Un nuevo viaje de Teseo : De la Antigüedad a la Edad Media y al Renacimiento inglés

El presente trabajo propone explorar el modo cómo la literatura inglesa se apropia de la figura del héroe ático por antonomasia, Teseo, prefiriendo a las historias relacionadas con la aventura aquellas que lo muestran como figura garante del orden y de la sabiduría. Proponemos rastrear el modo cómo el héroe es presentado en el "Cuento del caballero" de los Canterbury Tales, representando no sólo el discurso patriarcal sino y, al mismo tiempo, quien desata las contiendas y quien las re-ordena. En este sentido, la figura del cuento- épico en el sentido bajtiniano del término- testimonia el discurso del orden, donde el varón es el eje vertebrador de la sociedad civil y familiar. Shakespeare, que había tomado contacto con las fuentes clásicas y medievales-tanto italianas como inglesas- incorpora en su Sueño de una noche de verano a un nuevo Teseo, que no sólo discurre acerca de la imaginación sino que también retoma la idea de orden a partir de la proclama de que es necesario someter las trampas de la imaginación a la prueba de la "fría razón". A partir de estos dos ejemplos, trataremos de reflexionar el modo cómo la literatura inglesa se apropió de estos mitos clásicos

Reference datasets and pollen record from sediment core YAK, Yakumo, SW Hokkaido

This study reconstructs middle and late Holocene vegetation and climate dynamics in the Oshima Peninsula, SW Hokkaido, using the published method of biome reconstruction and modern analogue technique applied to the Yakumo pollen record (42°17'03''N, 140°15'34''E) spanning the last 5500 years. Two previously published matrices assigning Japanese plant/pollen taxa to the major vegetation types (biomes) are tested using a newly compiled dataset of 78 surface pollen spectra from Hokkaido. With both matrices showing strengths and weaknesses in reconstructing cool mixed and temperate deciduous forests of Hokkaido, the results suggest the necessity to consider the whole list of identified terrestrial pollen taxa for generating robust vegetation reconstructions for northern Japan. Applied to the fossil pollen data, both biome-reconstruction approaches demonstrate consistently that oak-dominated cool mixed forest spread in the study region between 5.5 and 3.6 cal ka BP and was subsequently replaced by beech-dominated temperate deciduous forest. The pollen-based climate reconstruction suggests this change in the vegetation composition was caused by a shift from cooler and drier than present climate to warmer and wetter, similar to modern conditions about 3.6 cal ka BP. Comparing the pollen-based reconstruction results with the published marine records from the NW Pacific, the reconstructed vegetation and climate dynamics can be satisfactorily explained by the greater role played by the warm Tsushima Current in the Sea of Japan and in the Tsugaru Strait during the middle and late Holocene. An increase in sea surface temperatures west and south of the study site would favour air temperature rise and moisture uptake and cause an increase in precipitation and snow accumulation in the western part of Hokkaido during the late Holocene.

Late Miocene to Holocene planktonic foraminifers from ODP Leg 108 holes

Planktonic foraminifers were examined from 27 holes situated at 12 separate sites in the tropical Atlantic. The sites are located in various environments, including areas of upwelling, areas affected by cool currents, areas of strong dissolution, and areas that show little dissolution in warm-water settings. Paleomagnetic results were variable at these sites, but accumulation rate curves have been produced by combining the existing paleomagnetic data with the available microfaunal data. Determinations of the ages of the planktonic foraminifer datums from these accumulation rate curves show some species to be strongly diachronous, while others provide good stratigraphic markers. The warmest water sites with the least dissolution show the most complete ranges of species.

Pliocene and Pleistocene palynomorphs in ODP Leg 105 holes

Pliocene and Pleistocene sediments from ODP Hole 647A in the south central Labrador Sea and Hole 646B off southwest Greenland were sampled at 1.5-m intervals for studies of terrestrial and marine palynomorphs, including pollen, spores, dinocysts, and acritarchs. The dinocyst assemblages suggest that surface-water masses were cool-temperate to subarctic during most of the Pliocene and Pleistocene. The occurrence of a few warm-temperate indicators, notably Impagidinium species and Polyspaeridium zoharyi, suggests almost continuous northward advection of warm North Atlantic Drift into the Labrador Sea. A major decrease in dinocyst diversity and abundance marks the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene interval. The abundance of acritarchs in Pliocene sediments off southwest Greenland suggests high productivity, which may reflect nutrient flux from the shelf or upwelling; productivity appears to have been much lower at the central Labrador Sea site. Pollen and spore concentrations also decrease from the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene. This diminution probably reflects the impoverishment of vegetation and southward migration of the eastern Canadian tree line at the onset of climatic cooling and glaciation.

