Ferroelectric and structural instability of (Pb,Ca)TiO3 thin films prepared in an oxygen atmosphere and deposited on LSCO thin films which act as a buffer layer

Structural, microstructural and ferroelectric properties of Pb0.90Ca0.10TiO3 (PCT10) thin films deposited using La0.50Sr0.50CoO3 (LSCO) thin films which serve only as a buffer layer were compared with properties of the thin films grown using a platinum-coated silicon substrate. LSCO and PCT10 thin films were grown using the chemical solution deposition method and heat-treated in an oxygen atmosphere at 700 °C and 650 °C in a tube oven, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy results showed that PCT10 thin films deposited directly on a platinum-coated silicon substrate exhibit a strong tetragonal character while thin films with the LSCO buffer layer displayed a smaller tetragonal character. Surface morphology observations by atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that PCT10 thin films with a LSCO buffer layer had a smoother surface and smaller grain size compared with thin films grown on a platinum-coated silicon substrate. Additionally, the capacitance versus voltage curves and hysteresis loop measurement indicated that the degree of polarization decreased for PCT10 thin films on a LSCO buffer layer compared with PCT10 thin films deposited directly on a platinum-coated silicon substrate. This phenomenon can be described as the smaller shift off-center of Ti atoms along the c-direction 〈001〉 inside the TiO6 octahedron unit due to the reduction of lattice parameters. Remnant polarization (P r ) values are about 30 μC/cm2 and 12 μC/cm2 for PCT10/Pt and PCT10/LSCO thin films, respectively. Results showed that the LSCO buffer layer strongly influenced the structural, microstructural and ferroelectric properties of PCT10 thin films. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l.

Estimativas da condutividade térmica dos minerais e rochas e influência de parâmetros térmicos e petrofísicos na resistividade aparente da formação

O presente estudo realiza estimativas da condutividade térmica dos principais minerais formadores de rochas, bem como estimativas da condutividade média da fase sólida de cinco litologias básicas (arenitos, calcários, dolomitos, anidritas e litologias argilosas). Alguns modelos térmicos foram comparados entre si, possibilitando a verificação daquele mais apropriado para representar o agregado de minerais e fluidos que compõem as rochas. Os resultados obtidos podem ser aplicados a modelamentos térmicos os mais variados. A metodologia empregada baseia-se em um algoritmo de regressão não-linear denominado de Busca Aleatória Controlada. O comportamento do algoritmo é avaliado para dados sintéticos antes de ser usado em dados reais. O modelo usado na regressão para obter a condutividade térmica dos minerais é o modelo geométrico médio. O método de regressão, usado em cada subconjunto litológico, forneceu os seguintes valores para a condutividade térmica média da fase sólida: arenitos 5,9 ± 1,33 W/mK, calcários 3.1 ± 0.12 W/mK, dolomitos 4.7 ± 0.56 W/mK, anidritas 6.3 ± 0.27 W/mK e para litologias argilosas 3.4 ± 0.48 W/mK. Na sequência, são fornecidas as bases para o estudo da difusão do calor em coordenadas cilíndricas, considerando o efeito de invasão do filtrado da lama na formação, através de uma adaptação da simulação de injeção de poços proveniente das teorias relativas à engenharia de reservatório. Com isto, estimam-se os erros relativos sobre a resistividade aparente assumindo como referência a temperatura original da formação. Nesta etapa do trabalho, faz-se uso do método de diferenças finitas para avaliar a distribuição de temperatura poço-formação. A simulação da invasão é realizada, em coordenadas cilíndricas, através da adaptação da equação de Buckley-Leverett em coordenadas cartesianas. Efeitos como o aparecimento do reboco de lama na parede do poço, gravidade e pressão capilar não são levados em consideração. A partir das distribuições de saturação e temperatura, obtém-se a distribuição radial de resistividade, a qual é convolvida com a resposta radial da ferramenta de indução (transmissor-receptor) resultando na resistividade aparente da formação. Admitindo como referência a temperatura original da formação, são obtidos os erros relativos da resistividade aparente. Através da variação de alguns parâmetros, verifica-se que a porosidade e a saturação original da formação podem ser responsáveis por enormes erros na obtenção da resistividade, principalmente se tais "leituras" forem realizadas logo após a perfuração (MWD). A diferença de temperatura entre poço e formação é a principal causadora de tais erros, indicando que em situações onde esta diferença de temperatura seja grande, perfilagens com ferramentas de indução devam ser realizadas de um a dois dias após a perfuração do poço.

