Implantação de sistemas de gestão ambiental ISO 14001: uma contribuição da área de gestão de pessoas

Os sistemas certificáveis de gestão ambiental, como a norma ISO 14001, têm sido uma opção cada vez mais utilizada pelas organizações para equacionarem suas demandas ambientais, padronizarem seu processo produtivo, reduzirem custos de produção e melhorarem sua imagem. Entretanto, seu processo de implantação em indústrias gera mudanças significativas na cultura e estrutura destas empresas e devem ser devidamente consideradas por gestores e consultores. Pelo exposto, o principal objetivo deste artigo é apresentar práticas, sistematizadas à luz da teoria com especial contribuição da área de gestão de pessoas e com base em dois estudos de caso, para implantação de sistemas de gestão ambiental ISO 14001 em empresas industriais. Para tanto, foram realizados dois estudos de caso: um em uma empresa de baterias automotivas e outro em uma empresa moveleira. Os dados foram coletados a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas com os gestores diretamente responsáveis por estes sistemas e com colaboradores-chave, observação in loco e análise de documentos. Ao final do artigo são apresentadas sugestões de práticas relacionadas aos seguintes elementos: alta direção, gestão de pessoas, comitê de gestão ambiental, missão e políticas, treinamento e comunicação.

Prática de atividades físicas e custo do tratamento ambulatorial de diabéticos tipo 2 atendidos em unidade básica de saúde

OBJETIVOS: Observar se existem diferenças nos valores monetários destinados aos procedimentos de saúde para o tratamento de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 quando estratificados em diferentes níveis de atividade física habitual. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Cento e vinte um diabéticos tipo 2 foram avaliados em duas unidades básicas de saúde de Bauru, SP. Atividade física foi avaliada por meio de entrevista. Retroagindo um ano ao dia da avaliação, por meio de notas fiscais, foram computados valores de exames, medicamentos e consultas médicas e de enfermagem. RESULTADOS: Quando comparados aos diabéticos ativos, os sedentários apresentaram gastos com consultas em clínico-geral 63% superiores (p = 0,017). Gastos com medicamentos para o tratamento de outras doenças também foram superiores em diabéticos sedentários (p = 0,001). CONCLUSÕES: Quando comparados de acordo com a prática de atividades físicas, diabéticos tipo 2 com menor prática de atividades físicas apresentam maiores custos com serviços médicos e consumo de medicamentos.

Custo Leite para Windows: Software de Controle de Custos para a Pecuária Leiteira

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Níveis críticos de fósforo no solo e nas folhas para a implantação de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden, em quatro tipos de solos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Fator de crescimento derivado de plaquetas humanas obtido por uma metodologia rápida e de baixo custo

Human platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) was purified from lysates of clinically outdated human platelets by ionic exchange chromatography in CM-Sepharose. The eluated fraction was submitted to the Immunoblot/Slot Blot assay using anti-PDGF-AA and anti-PDGF-BB polyclonal antibodies and was evaluated as to its biological activity through the test of [H 3]-thymidine incorporation in NIH/3T3 cell line fibroblasts in culture. The Immunoblot/Slot Blot assay using anti-PDGF-AA and anti-PDGF-BB antibodies proved the presence of the PDGF in chromatographic cationic fraction. The comparison of biological activities between fiblobrast stimulation assay using recombinant PDGF-AB and partially purified PDGF was demonstrated in 165.796 and 157.567 cpm, respectively. This result, proved the potent mitogenic effect of partially purified PDGF and consequently their evidence about the wound healing activity.

Carta de Aptidão para a implantação de rodovias e avaliação de alternativas de traçado com uso de geotecnologias

This study discuss the use of the geotechnologies to aid the planners on the terrain aptness definition for highways implantation and on the different trace evaluation to the extention of the Governador Carvalho Pinto highway, between Taubaté-SP and Aparecida do Norte-SP. Fratures on the area were mapping using Landsat ETM+, band Pan. In order to elaborate the phisical aptness chart for highway implantation was used the Analitical Hierarchy Process (AHP) operation, in on geographical information system (GIS). Using GIS were realized a ponderate middle with the soils, rocks, relief, slope, fractures and land use/cover maps. Using this physical aptness chart and joinning it with urban and restrict areas (that was inserted by the Boolean operation), were obtained a viability chart for highway implantation. Based on it were proposed three aleatory traces for the Carvalho Pinto highway. This traces were evaluated with the cross tabulation operation. The integration of the restrict areas, land use and phisical aptness in digital media can offer for the planners the cartography of the viability for the highway implantation. The evaliation of these three traces, based on the viability chart, can subsidyse the decision by the planners.