Planktic foraminifera from ODP Hole 117-723B

Upwelling occurs during the summer off the coast of Oman when the Asian monsoon produces strong southwest winds in the northern Arabian Sea. Ekman transport driven by the southwest monsoon winds upwells cool nutrient-rich waters along the coast which contrast with the warmer, less productive waters offshore. The spatial pattern of foraminifers in the sediments corresponds with the coastal environmental gradient. The upwelling species Globigerina bulloides dominates the sediment assemblage on the continental margin, while Globigerinita glutinata is more abundant offshore, creating a coastal gradient in fauna. We reconstructed the upwelling faunal gradient using high resolution oxygen isotope stratigraphy to correlate between Hole 723B on the Oman Margin, and a core from the Owen Ridge (RC2761), adjacent Site 722. A gradient similar in magnitude to the present, implying upwelling conditions similar to today existed during each interglacial time during the late Pleistocene interval from 0 to 300 k.y. The gradient was reduced or absent during glacial times implying diminshed southwest winds along the coast of Oman, not strong enough to produce an environmental gradient between the coast and offshore sites.

Planktonic foraminifer stratigraphy of late Pliocene sediments from ODP Hole 167-1021C

This report is an initial investigation of the planktonic foraminifers from the late Pliocene of Ocean Drilling Program Hole 1021C. Planktonic foraminifer assemblages show fair preservation in many samples. Assemblages are quantitatively dominated by Globigerina bulloides, dextral coiling Neogloboquadrina atlantica, and Globorotalia inflata and alternate between cool temperate and subarctic conditions.

Water chemistry and sediment age of lake Terrasovoje, Amery Oasis, East Antarctica

The late Quaternary palaeoenvironmental history of the southern Windmill Islands, East Antarctica, has been reconstructed using diatom assemblages from two long, well-dated sediment cores taken in two marine bays. The diatom assemblage of the lowest sediment layers suggests a warm climate with mostly open water conditions during the late Pleistocene. During the following glacial, the Windmill Islands were covered by grounded ice preventing any in situ bioproductivity. Following deglaciation, a sapropel with a well-preserved diatom assemblage was deposited from ~10?500 cal yr BP. Between ~10?500 and ~4000 cal yr BP, total organic carbon (Corg) and total diatom valve concentrations as well as the diatom species composition suggest relatively cool summer temperatures. Hydrological conditions in coastal bays were characterised by combined winter sea-ice and open water conditions. This extensive period of glacial retreat was followed by the Holocene optimum (~4000 to ~1000 cal yr BP), which occurred later in the southern Windmill Islands than in most other Antarctic coastal regions. Diatom assemblages in this period suggest ice-free conditions and meltwater-stratified waters in the marine bays during summer, which is also reflected in high proportions of freshwater diatoms in the sediments. The diatom assemblage in the upper sediments of both cores indicates Neoglacial cooling from ~1000 cal yr BP, which again led to seasonally persistent sea-ice on the bays. The Holocene optimum and cooling trends in the Windmill Islands did not occur contemporaneously with other Antarctic coastal regions, showing that the here presented record reflects partly local environmental conditions rather than global climatic trends.

Water chemistry, sediment radiocarbon age and diatom zonation at Peterson Inlet and Browning Bay, Antarctica

