991 resultados para aumento em superfície
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This study aims to assess the implementation of Lean Six Sigma in the preparation of plates and hot lamination process for a company of aluminum rolled products, to improve the quality, productivity and process efficiency. As a basis for achieving these goals, the DMAIC methodology and various quality tools such as Cause Effect Diagram, Process Flow, SIPOC, Pareto, FMEA and Control Chart were used, trying to propose improvements to processes and increase their efficiency. The results were significant and were the basis for the continuation of a continuous improvement project throughout the factory
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This paper addresses the context of emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) from activities related to Coal, called fugitive emissions. The survey of factors, development, analysis, and suggestions for controlling emissions are conducted in order to reduce risks to the environment and people around it. The greenhouse gases absorb radiation, emitted by the Earth’s surface, and hinder their escape into space. This process is essential to terrestrial life. Increasing the concentration of those gases in the atmosphere has led to an increase in the terrestrial temperature. A selection of processes that emit gases and the study and development of calculations for measuring fugitive emissions applied in different sources from coal are performed. The greenhouse gases can be released from the extraction, processing, storage, and transportation of fossil fuels to the end consumer. Coal has 4 main fugitive factors: mining, post-mining, oxidation at low temperature, and uncontrolled combustion. The coal formation process produces methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), being the methane, the main greenhouse gas from the coal mining and handling. The types of activities and the weight of each in the issuing process are observed. It is also made comparisons between the countries with the highest emissions rates. Are evaluated what has been done and what is needed to decrease emissions, for example the use of gas as an alternative fuel for energy generation
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It is known that the urban environment modifies the energy balance between the surface and the atmosphere, causing changes in temperature, relative humidity, among other things, opening the way for studies aimed at urban climatology. Based on the theme of urban climate, this research focuses on the city of Assis, located west of São Paulo. The generation of urban climate is a result of various factors, among which stand out: the use and different land use, the thermodynamic properties of buildings, number of buildings in the urban, socioeconomic activities, etc.. In general, this increases the temperature and reducing relative humidity, providing thermal discomfort. The rural environment is used for comparison studies to this theme by presenting different characteristics in relation to the structure, morphology and urban functionality. The main objective of this study is to determine the characteristics of temperature and humidity environments with the habits and occupations of the different soils in winter, at night, one inserted into the urban fabric of Assis and the other in the rural environment, to verify for evidence of changes in climatic elements because of urbanization. To collect the data will be used mini automatic weather stations that record data on temperature and humidity. For analysis of the results will be made between the data obtained in the city and the countryside, developing graphics application using Excel to tabulate the data. It was found that there were differences in the thermo-hygrometric data collection points, showing a specific urban climate in the city of Assis
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O processo de urbanização é bastante expressivo na modificação do clima na escala local, pois as formas materiais assumidas pela cidade, bem como as atividades que nela se desenvolvem, provocam anomalias nos elementos do clima como a temperatura, umidade relativa do ar, direção e velocidade do vento. Destes, a temperatura tem se destacado nos estudos sobre o clima urbano, pois as características da área urbana promovem seu aumento tanto no ar quanto nos alvos da superfície. Nesse sentido, este estudo objetivou detectar as anomalias térmicas intraurbanas e suas magnitudes, relacionando-as com os tipos de uso e ocupação da superfície do solo no município de Presidente Prudente-SP. Para tanto, foram realizadas análises das diferenças térmicas e higrométricas entre o urbano e o rural em dias representativos do inverno e do verão, e a verificação da temperatura da superfície através do sensoriamento remoto no infravermelho termal. Os resultados apresentaram que os tipos de tempo, assim como as características da superfície foram responsáveis pelas maiores ou menores diferenças entre a área urbana e a rural, o que demonstra a importância de se adequar o planejamento urbano às características do ambiente local
