo apresentaram uma idade média de 60,53 ± 14,44 anos, 53,1% eram do género masculino, e na sua maioria pertenciam a pacientes do foro médico e cirúrgico (37,5,5%). Os doentes envolvidos no estudo tiveram uma demora média de 15,69±6,69 dias de internamento, tendo-se verificado que 17 dos pacientes (53,1%) estiveram internados mais de 14 dias no Serviço de Cuidados Intensivos 1. Relativamente às características particulares da amostra verificou-se que durante o período de avaliação a maioria dos doentes estiveram sedados (75%), sob suporte ventilatório (81,3%) e a fazer suporte nutricional por via entérica por sonda nasogástrica (62,6%). O IHO-S inicial foi de 0,67±0,45tendo-se verificado um agravamento significativo ao fim de sete dias de internamento 1,04±0.51 (p<0,05).Este agravamento parece estar fundamentalmente dependente dos maus cuidados orais prestados aos doentes, não se tendo observado qualquer diferença significativa resultante dos aspetos particulares avaliados, com exceção para a nutrição entérica versus a soroterapia. Discussão e Conclusão: Apesar de vários estudos evidenciarem a necessidade de um boa higiene oral para evitar a proliferação bacteriana e o risco de infeção nosocomial, muitas das instituições de saúde continuam a não valorizar esta prática. Neste estudo observa-se que os doentes na admissão apresentam um bom índice de higiene oral tendo-se contudo observado um agravamento significativo ao fim de uma semana de internamento. Embora este agravamento possa não ser importante para o doente com uma semana de internamento ele poderá ser indicativo de um risco acrescido para infeções nosocomiais em doentes com internamentos mais prolongados, necessitando estes doentes de uma higiene oral mais eficaz.

Influence of pharmacotherapy complexity on compliance with the therapeutic objectives for HIV+ patients on antiretroviral treatment concomitant with therapy for dyslipidemia: INCOFAR Project

Objectives: To analyze the relationship between pharmacotherapeutical complexity and compliance of therapeutic objectives in HIV+ patients on antiretroviral treatment and concomitant dyslipidemia therapy. Materials and methods: A retrospective observational study including HIV patients on stable antiretroviral treatment during the past 6 months, and dyslipidemia treatment between January and December, 2013. The complexity index was calculated with the tool developed by McDonald et al. Other variables analyzed were: age, gender, risk factor of HIV, smoking, alcoholism and drugs, psychiatric disorders, adherence to antiretroviral treatment and lipid lowering drugs, and clinical parameters (HIV viral load, CD4 count, plasma levels of total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides). In order to determine the predictive factors associated with the compliance of therapeutic objectives, univariate analysis was conducted through logistical regression, followed by a multivariate analysis. Results: The study included 89 patients; 56.8% of them met the therapeutic objectives for dyslipidemia. The complexity index was significantly higher (p = 0.02) in those patients who did not reach the objective values (median 51.8 vs. 38.9). Adherence to lipid lowering treatment was significantly associated with compliance of the therapeutic objectives established for dyslipidemia treatment. A 67.0% of patients met the objectives for their antiretroviral treatment; however, the complexity index was not significantly higher (p = 0.06) in those patients who did not meet said objectives. Conclusions: Pharmacotherapeutical complexity represents a key factor in terms of achieving health objectives in HIV+ patients on treatment for dyslipidemia.

CAUSAL INFERENCE WITH A CONTINUOUS TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: ALTERNATIVE ESTIMATORS FOR PARAMETRIC DOSE-RESPONSE FUNCTIONS WITH APPLICATIONS.

