As pespetivas e o futuro da Europa

Da falhada Convenção Europeia ao Tratado de Lisboa, houve um caminho feito, nomeadamente na delimitação que cada Estado pode definir para as áreas de interesse geral, não submetidas às regras dominantes da concorrência, na venda de bens e serviços. A questão central, hoje em dia, é a da criação de mecanismos que facilitem uma efetiva governação económica europeia, cada vez mais necessária a partir da criação do Euro. Da Europa dos Seis à Europa dos 28, um longo caminho foi percorrido. É preciso agora dar um novo impulso que corresponda às aspirações fundamentais dos europeus.

Sociodemographic characteristics and clinical features of patients with adult polycystic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis

Aims:To analyze the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with adult polycystic kidney disease admitted to hemodialysis services in Northwestern Paraná state,Brazil. Methods: This was an observational, descriptive and retrospective longitudinal study. Medical records of patients with polycystic kidneys who initiated hemodialysis between 1995 and 2012, in four centers that treat patients of the coverage area of the 15th Regional Health Region of Paraná state where analyzed. Results:We found that 10.3% of hemodialysis patients had polycystic kidney disease as a leading cause of stage 5 of chronic kidney disease. The mean age of patients was 54.9±9.4 years (ranging between 27 and 74 years), with equal gender distribution and Caucasian predominance (72.9%). The average age of dialysis initiation was 50±10.2 years. The most common comorbidity was systemic hypertension (66.7%). Liver cyst was the main extra-renal manifestation (10.4%). Twenty-five percent of the patients required renal transplantation, and (22.9%) undergone nephrectomy. The most widely used classes of antihypertensive drugs were β-blockers (41.7%) and drugs that act on the renin-angiotensin system (31.3%), while 56.3% of patients were treated with recombinant human erythropoietin. Conclusions:This is a pioneering epidemiological study in Northwestern Paraná state. We found in this population a sociodemographic and clinical profile of adult polycystic kidney disease similar to that of North America and Europe, probably because the ethnic constitution of the sample was predominantly of Euro-descendants.

A mudança na cultura - identidade, interculturalidade e hibridação cultural

Para todos aqueles que, em busca de uma segurança imaginárias, e agarram a grandes frases estabilizadoras, em que avulta a palavra civilização e, sobretudo, «civilização ocidental», ou «euro-americana» e, de algum modo se identificam ou promovem o «orgulho branco», o mundo, na sua história recente, tem-se mostrado muito mais instável e ingrato do que desejariam. Não que tenham abdicado desse projecto de «americanização» do mundo que eufemisticamente designam de «globalização», atrelando a velha Europa ao comboio americano, ou atirando a «nova Europa» contra a «velha Europa» e continuando a emitir pseudópodes, sob a forma de governos-fantoches que ensaiam controlar as zonas mais rentáveis ou geo-estratégicas do mundo nos diferentes continentes e oceanos. Não conseguiram, no entanto, entravar alguns processos que agora não conseguem controlar. A descoberta paralisante de que os seus «primitivos» ou «inferiores», internos ou externos, não só não os admiravam como até mesmo os odiavam, pôs fim ao mito fordiano do «melting pot», o qual supostamente tornaria em «americanos» os imigrantes de todo o mundo que acorriam ao novo Eldorado. Como se viu mais tarde, não havia «melting pot» algum, os afro-americanos, os asiáticos e os judeus não eram «assimilados», os conflitos raciais estalaram mais claramente à saída da Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Zastosowanie analizy skupień do określania ram czasowych ostatniego kryzysu finansowego

W artykule zastosowano metody analizy skupień z zakresu statystyki wielowymiarowej do badania okresu kryzysu finansowego lat 2007-2013. Zgodnie z tymi algorytmami grupowano spready pomiędzy stopami rynku międzybankowego a OIS. Przeprowadzono dyskusję nad możliwością zastosowania tej metody do generowania ram czasowych różnych okresów kryzysów finansowych. Analiza skupień umożliwiła poczynienie nowych obserwacji na temat kryzy subprime i występującego po nim kryzysu zadłużeniowego. Praca nawiązuje do wcześniejszej publikacji autorki. Uwzględnia inne dane, inny okres kryzysu i zmodyfikowaną metodologię – zamiast podziału próby na lata, podział na okresy równej długości. Dzięki temu nie skraca się znacząco szeregów i nie traci się dużej części informacji.

