Oral administration of iron-saturated bovine lactoferrin-loaded ceramic nanocapsules for breast cancer therapy and influence on iron and calcium metabolism

We determined the anticancer efficacy and internalization mechanism of our polymeric-ceramic nanoparticle system (calcium phosphate nanocores, enclosed in biodegradable polymers chitosan and alginate nanocapsules/nanocarriers [ACSC NCs]) loaded with iron-saturated bovine lactoferrin (Fe-bLf) in a breast cancer xenograft model. ACSC-Fe-bLf NCs with an overall size of 322±27.2 nm were synthesized. In vitro internalization and anticancer efficacy were evaluated in the MDA-MB-231 cells using multicellular tumor spheroids, CyQUANT and MTT assays. These NCs were orally delivered in a breast cancer xenograft mice model, and their internalization, cytotoxicity, biodistribution, and anticancer efficacy were evaluated. Chitosan-coated calcium phosphate Fe-bLf NCs effectively (59%, P≤0.005) internalized in a 1-hour period using clathrin-mediated endocytosis (P≤0.05) and energy-mediated pathways (P≤0.05) for internalization; 3.3 mg/mL of ACSC-Fe-bLf NCs completely disintegrated (~130-fold reduction, P≤0.0005) the tumor spheroids in 72 hours and 96 hours. The IC50 values determined for ACSC-Fe-bLf NCs were 1.69 mg/mL at 10 hours and 1.62 mg/mL after 20 hours. We found that Fe-bLf-NCs effectively (P≤0.05) decreased the tumor size (4.8-fold) compared to the void NCs diet and prevented tumor recurrence when compared to intraperitoneal injection of Taxol and Doxorubicin. Receptor gene expression and micro-RNA analysis confirmed upregulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor and transferrin receptor (liver, intestine, and brain). Several micro-RNAs responsible for iron metabolism upregulated with NCs were identified. Taken together, orally delivered Fe-bLf NCs offer enhanced antitumor activity in breast cancer by internalizing via low-density lipoprotein receptor and transferrin receptor and regulating the micro-RNA expression. These NCs also restored the body iron and calcium levels and increased the hematologic counts.

Effect of B4C, TiB2 and ZrSiO4 ceramic particles on mechanical properties of aluminium matrix composites: Experimental investigation and predictive modelling

This paper focuses on the influence of processing temperature and inclusion of micron-sized B4C, TiB2 and ZrSiO4 on the mechanical performance of aluminium matrix composites fabricated through stir casting. The ceramic/aluminium composite could withstand greater external loads, due to interfacial ceramic/aluminium bonding effect on the movement of grain and twin boundaries. Based on experimental results, the tensile strength and hardness of ceramic reinforced composite are significantly increased. The maximum improvement is achieved through adding ZrSiO4 and TiB2, which has led to 52% and 125% increase in tensile strength and hardness, respectively. To predict the effect of incorporating ceramic reinforcements on the mechanical properties of composites, experimental data of mechanical tests are used to create 3 models named Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm (LMA) neural networks. The results show that the LMA- neural networks models have a high level of accuracy in the prediction of mechanical properties for ceramic reinforced-aluminium matrix composites.

Estudo microscópico do reparo ósseo na mandíbula de ratos submetida a ostectomias a fresa cirúrgica e laser de Er:YAG

Proposição: avaliar histologicamente o reparo ósseo, especialmente a velocidade de cicatrização, após ostectomias a fresa cirúrgica e a laser de Er:YAG, sem contato, em diferentes intensidades de energia, in vivo. Materiais e método: 20 ratos (Novergicus Cepa Wistar), divididos em cinco grupos de quatro animais, foram submetidos a ostectomias da cortical óssea do corpo mandibular a fresa cirúrgica e a laser de Er:YAG (400 mJ/6 Hz), sem contato, no lado direito; no lado esquerdo foram realizadas ostectomias a laser de Er:YAG nas intensidades de 350 mJ/6 Hz e 300 mJ/6 Hz, sem contato. O laser foi aplicado sob irrigação constante. Foi utilizada matriz metálica para padronização das cavidades. Os tempos cirúrgicos foram sete, 14, 45, 60 e 90 dias pós-operatórios, e os espécimens analisados ao microscópio óptico. Resultados: as ostectomias a fresa cirúrgica apresentaram reparo ósseo a partir do endósteo cortical e do trabeculado remanescente. Aos 45 dias, observou-se o restabelecimento cortical, e após remodelação óssea. O reparo ósseo após irradiação a laser apresentou neoformação óssea a partir da superfície externa e endósteo corticais. Áreas de dano térmico foram verificadas nas três condições de irradiação, limitando-se a superfície. Estas áreas não foram mais evidenciadas aos 60 dias pós-operatórios. Neste período e adiante, verificou-se remodelação óssea. Conclusão: o reparo ósseo após ostectomias a laser de Er:YAG ocorreu através de corredores de cicatrização. O reparo ósseo após ostectomias a fresa cirúrgica tende a forma centrífuga. Já o reparo ósseo após irradiação a laser de Er:YAG tende a forma centrípeta. A velocidade de reparo foi maior nas ostectomias a fresa cirúrgica do que nas ostectomias a laser. Aos 90 dias, verificou-se reparo ósseo comparativamente homogêneo nas quatro condições propostas.

