Trabalho e educação da classe operaria: a perspectiva politica da escola tecnica do Sindicato dos Metalurgicos - RJ

Esta dissertação procura refletir os pressupostos teóricos da relação trabalho-educação, a partir da vida real da classe operária, bem como a partir da prática político-pedagógica da escola técnica do Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos do Rio de Janeiro. Contextualizando o nexo entre a escola e a entidade de trabalhadores nos diferentes momentos do movimento sindical, procura resgatar a lógica da educação promovida pelos próprios operários-metalúrgicos. Ao tomar o trabalho como princípio educativo, analisa a experiência vivida por professores, operários-estudantes, dirigentes e ativistas sindicais na reconstrução do processo de produção pedagógica. Reflete então, a formação dos trabalhadores tendo como perspectiva o encontro entre o saber escolar e o saber prático do operariado adquirido no cotidiano da fábrica. Analisando a dicotomia trabalho manual/trabalho intelectual, o processo de automação da produção, a condição de classe do técnico industrial, entre outras questões, enfatiza a necessidade de se resgatar a unidade entre educação técnica e educação política da classe operária.

A tarefa crítica: uma nova perspectiva em analise ocupacional

Uma nova abordagem sobre Análise de Trabalho é o que norteia esta dissertação. Partindo de uma. avaliação preliminar sobre as metodologias existentes, visa oferecer uma perspectiva inovadora no plano técnico e metodológico, através de um m:x3.elo especifico, aqui, denominado - TAREFA CRÍTICA. Nesta trajetória a temática envolve, preliminarmente, uma. reavaliação em termos organizacionais dos aspectos administrativos e comportamentais, vinculados ao estudo do trabalho humano. Sucessivamente, são postos em discussão os problemas específicos das metodologias utilizadas em Análise de Trabalhe, revistos em suas noções básicas. Esta primeira avaliação permite enfrentar uma análise subsequente englobando uma revisão dos métodos, através de termos coordenadores aptos a levantar a diretriz lógica dos processos classificatórios existentes. Desta forma, são fixados e discutidos critérios destinados a classificar as classificações dos métodos, no intuito de se entender a própria lógica subjacente ao sentido e aos objetivos de cada um. A Análise, até certo ponto, exaustiva desses termos, além de propiciar a sistematização conceitual da relação e interação dos métodos frente aos seus objetivos e respectivos resultados, conduziu à proposta metodológica que constitui objeto desta tese. A TAREFA CRÍTICA pretende conciliar, definitivamente, a análise do binômio trabalho-trabalhador, pelo emprego de um raciocínio em parte construtivista, e em parte essencialista; superando, de um lado, os radicalismos operacionais e, de outro, os impasses empiristas em análise de Trabalho. Seu desenvolvimento se originou da hipótese de que sempre há um núcleo fundamental no comportamento do trabalhador a ser definido a partir dos eventos ou dados positivos do trabalho, e susceptivel de explicitar uma significação enucleada nas metas organizacionais que lhe correspondem.

Mobilidade da força de trabalho: os impactos de intensos deslocamentos geográficos sob a ótica de trabalhadores docentes