Causal inference with a continuous treatment is a relatively under-explored problem. In this dissertation, we adopt the potential outcomes framework. Potential outcomes are responses that would be seen for a unit under all possible treatments. In an observational study where the treatment is continuous, the potential outcomes are an uncountably infinite set indexed by treatment dose. We parameterize this unobservable set as a linear combination of a finite number of basis functions whose coefficients vary across units. This leads to new techniques for estimating the population average dose-response function (ADRF). Some techniques require a model for the treatment assignment given covariates, some require a model for predicting the potential outcomes from covariates, and some require both. We develop these techniques using a framework of estimating functions, compare them to existing methods for continuous treatments, and simulate their performance in a population where the ADRF is linear and the models for the treatment and/or outcomes may be misspecified. We also extend the comparisons to a data set of lottery winners in Massachusetts. Next, we describe the methods and functions in the R package causaldrf using data from the National Medical Expenditure Survey (NMES) and Infant Health and Development Program (IHDP) as examples. Additionally, we analyze the National Growth and Health Study (NGHS) data set and deal with the issue of missing data. Lastly, we discuss future research goals and possible extensions.

Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) Special Interest Group at OMERACT 11: outcomes of importance for patients with PMR

We worked toward developing a core outcome set for clinical research studies in polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) by conducting (1) patient consultations using modified nominal group technique; (2) a systematic literature review of outcome measures in PMR; (3) a pilot observational study of patients presenting with untreated PMR, and further discussion with patient research partners; and (4) a qualitative focus group study of patients with PMR on the meaning of stiffness, using thematic analysis. (1) Consultations included 104 patients at 4 centers. Symptoms of PMR included pain, stiffness, fatigue, and sleep disturbance. Function, anxiety, and depression were also often mentioned. Participants expressed concerns about diagnostic delay, adverse effects of glucocorticoids, and fear of relapse. (2) In the systematic review, outcome measures previously used for PMR include pain visual analog scores (VAS), morning stiffness, blood markers, function, and quality of life; standardized effect sizes posttreatment were large. (3) Findings from the observational study indicated that asking about symptom severity at 7 AM, or "on waking," appeared more relevant to disease activity than asking about symptom severity "now" (which depended on the time of assessment). (4) Preliminary results were presented from the focus group qualitative study, encompassing broad themes of stiffness, pain, and the effect of PMR on patients' lives. It was concluded that further validation work is required before a core outcome set in PMR can be recommended. Nevertheless, the large standardized effect sizes suggest that pain VAS is likely to be satisfactory as a primary outcome measure for assessing response to initial therapy of PMR. Dissection of between-patient heterogeneity in the subsequent treatment course may require attention to comorbidity as a potential confounding factor.

Uterine artery impedance during the first eight postpartum weeks

The aim of this study was to construct reference ranges for the uterine artery (UtA) mean pulsatility (PI) and resistance (RI) indices from 1-8 weeks postpartum. A prospective, cross-sectional, and observational study was performed with 320 healthy women from week 1 through week 8 postpartum. UtAs were examined transvaginally using colour and pulsed Doppler imaging, and the means of the right and left values of the PI and RI, as well as the presence or absence of a bilateral protodiastolic notch, were recorded. The 5(th), 50(th) and 95(th) reference percentile curves for the UtA-PI and UtA-RI were derived using regression models. The adjusted reference intervals uncovered a convergence trend at the week 8 time-point, although impedance was lower at the week 1 time-point in multiparous women compared with primiparous women. The notching prevalence was 22.5% (9/40) at week 1 and 95.0% (38/40) at week 8. The study revealed consistent evidence of a progressive increase of postpartum uterine impedance and provided new average UtA-PI and UtA-RI reference charts for weeks 1 through 8. Multiparity does not change the trend but does impart a lower rate of increase, likely as a consequence of previous vascular structural and functional differences.

Epidemiology of invasive aspergillosis in critically ill patients: clinical presentation, underlying conditions, and outcomes

INTRODUCTION: Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a fungal infection that particularly affects immunocompromised hosts. Recently, several studies have indicated a high incidence of IA in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. However, few data are available on the epidemiology and outcome of patients with IA in this setting.