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Atualmente são conhecidas aproximadamente 10.000 substâncias do metabolismo secundário de invertebrados e microorganismos marinhos. Dentre os organismos marinhos estudados do ponto de vista químico e farmacológico, destacam-se, as esponjas, as ascídias, os briozoários e os octocorais. No entanto, pouco se sabe quanto ao potencial imunomodulador de compostos isolados de microrganismos marinhos, em especial daqueles isolados da costa brasileira. A propriedade anti-inflamatória de diferentes extratos brutos foi inicialmente avaliada pelo potencial destes compostos quanto à inibição da produção de óxido nítrico (NO) em linhagem de macrófagos, RAW 264.7. Posteriormente as amostras que se mostraram promissoras foram também avaliadas em relação ao potencial imunomodulador quanto a expressão de moléculas de superfície relacionadas migração (Mac-1 ou CD11b) e ativação celular (CD80 e CD86) em linhagens de macrófagos estimulados com LPS. Nossos resultados mostram que dentre as 289 amostras testadas apenas o extrato DLM33 e as substâncias Ma(M3%)J-MeOH e Dr(M3%)6-MeOH/H2O foram inicialmente considerados promissores quanto capacidade de inibir a síntese de NO por macrófagos. O extrato DLM33 foi capaz de de modular apenas a porcentagem de macrófagos positivos para CD80 na presença de LPS. No entanto, a substância Dr(M3%)6-MeOH/H2O não se mostrou eficiente quanto a modulação da expressão de moléculas de superfície Mac-1, CD80 e CD86. Surpreendentemente, a substância Ma(M3%)J-MeOH apresentou um potencial imunoestimulador quanto a expressão de Mac-1+/CD80+, mas não de CD86, em macrófagos sugerindo um possível efeito adjuvante desta substância. O efeito imunoestimulador da substância Ma(M3%)J-MeOH será futuramente investigado utilizando diferentes abordagens in vitro e in vivo para validar os resultados obtidos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
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Silver nanoparticles (Ag) were deposited on multi-walled carbon nanotube by eletroless. The hybrid Ag/MWCNT was used in the modification of glassy carbon electrode (GC) surface. The electrochemical characterization confirmed the presence of Ag in the nanocomposite has been showed that the synthesis was successful. The GC electrode modified with Ag/MWCNT film was evaluated for electro-oxidation of benzene. The electrochemical behavior presented an improvement on the catalytic surface in relation to non-modified GC electrode. The anodic peak current increased the magnitude in three times when compared with the CG electrode modified only with MWCNT
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Estudos têm demonstrado que o reconhecimento inicial de microrganismos é mediado por receptores celulares expressos em células da imunidade inata denominados receptores de reconhecimento de padrões (PRRs). Assim, a interação entre moléculas de superfície dos patógenos e receptores homólogos presentes na membrana celular de monócitos, modula a fagocitose, a ativação da célula e conseqüentemente a produção de citocinas. Trabalhos têm demonstrado a importância da estimulação de receptores toll-like 2 e 4 (TLR2 e TLR4), receptores de manose (MR) e dectina-1 de monócitos, tanto em infecções bacterianas como fúngicas, culminando com indução de produção de várias citocinas. A IL-18 é uma citocina indutora de IFN-g e possui uma ação extremamente importante, por ser capaz de promover tanto uma resposta do tipo Th1 ou Th2, dependendo do contexto de estimulação e do microambiente de citocinas. Em trabalho recente demonstramos que a IL-18 possui uma ação importante sobre o aumento da expressão de MR em monócitos humanos, e o reconhecimento do Paracoccidioides brasiliensis via esse receptor causaria aumento do crescimento fúngico no interior da célula. Dessa forma, os objetivos do presente projeto foram: 1) Avaliar a ação da IL- 18 sobre a expressão do receptor dectina-1 por monócitos humanos desafiados in vitro com diferentes cepas do P. brasiliensis; b) Avaliar a participação da dectina-1 na indução da produção de IL-18, TNF-a e IL-10 por monócitos desafiados in vitro com diferentes cepas do P. brasiliensis. Assim, monócitos de indivíduos normais tratados in vitro com IL-18 foram desafiados com diferentes de cepas do P. brasiliensis, e a expressão do receptor dectina-1 foi avaliada pela técnica de citometria de fluxo. A dosagem de IL-18, TNF-a e IL-10 no sobrenadante de cultura de monócitos desafiados com P. brasiliensis foi realizada utilizando a técnica de ELISA . Os resultados mostraram que a ...