Fatores intrínsecos do custo energético da locomoção durante a natação

The amount of metabolic energy spent in transporting the body mass of the subject over a unit of distance has been defined as the energy cost of locomotion, or regarding to swimming, cost of swimming. The differences in the cost of swimming between the individuals seem to be influenced by two main factors, the hydrodynamic resistance and technical skill of the swimmer. The lower cost of swimming showed by females has been attributed to a smaller hydrodynamic resistance due to their smaller size, larger percentage fat and more streamlined position. However, the difference in cost of swimming between males and females disappears when correcting for body size. With regard to children, the higher energy cost of swimming when correcting for body size may be caused by the lower swimming technique showed by them. For individuals with the same anthropometric characteristics, the better swimming technique and larger size of propelling surface, associated with higher propelling efficiency, may decrease the energy cost of swimming. When comparing different types of strokes, the most economical stroke is crawl, followed by backstroke, irrespective the swimming velocity. Butterfly is the less economical at low velocities (< 0.8 m·s-1). However, above that velocity the breaststroke become the less economical stroke.

Medicação de alto custo para portador de sofrimento psíquico: Um estudo preliminar dos custos

The present work aims to raise the costs of high-cost drugs used to treat patients of Refractory Schizophrenia in ambulatory unit. The study was carried out in the Psychosocial Support Center, which treated 33 patients with these medications, during the period of June, 2005 to May, 2006. Data analysis disclosed that the mostly used drugs to treat the carriers of Refractory Schizophrenia were: clozapina and risperidona. It was observed that the treatment with olanzapina is more expensive than that with risperidona. The study concluded that the analysis of the consumption and costs of drugs of high cost is necessary to subside better management of the expenses and new investments in the service. Moreover, the necessity of more studies in the area was also identified to contribute with the control of costs.

Mastite subclínica causada por Staphylococcus aureus: Custo-benefício da antibioticoterapia de vacas em lactação

Economic evaluation of the treatment bovine subclinical mastitis caused by S. aureus was evaluated. Two hundred and seventy udder quarters with or without subclinical mastitis were distributed into four groups, in conformity to lactational stage and treatments. Group 1 included animals treated between 10 and 60 days of lactation; group 2 included animals treated from 61 days of lactation to two months before drying; group 3 included animals no treated between 10 and 60 days of lactation; group 4 included animals no treated from 61 days of lactation to two months before drying. Treatment with gentamicin (150mg) was accomplished by intramammary doses, once a day, after performing sensitivity tests. The mammary quarters were re-evaluated after 30 days. The costs with the treatment were calculated considering a S. aureus prevalence of 5% as well as expenses with antibiotic, milk disposal, tests of drug sensitivity and workload. There was loss of income of 2% and 14% in the groups 1 and 2, respectively, when compared with the values before the treatment. In such case, the treatment of bovine subclinical mastitis caused by S. aureus in the lactation was economically unviable.

Alterações de propriedades físicas de um nitossolo vermelho pela sucessão milheto-soja na fase de implantação do sistema de semeadura direta

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of a millet-soybean rotation, during the implantation phase of no-tillage system on the physical properties of a Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico and the dry mass production of millet and the productivity of soybean. The experimental design used was a randomized blocks, in a split splot arrangement, with four replications. The parcels was constituted by three sowings (E1, E2 and E3) and the subparcels was constituted by harvests, where each harvest handling was: M1 - harvest each blooming and covering withdrawal; M2 - harvest each blooming and covering permanency; M3 - only in the first harvest on blooming and covering withdrawal; M4 - only in the first harvest on blooming and covering permanency, and M5-free growing, with no harvest. Samples were collected from three soil layers: 0-0,05, 0,05-0,10 and 0,10-0,20 m. The E2 showed smaller values of soil density and larger values of total porosity. The E3 resulted in smaller values of flocculation degree and mean weight diameter of the aggregates. The E3 showed smaller production of dry mass.

Implantação do pilar ruju Botucatu na UNESP para integração ao Sistema Geodésico Brasileiro

The objective of this work was to implant a geodesic pillar in the campus of Botucatu (Rubião Júnior) of the São Paulo State University (UNESP), using active stations of the Brazilian Net of Continuous Monitoring (RBMC) as reference, aiming at inclusion in the Brazilian Geodesic System (BGS). In the planning of the trace, some aspects of the pillar optimization were considered: the field evaluation, the equipment Receiver GPS Topcon Hiper GGD and the net RBMC were used to trace the height, and the Topcon Tools 6.04 version software was use for the data processing, the ambiguity solution, as well as the treatment of injunctions during the column adjustment. The obtained results allowed the implantation of a more accurate pillar then 1ppm compatible to the RBMC net, meeting the specification of IBGE.