Qualidade de vida relacionada com a saúde em crianças e adolescentes – estudo bicêntrico e comparação com dados europeus

Introdução: O interesse pela Qualidade de Vida Relacionada com a Saúde (QVRS) é relativamente recente e na literatura são ainda poucos os estudos em idade pediátrica. Objetivos: Avaliar a QVRS em crianças e adolescentes de duas unidades dos cuidados de saúde primários portugueses. Material e métodos: Estudo transversal, descritivo e analítico. Foi aplicado o questionário KIDSCREEN-27® a uma amostra de conveniência de utentes, com idades compreendidas entre os 8 e os 18 anos, que recorreram entre 1 de fevereiro e 31 de julho de 2013, ao Centro de Saúde (CS) Sete Rios e à Unidade de Saúde Familiar (USF) Infesta. Resultados: Responderam ao questionário 163 indivíduos (85 do CS Sete Rios e 78 da USF Infesta). A média de idades foi 11,59±2,54 anos, com um predomínio do sexo feminino (102/62,6%). Os scores QVRS calculados revelaram valores elevados e estatisticamente superiores aos dados europeus disponíveis (p<0,001). As raparigas obtiveram scores QVRS mais baixos, mas apenas significativo na avaliação do bem-estar físico (p<0,001). O Suporte Social e Grupos de Pares foi a área pior avaliada pelos pais (p=0,006). O Ambiente Escolar foi o as- peto onde os adolescentes manifestaram um score significativamente inferior às crianças (p=0,041). Apesar dos utentes da USF Infesta apresentarem scores ligeiramente mais baixos, esta diferença não foi estatisticamente significativa. Conclusões: Os dados demonstram uma boa QVRS nas duas populações pediátricas avaliadas. Os resultados da análise comparativa evidenciaram algumas diferenças que deverão ser alvo de análise mais aprofundada em estudos posteriores, no sentido de planear medidas para a melhoria da QVRS.

Première phase d’un programme de recherche sur l’utilisation de vasopresseurs en traumatologie : étude observationnelle et revue systématique

Résumé : Les réanimateurs ont recours à des interventions à la fois médicales et chirurgicales en contexte de choc traumatique. Le rôle des vasopresseurs dans cette prise en charge est controversé. Alors que les lignes directrices américaines considèrent que les vasopresseurs sont contre-indiqués, certains experts européens en encouragent l’utilisation pour diminuer le recours aux liquides intraveineux. Avant d’élaborer un essai clinique, il importe de comprendre la pratique actuelle à laquelle se comparera une intervention expérimentale, ainsi que de connaître le niveau d’incertitude dans la littérature entourant la question de recherche. Le Chapitre 2 de ce travail présente une étude observationnelle effectuée dans un centre régional de traumatologie québécois. Cette étude documente les pratiques de réanimation adoptées par les équipes de traumatologie en 2013, particulièrement le recours aux liquides intraveineux et aux vasopresseurs. Les résultats démontrent que les vasopresseurs ont été utilisés chez plus de 40% des patients, particulièrement les victimes de traumatismes crâniens (RC 10.2, IC 95% 2.7-38.5). De plus, les vasopresseurs ont été administrés dans les phases précoces de la réanimation, soit avant l’administration d’un volume important de liquides. Le Chapitre 3 présente une revue systématique portant sur l’utilisation précoce de vasopresseurs en traumatologie. Les bases de données MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL et ClinicalTrials.gov ont été interrogées, ainsi que les abrégés présentés dans les conférences majeures en traumatologie depuis 2005. La sélection des études et l’extraction des données ont été effectuées en duplicata. Aucune donnée interprétable n’a pu être extraite des études observationnelles et le seul essai clinique identifié n’avait pas une puissance suffisante (RR de mortalité avec vasopresseurs 1.24, IC 95 % 0.64-2.43). Cette synthèse met en lumière l’incertitude scientifique sur le rôle des vasopresseurs en traumatologie. Les vasopresseurs ont des bénéfices potentiels importants, puisqu’ils permettent entre autres de supporter étroitement l’hémodynamie des patients. En revanche, ils présentent aussi un fort potentiel de dangerosité. Ils sont utilisés fréquemment, malgré l’absence de données sur leurs risques et bénéfices. Ces trouvailles établissent clairement la pertinence clinique et le bien-fondé éthique d’un essai clinique sur le rôle des vasopresseurs dans la prise en charge précoce des victimes de traumatismes.