O trabalho ocupa um inegável espaço na vida dos indivíduos, sendo este rico de sentido individual e social, é um meio de produção da vida de cada um ao prover subsistência, criar sentidos existenciais ou contribuir na estruturação da identidade e da subjetividade. O cenário atual de adoção e uso das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação pelas organizações e pessoas, demonstra um crescimento da incorporação de dispositivos tecnológicos que têm o potencial de alterar as características espaciais e temporais do trabalho, aumentando a mobilidade do trabalhador. Considerando-se o fato de que o indivíduo ao deslocar-se, ao mover-se pelo espaço, anexa ou remodela sua identidade pessoal, profissional, cultural, social ou política a partir da mobilidade, o objetivo final desta pesquisa foi refletir sobre de que maneira os impactos positivos e negativos gerados pela intensa mobilidade geográfica demandados pelo exercício da profissão, são percebidos por trabalhadores docentes de curso de pós-graduação lato sensu em Administração que se deslocam de um território para outro(s), com a finalidade de exercerem suas atividades docentes. Realizou-se para tanto uma revisão bibliográfica acerca de sentido do trabalho, apresentando, a seguir, algumas reflexões sobre as alterações ocorridas nas relações de trabalho em decorrência de mutações no mundo do trabalho, abordando, por fim, o tema Mobilidade da força de trabalho. Após esta etapa, buscou-se compreender, na ótica desses trabalhadores docentes, por meio de entrevistas pessoais analisadas à luz do método de análise de conteúdo, os caminhos percorridos e significados atribuídos por eles a estas vivências, procurando perceber como os trabalhadores docentes em destaque representam o olhar sobre si e sobre os outros, visando demonstrar o significado (positivo e negativo) da mobilidade espacial, as práticas cotidianas e estratégias de sociabilidade e interação com e no local de destino. Pode-se concluir que, apesar de haver alguns fatores que podem tornar os constantes deslocamentos geográficos destes trabalhadores um elemento negativo para eles, uma vez que são fontes de alta demanda física e mental, geradoras de estresse, sobrecarga, tensão emocional, cansaço, ansiedade, desânimo, frustração e descontentamento em relação ao trabalho, levando-os ao afastamento constante do contexto social, podendo resultar em consequências graves para a saúde deste trabalhador. Estes constantes deslocamentos geográficos tornam-se, contudo, um elemento positivo, uma vez que possibilitam o incremento às suas práticas docentes, por meio das vivências enriquecidas pelos contactos estabelecidos, pelas aprendizagens realizadas e pelas capacidades de relacionamento em meios multiculturais adquiridas, tornando-se espaço de autorrealização, inserção e reconhecimento social, prestígio, status e de senso de utilidade.

Rent-sharing in Brazil: using trade liberalization as a natural experiment

This paper examines the extent of rent-sharing in Brazil, between 1988 and 1995, combining two different data sets: annual industrial surveys (pIA) and annual household surveys (PNADs). The aim is to use the trade liberalization policies that took place in Brazil in the early 1990s as a "natural experiment" to examine the impact ofproduct market rents on wages. We first estimate inter-industry wage differentials in Brazil, using the household surveys, afier controlling for various observable workers' characteristics. In a reduced form fixed effects equation, these controlled inter-industry differentials are seen to depend on the industries' rate of effective tariff. We also find that LSDV estimates of the effect of value-added per worker (computed using the industrial surveys) on the wage differentials are positive, but somewhat small. However, we find that instrumenting the valued-added with the effective tariffs more than doubles the estimated rent-sharing coefficient. The paper concludes that rent-sharing is prevalent in the Brazilian manufacturing sector, and this mechanism transferred part of the productivity gains due to trade liberalization to manufacturing workers in the form ofhigher (controlled) wage premium.

The role of profits in wage determination: evidence from US manufacturing

We estimate the effect of firms' profitability on wage determination for the American economy. Two standard bargaining models are used to illustrate the problems caused by the endogeneity of profits-per-worker in a real wage equation. The profit-sharing parameter can be identified with instruments which shift demando Using information from the input-output table, we create demand-shift variables for 63 4-digit sectors of the US manufacturing sector. The LV. estimates show that profit-sharing is a relevant and widespread phenomenon. The elasticity of wages with respect to profits-per-worker is seven times as large as OLS estimates here and in previous papers. Sensitivity analysis of the profit-sharing parameter controlling for the extent of unionization and product market concentration reinforces our results.

Os efeitos da redução da jornada de trabalho de 48 para 44 horas semanais sobre o mercado de trabalho no Brasil