Estudios de una filosofía intercultural en la propuesta de Raúl Fornet Betancourt

La propuesta de Raúl Fornet está dividida en cuatro etapas y se profundiza en la tercera: la transformación intercultural de la filosofía1. Entonces, la filosofía transformada como intercultural, en lugar de acudir a una filosofía eminentemente monocultural- de donde brota una racionalidad hegemónica-, se sustenta sobre un quehacer filosófico como proceso polifónico. La filosofía intercultural en lugar de acudir a presupuestos euro-céntricos, nos propone potenciar una razón interdiscursiva en el nuevo filosofar. Cambia esa filosofía que se identifica con las perspectivas europeas, por una transfiguración de la filosofía como intercultural e interdisciplinar. Frente a aquella filosofía que acude a reflexiones descontextualizadas de tinte universal, nos propone una nueva filosofía que brote de lo inédito. Dicho programa lo constituyen tres momentos2: El primero es una relectura crítica del pensamiento iberoamericano; el segundo es el de reaprender apensar, donde subyace la reubicación cultural en el que la que se supera el horizonte de pensamiento monocultural2 ; el tercero es desarrollar filosofías pro-posicionales.

The postoccidental deconstruction and resignification of "Modernity'': a critical analysis

The thesis which follows, entitled ''The Postoccidental Deconstruction and Resignification of 'Modemity': A Critical Analysis", is an exposition and criticism of the critique of occidental modemity found in a group of writings which identify their critique with a "postoccidental" point of view with respect to postcolonial studies. The general problem ofthe investigation concems the significance and reach ofthis critique of modemity in relation to the ongoing debate, in Latín American studies, about the historical relationship between Latín America, as a mu1ticultural/ structurally heterogeneous region, and the industrial societies of Euro pe and North America. A brief Preface explains the genealogy of the author's ideas on this subject Following this preface, the thesis proceeds to analyze the writings in this corpus through an intertextual, schematic approach which singles out two rnajor elements of the postoccidental critique: "coloniality" and "eurocentrism". These two main elements are investigated in the Introduction and Chapters One and Two, in terms of how they distinguish postoccidental analysis from other theoretical tendencias with which it has affinities but whose key concepts it reformu1ates in ways that are key to the unique approach which postoccidental analysis takes to modemity, the nature of the capitalist world system, colonialism, subaltemization, center/periphery and development . Chapter Three attempts a critical analysis of the foregoing postoccidentalist deconstruction according to the following question: to what extent does it succeed in deconstructing "modernity" as a term which refers to a historically articulated set of discourses whose underlying purpose has been to justify European and North American hegemony and structural asymmetries vis-a-vis the peripheries of the capitalist world system, based on an ethnocentric, racialist logic of exploitation and subalternization of non-European peoples? A Conclusion follows Chapter Three.