The late Quaternary palaeoenvironmental history of the southern Windmill Islands, East Antarctica, has been reconstructed using diatom assemblages from two long, well-dated sediment cores taken in two marine bays. The diatom assemblage of the lowest sediment layers suggests a warm climate with mostly open water conditions during the late Pleistocene. During the following glacial, the Windmill Islands were covered by grounded ice preventing any in situ bioproductivity. Following deglaciation, a sapropel with a well-preserved diatom assemblage was deposited from ~10500 cal yr BP. Between ~10500 and ~4000 cal yr BP, total organic carbon (Corg) and total diatom valve concentrations as well as the diatom species composition suggest relatively cool summer temperatures. Hydrological conditions in coastal bays were characterised by combined winter sea-ice and open water conditions. This extensive period of glacial retreat was followed by the Holocene optimum (~4000 to ~1000 cal yr BP), which occurred later in the southern Windmill Islands than in most other Antarctic coastal regions. Diatom assemblages in this period suggest ice-free conditions and meltwater-stratified waters in the marine bays during summer, which is also reflected in high proportions of freshwater diatoms in the sediments. The diatom assemblage in the upper sediments of both cores indicates Neoglacial cooling from ~1000 cal yr BP, which again led to seasonally persistent sea-ice on the bays. The Holocene optimum and cooling trends in the Windmill Islands did not occur contemporaneously with other Antarctic coastal regions, showing that the here presented record reflects partly local environmental conditions rather than global climatic trends.

Age datums, and abundance of Discoaster brouweri and Coccolithus pelagicus in ODP Site 180-1115 sediments

The relative abundance of warm-water Discoaster brouweri vs. cool-water Coccolithus pelagicus provides a useful proxy for interpreting Pliocene surface water temperature trends at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1115 (Solomon Sea). Surface waters were mostly warm during the early Pliocene with a slightly cooler interval centered on 4.5 Ma. A more pronounced cool interval occurred at ~3.2 Ma. The early and mid-Pliocene cool periods may reflect Antarctic glacial growth. A mid-Pliocene warm interval occurred from ~3.1 to 2.8 Ma. Temperature began to decline beginning ~2.7 Ma, marking the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation. This long-term decline in surface water temperature is interrupted by a brief warming event at ~2.3 Ma.

Black shales from the Upper Aptian and Lower Albanian of the Volcontian Basin

Calcareous nannoplankton, palynomorph, benthic foraminifera, and oxygen isotope records from the supraregionally distributed Niveau Paquier (Early Albian age, Oceanic Anoxic Event 1b) and regionally distributed Niveau Kilian (Late Aptian age) black shales in the Vocontian Basin (SE France) exhibit variations that reflect paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic changes in the mid-Cretaceous low latitudes. To quantify surface water productivity and temperature changes, nutrient and temperature indices based on calcareous nannofossils were developed. The nutrient index strongly varies in the precessional band, whereas variations of the temperature index reflect eccentricity. Since polar ice caps were not present during the mid-Cretaceous, these variations probably result from feedback mechanisms within a monsoonal climate system of the mid-Cretaceous low latitudes involving warm/humid and cool/dry cycles. A model is proposed that explains the formation of mid-Cretaceous black shales through monsoonally driven changes in temperature and evaporation/precipitation patterns. The Lower Albian Niveau Paquier, which has a supraregional distribution, formed under extremely warm and humid conditions when monsoonal intensity was strongest. Bottom water ventilation in the Vocontian Basin was diminished, probably due to increased precipitation and reduced evaporation in regions of deep water formation at low latitudes. Surface water productivity in the Vocontian Basin was controlled by the strength of monsoonal winds. The Upper Aptian Niveau Kilian, which has a regional distribution only, formed under a less warm and humid climate than the Niveau Paquier. Low-latitude deep water formation was reduced to a lesser extent and/or on regional scale only. The threshold for the formation of a supraregional black shale was not reached. The intensity of increases in temperature and humidity controlled whether black shales developed on a regional or supraregional scale. At least in the Vocontian Basin, the increased preservation of organic matter at the sea floor was more significant in black shale formation than the role of enhanced productivity.

