Context-sensitive design in transportation infrastructure: relating tire/pavement noise with wearing course characteristics

A design can be defined as context-sensitive when it achieves effective technical and functional transportation solutions, while preserving and enhancing natural environments and minimizing impacts on local communities. Traffic noise is one of the most critical environmental impacts of transportation infrastructure and it affects both humans and ecosystems. Tire/pavement noise is caused by a set of interactions at the contact patch and it is the predominant source of road noise at the regular traffic speeds. Wearing course characteristics affect tire/pavement noise through various mechanisms. Furthermore, acoustic performance of road pavements varies over time and it is influenced by both aging and temperature. Three experimentations have been carried out to evaluate wearing course characteristics effects on tire/pavement noise. The first study involves the evaluation of skid resistance, surface texture and tire/pavement noise of an innovative application of multipurpose cold-laid microsurfacing. The second one involves the evaluation of the surface and acoustic characteristics of the different pavement sections of the test track of the Centre for Pavement and Transportation Technology (CPATT) at the University of Waterloo. In the third study, a set of highway sections have been selected in Southern Ontario with various types of pavements. Noise measurements were carried out by means of the Statistical Pass-by (SPB) method in the first case study, whereas in the second and in the third one, Close-proximity (CPX) and the On-Board Sound Intensity (OBSI) methods have been performed in parallel. Test results have contributed to understand the effects of pavement materials, temperature and aging on tire/pavement noise. Negligible correlation was found between surface texture and roughness with noise. As a general trend, aged and stiffer materials have shown to provide higher noise levels than newer and less stiff ones. Noise levels were also observed to be higher with temperature increase.

Frost heave testing of norwegian materials for road infrastructure

In areas of seasonal frost, frost susceptibility composed by frost heaving during the winter and thaw softening during the spring is one of the most dangerous phenomenon for transportation, road and railway infrastructure. Therefore, the need for frost protection layer becomes imperative. The purpose of frost protection layer is to prevent frost from penetrating down through the pavement and into the sub-soils. Frost susceptible soils under the road can be cause damages on the roads or other structures due to frost heave or reduced capacity characteristics thaw period. "Frost heave" is the term given to the upwards displacement of the ground surface caused by the formation of ice within soils or aggregates (Rempel et al., 2004). Nowadays in Scandinavia the most common material used in frost protection layer in the pavement structure of roads and in the ballast of the railway tracks are coarse-grain crushed rocks aggregates. Based on the capillary rise, the mechanics of frost heave phenomenon is based on the interaction between aggregates and water, as suggested by Konrad and Lemieux in 2005 that said that the fraction of material below the 0.063 mm sieve for coarse-grained soils must be controlled so as to reduce the sensitivity to frost heave. The study conducted in this thesis project is divided in two parts: - the analysis of the coarse grained aggregates used in frost protection layer in Norway; - the analysis of the frost heave phenomenon in the laboratory under known boundary conditions, through the use of the most widely used method, the frost heave test, in” closed system” (without access of water).

Evaluation of a cloud infrastructure for the CMS distributed data analysis in the top quark sector at the LHC

Nella fisica delle particelle, onde poter effettuare analisi dati, è necessario disporre di una grande capacità di calcolo e di storage. LHC Computing Grid è una infrastruttura di calcolo su scala globale e al tempo stesso un insieme di servizi, sviluppati da una grande comunità di fisici e informatici, distribuita in centri di calcolo sparsi in tutto il mondo. Questa infrastruttura ha dimostrato il suo valore per quanto riguarda l'analisi dei dati raccolti durante il Run-1 di LHC, svolgendo un ruolo fondamentale nella scoperta del bosone di Higgs. Oggi il Cloud computing sta emergendo come un nuovo paradigma di calcolo per accedere a grandi quantità di risorse condivise da numerose comunità scientifiche. Date le specifiche tecniche necessarie per il Run-2 (e successivi) di LHC, la comunità scientifica è interessata a contribuire allo sviluppo di tecnologie Cloud e verificare se queste possano fornire un approccio complementare, oppure anche costituire una valida alternativa, alle soluzioni tecnologiche esistenti. Lo scopo di questa tesi è di testare un'infrastruttura Cloud e confrontare le sue prestazioni alla LHC Computing Grid. Il Capitolo 1 contiene un resoconto generale del Modello Standard. Nel Capitolo 2 si descrive l'acceleratore LHC e gli esperimenti che operano a tale acceleratore, con particolare attenzione all’esperimento CMS. Nel Capitolo 3 viene trattato il Computing nella fisica delle alte energie e vengono esaminati i paradigmi Grid e Cloud. Il Capitolo 4, ultimo del presente elaborato, riporta i risultati del mio lavoro inerente l'analisi comparata delle prestazioni di Grid e Cloud.

Studio, analisi e progettazione di un prototipo di infrastructure as code

La tesi inserita in un periodo di forte transizione dai sistemi On­premises a sistemi Cloud ha avuto l'esigenza di risolvere alcune problematiche legate alla definizione delle infrastrutture. Come poter scalare le risorse all'evenienza ricreando gli stessi ambienti, monitorandoli e mettendo in sicurezza i dati critici delle applicazioni? La tesi ha risposto proprio a questa domanda definendo un nuovo paradigma nel concepire le infrastrutture chiamato Infrastructure as Code. La tesi ha approfondito le pratiche e le metodologie che si sono legate maggiormente all'Infrastructure as Code tra le quali Version Control, Configuration Management, Continuous Integration e Continuous Delivery. La tesi inoltre ha previsto la realizzazione di un prototipo finale nato dallo studio del flusso di sviluppo software aziendale, definendo gli ambienti in accordo ai sistemi di Version Control e Configuration Management, applicando pratiche di integrazione continua per giungere ad una deployment pipeline funzionale.

Hydraulic Conductivity of Model Soil-Bentonite Backfills Subjected to Wet-Dry Cycling

The potential for changes in hydraulic conductivity, k, of two model soil-bentonite (SB) backfills subjected to wet-dry cycling was investigated. The backfills were prepared with the same base soil (clean, fine sand) but different bentonite contents (2.7 and 5.6 dry wt %). Saturation (S), volume change, and k of consolidated backfill specimens (effective stress = 24 kPa) were evaluated over three to seven cycles in which the matric suction, Ym, in the drying stage ranged from 50 to 700 kPa. Both backfills exhibited susceptibility to degradation in k caused by wet-dry cycling. Mean values of k for specimens dried at Ym = 50 kPa (S = 30-60 % after drying) remained low after two cycles, but increased by 5- to 300-fold after three or more cycles. Specimens dried at Ym ≥ 150 kPa (S < 30 % after drying) were less resilient and exhibited 500- to 10 000-fold increases in k after three or more cycles. The greater increases in k for these specimens correlated with greater vertical shrinkage upon drying. The findings suggest that increases in hydraulic conductivity due to wet-dry cycling may be a concern for SB vertical barriers located within the zone of a fluctuating groundwater table.