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Com o objetivo de propor mecanismos que auxiliem na compreensão da neurobiologia do medo e da ansiedade, diversos modelos animais vem sendo utilizados. Dentre eles destaca-se o Teste de Exposição ao Rato (RET), que é um modelo etológico de interação presa (camundongo) – predador (rato), conhecido por eliciar a expressão de diversos tipos de comportamentos defensivos no camundongo, tais como avaliação de risco, esquiva, congelamento, entre outros. Com o intuito de aumentar a aversividade do modelo proposto por Yang e colaboradores (2004), foi proposto um novo modelo de RET, semelhante ao modelo padrão, porém com alterações de algumas variáveis como aumento da luminosidade, ausência de maravalha, alteração do local de inserção do camundongo no aparato, substituição da tela de arame (usada na separação da superfície) por uma tela de acrílico e arame e uma divisão virtual da superfície em duas partes, uma distante da tela por 10 cm (superfície proximal) e outra com 13 cm até chegar ao túnel (superfície distal). Um estudo piloto realizado comparando o novo teste de exposição ao rato com o modelo padrão demonstrou que no novo modelo de exposição há uma maior preferência pela presa às áreas protegidas (toca e túnel) e uma maior expressão de avaliação de risco, indicando talvez uma maior sensibilidade à expressão de comportamentos defensivos de camundongos e possivelmente a fármacos que atuem no sistema de defesa. No presente estudo foram investigados os efeitos dos (i) benzodiazepínicos diazepam e alprazolam, (ii) dos fármacos ansiogênicos cafeína e pentilenotetrazol e (iii) do antidepressivo fluoxetina (aguda e cronicamente). O tratamento com alprazolam resultou num efeito antiaversivo mais evidente quando comparado ao diazepam. O tratamento agudo 10 com cafeína, por sua vez, apresentou um efeito ansiogênico bastante sutil, diferente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
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The present work aims to study the stability and control of the aircraft AF-X of AeroFEG team for AeroDesign to contribute with it in developing its theoretical project report for the competition and present the shortcomings of stability that it might measures for the practical test. In the first moment, it was presented forces and motion of the aircraft, so to define the equations of motion. After the equations of motion were calculated, the transfer functions were found and the aircraft response was analyzed under longitudinal stability and lateral-directional. We obtained responses from the aircraft and through the method of Root Locus the gains required to improve responses and reduce the overshoot, finally some changes and improvements for increased stability have been addressed. The study covered all the motions and control surfaces of the aircraft, showing the characteristics and behavior of the front disruptions, as well as opportunities for gains and improvementsThe present work aims to study the stability and control of the aircraft AF-X of AeroFEG team for AeroDesign to contribute with it in developing its theoretical project report for the competition and present the shortcomings of stability that it might measures for the practical test. In the first moment, it was presented forces and motion of the aircraft, so to define the equations of motion. After the equations of motion were calculated, the transfer functions were found and the aircraft response was analyzed under longitudinal stability and lateral-directional. We obtained responses from the aircraft and through the method of Root Locus the gains required to improve responses and reduce the overshoot, finally some changes and improvements for increased stability have been addressed. The study covered all the motions and control surfaces of the aircraft, showing the characteristics and behavior of the front disruptions, as well as opportunities for gains and improvements
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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The growing demand for quality at competitive prices and fast production process put to the test function in the industrial Maintenance. The need for equipment with high availability to fit this fierce competitiveness makes maintenance becomes essentially reliable. Despite this current context, many companies still have an old view of maintenance, focused only on corrective services, and proposals for change are often neglected due to the sense of urgency day to day. Thus, this study aims to demonstrate through theoretical applicability of simple tool, but of great value in increasing reliability within the maintenance sector of an industry, applying the concepts of Reliability Centered Maintenance – RCM and Analysis tool Failure Modes and Effects – FMEA in equipment of a chemical company directly involved in the manufacturing process of the brake fluid, which this product is used in vehicles around the country. That way, you can identify the types, occurrence and criticality of each failure and evaluate assertively decision making for each device, avoiding unnecessary downtime and potential failures of the same
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Diuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) is a substituted urea herbicide widely used in crops of sugar cane, cotton and soybeans. In 1997, this agent has been classified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as known/likely human carcinogen because it induced tumors in the urinary bladder and renal pelvis of rats, and breast and skin of mice exposed to 2500 ppm for feed for two years. A previous study from our group demonstrated dose-response relationship in the gene expression profile associated with severe necrosis on bladder urothelium and increased incidence of simple hyperplasia in male Wistar rats treated with different concentrations of diuron for 20 weeks. To check how early the molecular changes occurs, rats were fed for 7 days with diets containing diuron at 0, 125, 500 or 2500 ppm. The main observations recorded were urothelium ultrastructural alterations and disruptions of molecular pathways associated with cell-cell interaction and the tissue organization maintenance. Particularly, the gene Glypican 3 (Gpc3), a surface proteoglycan related to cellular adhesion and apoptosis induction, was down regulated on urothelium exposed to 2500ppm diuron for 7 days and 20 weeks. The aim of this study was validate by quantitative RT-PCR real time, the reduced Gpc3 gene expression in epithelial cells of the urinary bladder of male Wistar rats treated with different concentrations of diuron for 7 days and 20 weeks. The endogenous control of the quantitative PCR real time technique was the β-actin gene and the target was the gene Gpc3. The relative quantification (RQ) was obtained by the method of relative quantification 2-ΔΔCt . Animals exposed to diuron for 7 days or for 20 weeks presented reduction of Gpc3 gene expression compared to the control group. This reduction was statistically significant only for the 7 days study. Moreover, by comparing animals exposed for 7 days with the exposed for 20 weeks, it was ...