Idiosyncratic psychological aspects in entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is having the courage to transform an idea in reality and with it achieve personal, nancial and recognition satisfaction. The psychological ability to handle failure has proven essential in success. We analysed the importance of idiosyncratic psychological aspects in the success of entrepreneurs through an observational study accompanying 20 entrepreneurs from the idea presentation phase to company incorporation. During the observation period 4 distinct psychological phases of the entrepreneurs were observed, being it possible to describe them as follows: absorption of information and knowledge; application of the gathered knowledge to their speci c cases; frustration generated by criticism, namely from investors who didn’t recognise the value of their projects; realism and implementation of the project. Having passed more than 6 months after the analysis period, one can verify that the entrepreneurs who have travelled the 4 phases are today developing their projects being that the remaining ones are in a similar situation as at the end of the initial two months. Conclusion: The ability to cope with frustration and rejection is a determinant factor in the success of the entrepreneur. The ability to learn from rejection, more than resilience help the entrepreneur to proceed.

Work-related discussions between French rheumatologists and their rheumatoid arthritis patients

International audience

A demonstration of mobile phone deployment to support the treatment of acutely ill children under five in Bushenyi district, Uganda.

Background: Benefits of mobile phone deployment for children <5 in low-resource settings remain unproven. The target population of the current demonstration study in Bushenyi District, Uganda, presented with acute fever, pneumonia, or diarrhoea and were treated by community health workers (CHWs) providing integrated community case management (iCCM). Methods: An observational study was conducted in five parishes (47 villages) served by CHWs well versed in iCCM with supplemental training in mobile phone use. Impact was assessed by quantitative measures and qualitative evaluation through household surveys, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. Results: CHWs in targeted sites improved child healthcare through mobile phone use coupled with iCCM. Of acutely ill children, 92.6% were correctly managed. Significant improvements in clinical outcomes compared to those obtained by CHWs with enhanced iCCM training alone were unproven in this limited demonstration. Nonetheless, qualitative evaluation showed gains in treatment planning, supply management, and logistical efficiency. Provider confidence and communications were enhanced as was ease and accuracy of record keeping. Conclusion: Mobile phones appear synergistic with iCCM to bolster basic supportive care for acutely ill children provided by CHWs. The full impact of expanded mobile phone deployment warrants further evaluation prior to scaling up in low-resource settings.

Can we predict agitation in patients with suicide attempts in the emergency department?

Background: The agitation in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) after suicide attempts is common and an important problem. Objective: To establish whether we can predict agitated patients among suicide attempt patients in ED. Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study of adult suicide attempt events in ED. Information was collected prospectively on a specially designed data-collection form. Patients aged 16 years old and above who presented to the ED for care due to suicide attempts were included in the study. Suicide attempts were grouped as aggressive and non-aggressive attempts. Results: A total of 533 patients were included. Forty-three of these patients had agitation in ED (8%). Non-aggressive suicide attempts were referred to psychiatry services more than aggressive ones (73.6%, n=345 vs 32.8%, n=21, P<0.0001). Agitation in ED and being male increased aggressive suicide attempt risk 3.5 (95% CI:1.6-7.6) and 3.2 times (95% CI:1.8-5.5), respectively. Agitation was statistically more frequent among these patients: those on antidepressant overdose, with previous suicide attempt; with aggressive suicide attempt; and those with confusion; and unconsciousness (P<0.05). Conclusion: Patients who attempted suicide and whose risk of harm to others included those with: antidepressant overdose, aggressive suicide attempt and the unconscious. Response teams should be prepared for these subgroups.