La irracionalidad de lo racionalizado. Una mirada crítica desde América Latina

La tesis desarrolla una reflexión crítica sobre la Racionalidad Instrumental, hegemónica, monocultural, euro-céntrica, para mostrar por qué ésta cuando se totaliza, se convierte en Irracional. Se trata por tanto, de desarrollar una crítica epistemológica a los conocimientos hegemónicos en cuanto expresión de la Irracionalidad de lo racionalizado, y promover la “recuperación”, reconocimiento y producción de opciones alternativas de saberes, ethos y luchas, desde las “víctimas” del sistema mundo moderno. Busca desarrollar una crítica a las éticas “universales” eurócentricas que sirven de sustento al sistema mundo vigente. Dicha crítica la desarrollamos desde la materialidad de la vida como propuesta ética de las víctimas del sistema mundo. Reflexionamos sobre una ética-critica construida no para minorías, ni para épocas excepcionales de conflicto o revolución. Se trata de una ética cotidiana, desde y a favor de las grandes mayorías de la humanidad excluidas de la globalización neoliberal. A la vez, buscamos construir colectivamente desde los proyectos políticos contextuales, nuevas conciencias y prácticas centradas en la pluralidad, la interrelación, la decolonialidad y la interculturalidad entendidas como proyectos políticos, sociales, epistémicos y éticos entrelazados. Estas conciencias y prácticas, buscan distanciarse de la Irracionalidad de lo Racionalizado de este capitalismo neoliberal globalizado y multiculturalizado; y encaminarse hacia la construcción, cultivación, ejercitación y cimentación de condiciones de existencia y convivencia –de buen vivir-, que convocan todos los tiempos, claman por su propia historia y justicia, y resignifican su consistencia, desarrollo, liberación y humanidad.

La eurozona en crisis: diagnóstico, reformas, perspectivas (Coyuntura)

Desde el año 2008, los países de la zona euro conocen una crisis muy profunda que no tiene visos de concluir. Las recientes decepciones de varios países del sur de Europa (España, Grecia y Chipre) podrían sugerir que esta crisis es el resultado de decisiones políticas no adecuadas o de la crisis financiera mundial. La idea principal de este artículo es que los fundamentos de la crisis actual de la zona euro son mucho más complejos que aquellos expuestos de forma cotidiana por la prensa e incluso por analistas económicos. En el caso del euro, los problemas ocurridos son resultado principalmente de una arquitectura monetaria y financiera incoherente e incompleta. El euro nació como una moneda única con deficiencias estructurales e institucionales que no han sido corregidas desde su creación e implementación.

El diálogo intercultural de conocimientos en las leyes educativas de Ecuador y Bolivia

La presente investigación visibiliza en las leyes educativas del Ecuador y Bolivia, la relación intercultural entre conocimientos propios y conocimientos de otros lugares del mundo, entre ellos el conocimiento euro-norte-occidental. También se propone visibilizar el lugar de los conocimientos propios en un Estado intercultural y plurinacional. Para tal cometido se ha diseñado una serie de entradas temáticas que tocan al contexto histórico de la Plurinacionalidad, la pluriespiritualidad e interreligiosidad, las tensiones entre conocimientos, ciencias, tecnologías, sabidurías y diálogo de saberes, sociedad del conocimiento y las políticas lingüísticas. A partir de un diálogo interconceptual se exploran las dimensiones profundas y las dimensiones abyectas respecto a las transformaciones epistémicas y políticas que proponen las leyes educativas.

What kind of European Banking Union? Bruegel Policy Contribution [2012/12?]June 25, 2012