Effective tooth-bleaching protocols capable of reducing H2O2 diffusion through enamel and dentine

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A theoretical characterization of scaling properties in a bouncing ball system

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Análise térmica do processo de retificação plana sob diferentes condições de lubrificação utilizando técnicas de transferência de calor reversa

Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais - FC

Transferência de calor inversa do método convencional e do otimizado de lubri-refrigeração na retificação plana tangencial

Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais - FC

Análise de dissipadores de calor com filmes de diamante CVD

Dissipadores de calor recobertos com filmes de diamante CVD foram desenvolvidos para acoplar a semicondutores, utilizando-se do Laboratório de Deposição de Filmes de Diamante CVD, na UNESP - Campus de Guaratinguetá e o Laboratório de Diamantes da Universidade São Francisco, em Itatiba, SP. Analisou-se o filme de diamante CVD sobre o silício, para emprego como dissipador de calor, porque o filme de diamante CVD pode ter o valor da condutividade térmica até cinco vezes superior ao do cobre e de dez vezes a do alumínio. Os filmes foram obtidos via deposição através de reator de filamento quente, trabalhando-se com vários filamentos retilíneos em paralelo, resultando assim em um processo que visou obter um filme mais uniforme e com grande área de deposição. Os dados para análises da composição química superficial dos filmes foram obtidos por Difração de Raios-X, Dispersão de Energia de Raios-X e para a verificação da morfologia e espessura do filme foi utilizada a Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Para a verificação do comportamento da temperatura sobre o dissipador com o filme de diamante CVD foi utilizada uma câmera de imagem termográfica, marca Fluke, modelo Ti 40 FT. Foram obtidos filmes de 2 e 10 ?m sobre o silício. Estas espessuras ainda não oferecem um desempenho mecânico que o torne autosustentado. Do ponto de vista de desempenho térmico as análises mostraram que, mesmo com pequena espessura, o filme de diamante CVD apresentou bom resultado experimental. Os principais desafios de construção para esse dissipador de calor são a obtenção do filme com espessura acima de um mm e a garantia da qualidade do filme com a repetitividade do processo em cujo caso torna-se necessário definir as dimensões do dissipador antes da deposição do filme.

Análise in vitro da proliferação celular e produção de mediadores inflamatórios por células da conjuntiva estimuladas por materiais utilizados na confecção de próteses oculares

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Potentiodynamic behaviour of CuA1Ag alloys in NaOH: a comparative study related to the pure metals electrochemistry

The mechanism of electrochemical oxidation of surface reformed CuA1Ag alloys having different composition of heat treatment, in 0.5 M NaOH was studied by means of cyclic polarization, constant potential electrolysis, ICP, AA, SEM and EDX. The surface reformation consisted of a repetitive triangular potential sweep (RTPS) between H 2 and O 2 evolution at 100 mV s -1 in the working solution itself, performed in order to increase the electrode roughness and obtain a quasi-stationary I/E profile in which the potentiodynamic behaviour of copper and silver was clearly revealed. The alloys suffer aluminum dealloying after such an RTPS. The quasi-stationary cyclic polarization curve exhibits a multiplicity of current peaks which have been related to the electrochemical reactions involving the pure alloying elements. Complex potential perturbation programmes in regions having different anodic and cathodic limits allowed the study of the mechanism of the electrochemical oxidation of the surface reformed alloys and the compare with that corresponding to the pure metals. The basic differences between the electro-oxidation processes of the surface reformed CuA1Ag alloys with respect to those established for the high purity alloying metals are the splitting of the peaks corresponding to the formation of the Cu(I) and Ag(I) species. © 1991.

Thermoregulatory responses of goats in hot environments

Notwithstanding the solar radiation is recognized as a detrimental factor to the thermal balance and responses of animals on the range in tropical conditions, studies on the amount of thermal radiation absorbed by goats therein associated with data on their production and heat exchange are still lacking. Metabolic heat production and the heat exchange of goats in the sun and in the shade were measured simultaneously, aiming to observe its thermal equilibrium. The results showed that black goats absorb twice as much as the white goats under intense solar radiation (higher than 800 W m(-2)). This observation leads to a higher surface temperature of black goats, but it must not be seen as a disadvantage, because they increase their sensible heat flow in the coat-air interface, especially the convection heat flow at high wind speeds. In the shade, no difference between the coat colours was observed and both presented a lower absorption of heat and a lower sensible heat flow gain. When solar radiation levels increases from 300 to 1000 W m(-2), we observed an increase of the heat losses through latent flow in both respiratory and cutaneous surface. Cutaneous evaporation was responsible for almost 90 % of the latent heat losses, independently of the coat colour. Goats decrease the metabolic heat production under solar radiation levels up to 800 W m(-2), and increase in levels higher than this, because there is an increase of the respiratory rate and of the respiratory flow, but the fractions of consumed oxygen and produced carbon dioxide are maintained stable. The respiratory rate of black goats was higher than the white ones, under 300 W m(-2) (55 and 45 resp min(-1)) and 1000 W m(-2) (120 and 95 resp min(-1), respectively). It was concluded that shade or any protection against solar radiation levels above 800 Wm(-2) is critical to guarantee goat's thermal equilibrium. Strategies concerning the grazing period in accordance with the time of the day alone are not appropriate, because the levels of radiation depend on the latitude of the location.