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The use of ceramic materials in ballistic armor is considerable. Such materials can be very harder and lighter than metallic materials commonly used and it presents advantages to replace metallic materials when necessary toughness can be achieved. However, as SiC and Al2O3 ceramic, traditionally used for shielding, still have high manufacturing cost or low density do not have enough to shield applications such as aircraft. An alternative is the glass-ceramics, ceramics obtained by controlled crystallization of glasses, whose properties can be adjusted by choosing the chemical composition of glass, heat treatment of crystallization and special treatments such as ion exchange on the surface, resulting in increased mechanical strength . The objective of this project is to study the kinetics of crystallization of a glass composition based on cordierite (2MgO.2Al2O3.5SiO2), low density and high hardness, for the manufacture of glass-ceramics for ballistic tests. Shown in this report are results of heat treatment of crystallization and characterization by thermal analysis (DSC) glass obtained previously, indicating uneven distribution of crystals, and drying, weighing, mixing of raw materials and a new fusion of glass, the same composition
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A queda da pressão parcial de oxigênio no sangue arterial (PaO2), provocada pela hipóxia aguda, aumenta as descargas dos quimiorreceptores periféricos, carotídeos e aórticos, cujas aferências estimulam núcleos bulbares como o núcleo do trato solitário (NTS, Chitravanshi e cols., 1994, Mifflin, 1992), resultando em uma série de repostas compensatórias incluindo o aumento da VE ( Overgaard e cols., 1996, Sun e Reis, 1994). Estudos demonstraram que a via neural do quimiorreflexo periférico no NTS tem como neurotransmissores o L-glutamato e mais recentemente o ATP. Além disso, o ATP atuando em receptores purinérgicos presente na superfície ventral do bulbo estaria envolvido com as respostas cardiorrespiratórias induzidas por hipóxia. No entanto, a participação dos receptores purinérgicos do NTS sobre as respostas cardiorrespiratórias induzidas por hipóxia ainda é desconhecida. Portanto, o presente estudo investigou o envolvimento dos receptores purinérgicos P2 no NTS sobre as respostas cardiorrespiratórias induzidas por hipóxia em ratos acordados, usando injeção bilateral de suramin (antagonista inespecífico dos receptores P2) e PPADS (antagonista seletivo dos receptores P2X). Foram utilizados ratos Holtzman (290-310g, n=4-9/grupo) com implante de cânulas guia no NTS. Para medida da pressão arterial média (PAM) e freqüência cardíaca (FC) foi inserido na artéria abdominal, através da artéria femoral, um tubo de polietileno (P-10 conectado ao P-50). Freqüência respiratória (FR), volume corrente (VC) e VE foram registrados através do método de pletismografia de corpo inteiro. Os parâmetros FR, VC, VE, PAM e FC foram registrados antes e após a injeção bilateral de salina, suramin (2 nmol/100 nl) ou PPADS (2 nmol/100 nl) no NTS durante hipóxia (7% de O2 por 35 min) ou normóxia (21% de O2)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult multipotent cells with fibroblastoid morphology and adherent to plastic. Furthermore, they can be obtained from different sources. Besides bone marrow, these cells are taken from umbilical cord blood, umbilical vein, saphenous vein, peripheral blood, arteries, liver and fetal pancreas, placenta, dental pulp and adipose tissue. MSCs derived from adipose tissue are important because of the abundant number of cells that can be obtained from this tissue, easy access and little discomfort to the patient. This study compared two techniques for obtaining MSCs from adipose tissue: mechanical dissociation (MD) and enzymatic digestion (ED). We also analyzed the inter-species cross-reactions using commercial monoclonal antibodies directed against surface antigens of stem cells from different species: mouse, horse, rabbit, monkey and human. We found that MD technique is favorable in relation to ED within 15 days of culture, and ED is more efficient in the first days of culture. The data also showed that MD causes less damage to cellular DNA. About inter-species cross-reactions, the monoclonal antibody A69 directed against stem cells from rabbits, which can be used in veterinary medicine, particularly in research involving horses