Estudo Microscópico do reparo ósseo em alvéolos de ratos irradiados com laser de Er:YAG

Proposição: avaliar a aplicação da tecnologia laser de Er:YAG em tecido ósseo alveolar. Materiais e Método: estudo experimental in vivo, com a amostragem selecionada de forma aleatória, randomizada, com um grupo teste e outro controle. Constou de 20 ratos, da espécie Rattus novergicus albinus, cepa Wistar, machos, subdivididos em quatro grupos, correspondendo aos tempos experimentais de sete, 14, 21 e 45 dias. Todos os animais foram grupo teste no lado direito e controle do lado esquerdo. Foi avaliado o efeito do uso de três pulsos de laser de Er:YAG à energia de 500 mJ/pulso e freqüência de 2 Hz, conduzido por fibra ótica, no modo de entrega em contato, através da análise das fases histológicas do reparo ósseo após extração cirúrgica do primeiro molar superior dos ratos. Foram avaliadas a qualidade e a velocidade do reparo ósseo alveolar. Resultados: aos sete dias, observou-se intensa atividade osteoblástica no grupo teste. As trabéculas apresentaram-se dirigidas no sentido ascendente e convergente. Ao contrário, o grupo controle apresentou neoformação óssea somente aos 14 dias, com trabéculas em forma circunvolutiva e ascendente. Aos 14 dias no grupo teste e aos 21 dias no grupo controle, evidenciou-se semelhança na atividade osteoblástica-osteoclástica, em diferentes fases de neoformação e remodelação óssea. No grupo teste, aos 21 dias, encontrou-se tecido ósseo maduro. Aos 45 dias, ambos os grupos apresentaram-se com tecido ósseo lamelar maduro do tipo esponjoso. Conclusão: após o uso de laser de Er:YAG, nos parâmetros utilizados, não foram observadas áreas de ablação e necrose teciduais, em todos os tempos experimentais; o reparo ósseo alveolar após o uso de laser Er:YAG, nos parâmetros utilizados, ocorreu mais rapidamente em comparação ao controle, principalmente entre os sete e 21 dias pós-operatórios; não houve diferença no reparo ósseo alveolar final, aos 45 dias pós-operatórios, em relação ao controle; e o modelo de cirurgia experimental é válido para pesquisas futuras em reparo ósseo alveolar.

CERAMIC MATERIAL FROM SEWAGE SLUDGE AS SUPPORT MATERIAL SUPPLY WATER FILTRATION

This study shows a possibility of using municipal sewage sludge after thermal treatment in the production of a filtering material to water treatment. Due to the fast urbanization and implementation of high standards for effluent in many countries in recent years, the sewage sludge is being produced in an ever increasing amount. Therefore, the use of sludge is a suitable solution for the expected large quantity of sludge. Dehydration of sludge was performed by controlled heating at temperatures of 1100 degrees C, 850 degrees C, 650 degrees C, 350 degrees C for 3 hours. After thermal treatment the sludge was characterized by X-ray fluorescence, TG/DTG/DTA, residue solubilization and residue lixiviation tests. The aim of the present work was to observe, thought the characterization techniques, if the treated sewage sludge is or not adequate to be used as filter material to water treatment. It will be verified which treatment temperature of the sludge offer possibility to its use in water treatment without carrying pollutants in concentrations out of the standards.

Use of Sludge as Ceramic Materials

Nowadays, with increase amounts of sludge derived from the treatment of domestic sewage put pressure into research on systems for the adequate use of these materials. The aim of the present work is to study the use of sludge ash, from sintering and calcinated process, as a raw material for the ceramic industry. Using the sewage sludge ashes as ceramic raw material there will be no contamination of soil and underground water. Metals and toxic compounds like Al, Fe, Ba, Cr, Cu, Mn and Zn oxides were analyzed and characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The leached material was chemically analyzed where the integration of oxides into the ceramic matrix of sludge ash was observed. Residual decomposition was analyzed by TG, DTG and DTA curves.