This paper discusses the creation of a European Banking Union. First, we discuss questions of design. We highlight seven fundamental choices that decision makers will need to make: Which EU countries should participate in the banking union? To which categories of banks should it apply? Which institution should be tasked with supervision? Which one should deal with resolution? How centralised should the deposit insurance system be? What kind of fiscal backing would be required? What governance framework and political institutions would be needed? In terms of geographical scope, we see the coverage of the banking union of the euro area as necessary and of additional countries as desirable, even though this would entail important additional economic difficulties. The system should ideally cover all banks within the countries included, in order to prevent major competitive and distributional distortions. Supervisory authority should be granted either to both the ECB and a new agency, or to a new agency alone. National supervisors, acting under the authority of the European supervisor, would be tasked with the supervision of smaller banks in accordance with the subsidiarity principle. A European resolution authority should be established, with the possibility of drawing on ESM resources. A fully centralized deposit insurance system would eventually be desirable, but a system of partial reinsurance may also be envisaged at least in a first phase. A banking union would require at least implicit European fiscal backing, with significant political authority and legitimacy. Thus, banking union cannot be considered entirely separately from fiscal union and political union. The most difficult challenge of creating a European banking union lies with the short-term steps towards its eventual implementation. Many banks in the euro area, and especially in the crisis countries, are currently under stress and the move towards banking union almost certainly has significant distributional implications. Yet it is precisely because banks are under such stress that early and concrete action is needed. An overarching principle for such action is to minimize the cost to the tax payers. The first step should be to create a European supervisor that will anchor the development of the future banking union. In parallel, a capability to quickly assess the true capital position of the system’s most important banks should be created, for which we suggest establishing a temporary European Banking Sector Task Force working together with the European supervisor and other authorities. Ideally, problems identified by this process should be resolved by national authorities; in case fiscal capacities would prove insufficient, the European level would take over in the country concerned with some national financial participation, or in an even less likely adverse scenario, in all participating countries at once. This approach would require the passing of emergency legislation in the concerned countries that would give the Task Force the required access to information and, if necessary, further intervention rights. Thus, the principle of fiscal responsibility of respective member states for legacy costs would be preserved to the maximum extent possible, and at the same time, market participants and the public would be reassured that adequate tools are in place to address any eventuality.

Eurozone as home country of banks. CEPS Commentary, 2 July 2012

The euro area summit has managed to surprise the markets once again. By moving banking supervision of the eurozone to the European Central Bank, a huge step towards a more federal banking model has been taken, explains CEPS CEO Karel Lannoo in this new Commentary. But will this move be enough to re-establish confidence, bolster the euro interbank market and further financial integration?

Path to eurobonds. Bruegel Working Paper 2012/10, July 2012

This paper discusses proposals for common euro area sovereign securities. Such instruments can potentially serve two functions: in the short-term, stabilize financialmarkets and banks and, in the medium-term, help improve the euro area economic governance framework through enhanced fiscal discipline and risk-sharing. Many questions remain onwhether financial instruments can ever accomplish such goals without bold institutional and political decisions, and,whether, in the absence of such decisions, they can create new distortions. The proposals discussed are also not necessarily competing substitutes; rather, they can be complements to be sequenced along alternative paths that possibly culminate in a fully-fledged Eurobond. The specific path chosen by policymakers should allow for learning and secure the necessary evolution of institutional infrastructures and political safeguards.

Productivity, labour cost and export adjustment: Detailed results for 24 EU countries. Bruegel Working Paper 2012/11, 12 July 2012

As a background document for Bruegel Policy Contribution 2012/11 ‘Compositional effects on productivity, labour cost and export adjustment’, this working paper presents detailed results for 24 EU countries on: • The sectoral changes in the economy; • The unit labour costs (ULC) based real effective exchange rate (REER) and its main components; • Export performance. • The ULC-REERs are calculated: • For the total economy, the business sector (excluding agriculture, construction and real estate activities), and some main sectors; • Using both actual aggregates and fixed-weight aggregates, as the latter are free from the impacts of compositional changes; • Against 30 trading partners and against three subsets of trading partners: euro-area, non-euro area EU, non-EU.

Central Banks in Times of Crisis: The FED vs. the ECB. CEPS Policy Brief No. 276, 11 July 2012,

Different economic and financial structures require different crisis responses. Different crises also require different tools and resources. The first ‘stage’ of the financial crisis (2007-09) was similar on both sides of the Atlantic, and the response was also quite similar. The second stage of the crisis is unique to the euro area. Increasing financial disintegration within the region has forced the ECB to become the central counterparty for the entire cross-border banking market and to intervene in the sovereign bond market of some stressed countries. The actions undertaken by the European Central Bank (ECB), however, have not always represented the best response, in terms of effectiveness, consistency and transparency. This is especially true for the Securities Markets Programme (SMP): by de facto imposing its absolute seniority during the Greek PSI (private sector involvement), the ECB has probably killed its future effectiveness.