Comparative study on structure and magnetic properties of polycrystalline PrxY1-xBa2Cu3O7-delta prepared in oxygen and argon atmosphere

We report a systematic study on the influence of the synthesis routes on the structural and magnetic properties of polycrystalline PrxY1-xBa2Cu3O7-delta. We have prepared high-quality samples of this material by following a sol-gel method based on heat treatment in both inert argon and oxygen atmospheres in order to compare their effect on the formation of the superconducting phase using X-ray powder diffraction. Magnetic measurements (DC and AC susceptibility) clearly demonstrate that, for the same concentration of Pr, the superconducting transition temperature markedly increases in all samples prepared in argon atmosphere, including pure Pr-123. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Exponential depletion of neutral dangling bonds density (D-0) by rare-earth doping in amorphous Si films

In this work we study the effect reduction in the density of dangling bond species D-0 states in rare-earth (RE) doped a-Si films as a function concentration for different RE-specimens. The films a-Si-1_(x) REx, RE=Y3+, Gd3+, Er3+, Lu3+) were prepared by co-sputtering and investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR) and Raman scattering experiments. According to our data the RE-doping reduces the ESR signal intensity of the D-0 states with an exponential dependence on the rare-concentration. Furthermore, the reduction produced by the magnetic rare-earths Gd3+ and Er3+ is remarkably greater than that caused by Y3+ and Lu3+, which led us to suggest an exchange-like coupling between the spin of the magnetic REs3+ and the spin of silicon neutral dangling bonds. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mean and Variability of the Tropical Atlantic Ocean in the CCSM4

This study analyzes important aspects of the tropical Atlantic Ocean from simulations of the fourth version of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM4): the mean sea surface temperature (SST) and wind stress, the Atlantic warm pools, the principal modes of SST variability, and the heat budget in the Benguela region. The main goal was to assess the similarities and differences between the CCSM4 simulations and observations. The results indicate that the tropical Atlantic overall is realistic in CCSM4. However, there are still significant biases in the CCSM4 Atlantic SSTs, with a colder tropical North Atlantic and a hotter tropical South Atlantic, that are related to biases in the wind stress. These are also reflected in the Atlantic warm pools in April and September, with its volume greater than in observations in April and smaller than in observations in September. The variability of SSTs in the tropical Atlantic is well represented in CCSM4. However, in the equatorial and tropical South Atlantic regions, CCSM4 has two distinct modes of variability, in contrast to observed behavior. A model heat budget analysis of the Benguela region indicates that the variability of the upper-ocean temperature is dominated by vertical advection, followed by meridional advection.

Chemistry and Chemical Education Through Text and Image: Analysis of Twentieth Century Textbooks Used in Brazilian Context

Assuming that textbooks give literary expression to cultural and ideological values of a nation or group, we propose the analysis of chemistry textbooks used in Brazilian universities throughout the twentieth century. We analyzed iconographic and textual aspects of 31 textbooks which had significant diffusion in the context of Brazilian universities at that period. As a result of the iconographic analysis, nine categories of images were proposed: (1) laboratory and experimentation, (2) industry and production, (3) graphs and diagrams, (4) illustrations related to daily life, (5) models, (6) illustrations related to the history of science, (7) pictures or diagrams of animal, vegetable or mineral samples, (8) analogies and (9) concepts of physics. The distribution of images among the categories showed a different emphasis in the presentation of chemical content due to a commitment to different conceptions of chemistry over the period. So, we started with chemistry as an experimental science in the early twentieth century, with an emphasis change to the principles of chemistry from the 1950s, culminating in a chemistry of undeniable technological influence. Results showed that reflections not only on the history of science, but on the history of science education, may be useful for the improvement of science education.

Analysis of a new cross flow heat exchanger flow arrangement - Extension to several rows

The present paper presents a theoretical analysis of a cross flow heat exchanger with a new flow arrangement comprehending several tube rows. The thermal performance of the proposed flow arrangement is compared with the thermal performance of a typical counter cross flow arrangement that is used in chemical, refrigeration, automotive and air conditioning industries. The thermal performance comparison has been performed in terms of the following parameters: heat exchanger effectiveness and efficiency, dimensionless entropy generation, entransy dissipation number, and dimensionless local temperature differences. It is also shown that the uniformity of the temperature difference field leads to a higher thermal performance of the heat exchanger. In the present case this is accomplished thorough a different organization of the in-tube fluid circuits in the heat exchanger. The relation between the recently introduced "entransy dissipation number" and the conventional thermal effectiveness has been obtained in terms of the "number of transfer units". A case study has been solved to quantitatively to obtain the temperature difference distribution over two rows units involving the proposed arrangement and the counter cross flow one. It has been shown that the proposed arrangement presents better thermal performance regardless the comparison parameter. (C) 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.