Vibrational spectroscopy applied to the study of archeological ceramic artifacts from Guarani culture in Brazil

An archeological artifact can be seen as a chronological element, which helps to determine the age of certain society and to understand the thinking, values and the way of life of this society. Thus, the classification of archeological artifacts is one of the approaches used to study the cultural system of antique societies trying to reconstruct their history. The "Centro de Museologia, Antropologia e Argueologia (CEMAARQ)" of the "Unesp Univ Estadual Paulista" in Presidente Prudente, São Paulo state, Brazil, develops projects within this context (identification and preservation). This is the case of the archeological site named "Lagoa São Paulo-02" discovered in 1993 at the margins of the Parana river in the region of Presidente Epitacio city, São Paulo state, Brazil. This site has ceramic fragments of different shapes and sizes that have a strong influence of traces of the Guarani culture, which is one of the Brazilian native populations. These samples were basically characterized via micro-Raman scattering and Fourier transform infrared absorption (FTIR) spectroscopies. The main objective was to identify the pigments used in the manufacture of the ceramic artifacts and to analyze the composition of the ceramic body to understand how the artifacts were made. Three pigments were found: red, black and white. For the red pigment were identified characteristic bands of hematite, an iron oxide found in the red rocks of the river banks that were eroded by water. The black pigment, probably, is due to the use of vegetal charcoal, which is found in nature as the product of burning organic material such as wood. For the white pigment, the FTIR spectra suggested the use of kaolin, either in the ceramic body or in the proper white pigment, due to the presence of the characteristic bands of the kaolinite. Complementary, the additives applied as anti-plastics were identified as charcoal and quartz, being the latter found in the rocks present in the archeological site. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Sugarcane bagasse ash as a potential quartz replacement in red ceramic

Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) is an industrial waste that contains silicon and aluminum oxides as the major components and iron, calcium, magnesium, and potassium oxides as the main minor components. In this paper, SCBA from one Brazilian factory was characterized and tested for its influence on the ceramic properties of clay/ash ceramic probes. Prismatic probes were pressed (18 MPa) using a ceramic mass mixed with 0%, 5%, 8%, and 10% ash. The probes were fired at temperatures between 800 degrees and 1200 degrees C. X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, thermal analysis (differential thermal analysis, thermo-gravimetric analysis/differential thermogravimetric analysis), and tests for texture (particle-size analysis), flexural strength, and linear shrinkage were carried out to characterize the samples. The results showed that the amount of ash to be incorporated will depend on mainly the composition of clay but also ash, and indicated that the clay used in this work can incorporate up to 10% weight of ash to produce solid bricks. The results also showed an improvement in ceramic/ash properties up to sintering temperatures higher than 1000 degrees C.

The effect of incorporation of a Brazilian water treatment plant sludge on the properties of ceramic materials

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Reuse of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) to produce ceramic materials

Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) is a residue resulting from the burning of bagasse in boilers in the sugarcane/alcohol industry. SCBA has a very high silica concentration and contains aluminum, iron, alkalis and alkaline earth oxides in smaller amounts. In this work, the properties of sintered ceramic bodies were evaluated based on the concentration of SCBA, which replaced non-plastic material. The ash was mixed (up to 60 wt%) with a clayed raw material that is used to produce roof tiles. Prismatic probes were pressed and sintered at different temperatures (up to 1200 degrees C). Technological tests of ceramic probes showed that the addition of ash has little influence on the ceramic properties up to 1000 C. X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis data showed that, above this temperature the ash participates in the sintering process and in the formation of new important phases. The results reported show that the reuse of SCBA in the ceramic industry is feasible. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Up-converter nanophosphor Y2O2S:Er,Yb aminofunctionalized containing or not spherical silica conjugated with BSA

This work reports on the study of the nanophosphor. Y2O2S:Er(2%),Yb(1%) obtained from polymeric resin to be evaluated as fluorescent label with Suitable features to conjugate with bio-molecules for bioassay up-converting phosphor technology (UPT) application A conjugation protocol between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the aminofunctionalized nanophosphor containing or not spherical silica was established UV-vis results indicated an effective conjugation between nanophosphor particles and the protein up-conversion measurements under 980 nm excitation performed for samples before and after aminofunctionalization showed that nanophosphor particles luminescence features keep unchanged in all cases All results suggest that the adapted protocol is feasible to provide a nanoparticle-protein effective conjugation preserving nanophosphor optical features The presence of spherical silica can be considered advantageous to increase conjugation efficiency Therefore. the developed procedure is applicable for future conjugations between the chosen nanophosphor and the streptavidin protein chat takes part in the well known self-recognition system avidin-biotin. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.