Geochemistry of fallout tephra from ODP Hole 125-782A

Very rare, halogen-rich andesite melt inclusions (HRA) in bytownitic plagioclase phenocrysts (An89-90) from tephra fallout of the Izu arc volcanic front (Izu VF) provide new insights into the processes of fluid release from slab trenchward to the volcanic front in a cool subduction zone. These HRA are markedly enriched in Cl, F and Li - by factors of up to 8 (Cl, F) and 1.5 (Li) - but indistinguishable with respect to the fluid-mobile large-ion lithophile elements (LILE; K, Sr, Rb, Cs, Ba, Pb, U), rare earths (REE) or high field strength elements (HFSE) from the low-K tholeiitic magmas of the Izu VF. We suggest that the chemical signature of the HRA reflects the presence of a fluid in the mantle source that originated from the serpentinized mantle peridotite above the metacrust. This "wedge serpentinite" presumably formed by fluid infiltration beneath the forearc and was subsequently down-dragged with the slab to arc front depths. The combined evidence from the Izu VF (?110 km above slab) and the outer forearc serpentinite seamounts (~25 to 30 km above slab) suggests that the slab flux of B and Cl is highest beneath the forearc, and decreases with increasing slab depths. In contrast, the slab flux of Li is minor beneath the forearc, but increases with depth. Fluorine may behave similarly to Li, whereas the fluid-mobile LILE appear to be largely retained in the slab trenchward from the Izu VF. Consequently, the chemical signatures of both Izu trench sediments and basaltic rocks appear preserved until arc front depths.

Pollen record from Blankensee, Germany

Lake Blankensee is filled with 14 m of late- and postglacial deposits, Lake Siethener See with 22,5 m. The lacustrine sedimentation begins in Lake Siethener See in the middle of the Alleröd with annual lamination which partly continues in the Younger Dryas. A 2 cm thick layer of the Laacher See tephra was found in both lakes, the Saksunarvatn tephra only in Lake Siethener See where the cool Rammelbeek-phase (Preboreal) could be shown. The youngest part of the sediment profiles is suspended drifting mud. Masses of Pediastrum (algae) indicate an increasing shoaling of Lake Blankensee after the Subboreal.

Strontium isotope data from DSDP Sites 32-305 and 62-463 and ODP Sites 113-689 and 113-690

Fluctuations in oxygen (d18O) and carbon (d13C) isotope values of benthic foraminiferal calcite from the tropical Pacific and Southern Oceans indicate rapid reversals in the dominant mode and direction of the thermohaline circulation during a 1 m.y. interval (71-70 Ma) in the Maastrichtian. At the onset of this change, benthic foraminiferal d18O values increased and were highest in low-latitude Pacific Ocean waters, whereas benthic and planktic foraminiferal d13C values decreased and benthic values were lowest in the Southern Ocean. Subsequently, benthic foraminiferal d18O values in the Indo-Pacific decreased, and benthic and planktic d13C values increased globally. These isotopic patterns suggest that cool intermediate-depth waters, derived from high-latitude regions, penetrated temporarily to the tropics. The low benthic d13C values at the Southern Ocean sites, however, suggest that these cool waters may have been derived from high northern rather than high southern latitudes. Correlation with eustatic sea-level curves suggests that sea-level change was the most likely mechanism to change the circulation and/or source(s) of intermediate-depth waters. We thus propose that oceanic circulation during the latest Cretaceous was vigorous and that competing sources of intermediate- and deep-water formation, linked to changes in climate and sea level, may have alternated in importance.

Sea surafe temperture calculation for the Arabian Sea

Sea surface temperature (SST) and seawater d18O (d18Ow) were reconstructed in a suite of sediment cores from throughout the Arabian Sea for four distinct time intervals (0 ka, 8 ka, 15 ka, and 20 ka) with the aim of understanding the history of the Indian Monsoon and the climate of the Arabian Sea region. This was accomplished through the use of paired Mg/Ca and d18O measurements of the planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber. By analyzing basin-wide changes and changes in cross-basinal gradients, we assess both monsoonal and regional-scale climate changes. SST was colder than present for the majority of sites within all three paleotime slices. Furthermore, both the Indian Monsoon and the regional Arabian Sea mean climate have varied substantially over the past 20 kyr. The 20 ka and 15 ka time slices exhibit average negative temperature anomalies of 2.5°-3.5°C attributable, in part, to the influences of glacial atmospheric CO2 concentrations and large continental ice sheets. The elimination of the cross-basinal SST gradient during these two time slices likely reflects a decrease in summer monsoon and an increase in winter monsoon strength. Changes in d18Ow that are smaller than the d18O signal due to global ice volume reflect decreased evaporation and increased winter monsoon mixing. SSTs throughout the Arabian Sea were still cooler than present by an average of 1.4°C in the 8 ka time slice. These cool SSTs, along with lower d18Ow throughout the basin, are attributed to stronger than modern summer and winter monsoons and increased runoff and precipitation. The results of this study underscore the importance of taking a spatial approach to the reconstruction of processes such as monsoon upwelling.