Implantação de aterros sanitários: Comparação de métodos de seleção de áreas

Historically, the incorrect waste disposal has been related to epidemics which resulted in thousand of deaths. Despite the efforts to develop sanitary disposal methods in the 19 century, even today, uncontrolled dumps are often found in undeveloped countries. These places are responsible for environment pollution and for several diseases. The process of adequate waste disposal begins with the selection of suitable landfill areas, based on environmental characteristics. The goal of this research was to compare two methods of landfill site selection: the first one developed by IG-SMA (1999), and the other by Basílio (2001). Both methods were developed and applied in the same area - region of Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil and this fact explains the choice for them; the comparison was made by superposing maps. Despite the same geographic area, the result was very different and few areas in common were found; IG-SMA (1999) obtained more suitable areas than Basílio (2001). This has been attributed to scale, criteria and attribute differences and, as a conclusion, Basílio (2001) was considered more restrictive than IG-SMA (1999).

Planejamento agrícola e implantação de sistema de cultivo de cana-de-açúcar com auxílio de técnicas geoestatísticas

Sugarcane is one of the most important crops of the Brazilian agribusiness and this importance justifies the use of techniques that allow the implementation of cultivation systems capable of reducing the variability of soil characteristics and the establishment of efficient agricultural planning. The aim of the present work was the planning and implementation of cultivation systems for sugarcane using geostatistical techniques, in the Pereira Barreto region, SP. An area of 505 ha was mapped using the global positioning system (GPS) and a Digital Elevation Model was elaborated (MDE). Soil samples were collected for 0-0.25 m depth, in each 7 ha, for their chemical attributes and texture characterization. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and geostatistics. The determination of the spatial distribution of soil granulometric and chemical attributes allowed the allocation of the studied sugarcane varieties according to soil fertility and clay content. The kriging maps of soil granulometric and chemical attributes brought useful information to the establishment of production environments with different soil and crop managements. The identification of different environments by means of geostatistical techniques allowed the precise planning of the sugarcane cultivation, as well as the adequacy of fertilization practices and the allocation of suitable sugarcane varieties adapted to the conditions imposed by differences in the soil attributes.

Consumo e custo de energia elétrica na cultura de citros irrigado por gotejamento e microaspersão, com três lâminas de água

The objective of this work was to analyze the consumption, electric energy cost, and economic results of irrigated citrus (Citrus sinensis). The treatments consisted of a dripping irrigation system with one and two lateral distribution lines, a micro sprinkler irrigation system and a treatment without irrigation. For each irrigation system, three water depths were used: 100%, 75% and 50% of Etc (citrus evapotranspiration). The electric energy cost for two tariff groups, Group A and Group B, was studied. For Group A, the expenses with energy were determined for the Conventional Binomial Structure tariff, the Hour-seasonal tariff (green and blue) and the special tariff for nocturnal irrigation. The kWh cost for the tariff systems were obtained from the website of CPFL (São Paulo State Power and Light Company, Brazil). The best relation between the electric energy consumption (kWh.ha -1) and productivity (t.ha -1) occurred in the treatment irrigated with 50% of the Etc. The irrigated treatments increased productivity. The biggest productivity was observed in the irrigation treatments with 50% of the Etc when compared to the ones with 100% of the Etc. The blue and green Hour-seasonal tariff system of Group A (nocturnal irrigation) was the best option. A biggest economic turnover occurred in the treatments irrigated with 50% of the Etc.

Custo de produção e indicadores de rentabilidade da cultura do milho safrinha

The objective of this study was to evaluate the production cost and profitability of the second season corn crop in the Medio Paranapanema region, São Paulo State Brazil, under two technological levels (middle and high technology), crop 2008/2009, and compare the results with the 2006/2007 agricultural year. Effective and total operational cost as well as five profitability indicators were used. It was concluded that the high technology production cost for corn crop (direct seedling, sowing during the recommended period, use of simple hybrid seed, application of side-dressing fertilization, and treatment of seeds with different insecticides) was superior to the middle technology production cost (direct seedling, sowing after the recommended time, use of double hybrid seed, and no side-dressing fertilization). However, the average cost was inferior (US$ 8.5), due to a higher yield (4 t). The high technology corn crop was profitable (gross income and profitability index of 14% and 12%, respectively). For the middle technology crop, profitability indexes pointed out that the cropping system needs to be reevaluated by technicians and research institutions, regarding the adequate technical recommendations. Profitability indexes decreased considerably in both cropping systems. It was verified that, in relation to the 2006/2007 harvest period, the total operational cost increased for both technologies, mainly because of the increase of supplies prices.