The reduction of standard weekly working hours from the curreilt leveI of 44 hours to 40 hours has recently been proposed by the main central unions as a way to create jobs and reduce unemployment in Brazil. The idea, known as work-sharing, is that the reduction in average hours per worker allows the same tasks to be performed bymore employees. However, the notion ofwork-sharing has been challenged by the theoretical and the empirical literature. Theory says that, in general, a reduction in the duration ofthe workweek tends to decrease employment. Work-sharing is even less likely in the case of no wage restraint, when monthly wages are not proportionally reduced. Recent cautious econometric evidence also conflict with the notion of work -sharing (Hunt, 1999, and Crépon and Kramarz, 2000). The objective ofthis paper is to study the effects ofthe workweek length reduction from 48 to 44 hours, prescribed by the 1988 Constitutional change, on the Brazilian labor market. We find that: i) the reduction of standard working hours was followed by a significant decrease in actual working hours: 60,7% ofthe employees that worked between 45 and 48 weekly hours in 1988 (the affected group) and that remained employed in 1989 switched to a 40-44 hours workweek; ii) belonging to the affected group in 1988 had no statistical effect on the probability ofbecoming unemployed, exiting the labor market, or switching to an informal job in 1989; iii) the reduction in working hours implied a 8,8% increase in hourly real wages with respect to those that remained employed at 40-44 hours a week. In sum, the reduction of standard working hours in 1988 reduced actual working hours, did not affect the probability ofa typical worker to lose hisjob in 1989, and implied a relative increase in hourly real wages.

Regulation and wage adjustment patterns : non parametric evidence from longitudinal data

This paper gives a first step toward a methodology to quantify the influences of regulation on short-run earnings dynamics. It also provides evidence on the patterns of wage adjustment adopted during the recent high inflationary experience in Brazil.The large variety of official wage indexation rules adopted in Brazil during the recent years combined with the availability of monthly surveys on labor markets makes the Brazilian case a good laboratory to test how regulation affects earnings dynamics. In particular, the combination of large sample sizes with the possibility of following the same worker through short periods of time allows to estimate the cross-sectional distribution of longitudinal statistics based on observed earnings (e.g., monthly and annual rates of change).The empirical strategy adopted here is to compare the distributions of longitudinal statistics extracted from actual earnings data with simulations generated from minimum adjustment requirements imposed by the Brazilian Wage Law. The analysis provides statistics on how binding were wage regulation schemes. The visual analysis of the distribution of wage adjustments proves useful to highlight stylized facts that may guide future empirical work.

The evolution of international output differences (1960-2000) : from factor to productivity

This article presents a group of exercises of leveI and growth decomposition of output per worker using cross-collntry data from 1960 to :2000. It is shown that at least llntil 197.5 factors of production (capital anel education) ",ere the main source of output dispersion across ecoIlomies and that productivity variance was considerably srnaller than in late years. Qnly after this date the prominence of productivity started to sho\\' up in the data. as the majority of the litcrature has found. The gro\\'th decomposition exercises showecl that t he reversal of relative irnportance of proeluctivity vis-a-\'is factors is explainecl by the very good (bad) performance of procluctivity of fast (slow) growing cconomies. Although growth in the pcriod, on avcragc. is mostly clue to factors accumulation. its variance is explained by productivity.

The effects of gender segregation at the establishment level: an empirical analysis using a panel of matched employer-employee data

This paper studies the relationship between segregation of women across establish- ments and the wages of males and females. To investigate this issue empirically we use a panel of matched employer-employee data from Brazil. Various longitudinal models are used to assess the wage impact of establishment gender segregation. Overall, the results indicate that the e ect of establishment female proportion on the wages of males and females is negative. We also compare these longitudinal results with cross-section estimates, which are the usual ones obtained in the related literature. This com- parison suggests that unmeasured, time-invariant worker- and establishment-speci c e ects are correlated with the establishment female composition.

Perspectivas sobre o teletrabalho no contexto da administração pública brasileira: um anteprojeto

The job market today, undergoes transformations necessary for employees and employers. Coupled with technological progress, a large degree of connectivity and a new profile of workers opened up many opportunities and relevant aspects that have changed the way of working and their relations in several countries, including Brazil. This technological progress has provided contemporary workers to pursue alternative working outside of the workplace, the office and outside your residence without physical boundaries. Also provided the change in culture of both organizations, as employees, without compromising the Brazilian formal contractual character played by CLT or the Unified Contracting Regime. The emergence of this new type of worker needs to be inserted in the labor market respecting their peculiarities, either by private or public companies. Through a historical review of labor relations and their transformations over time, this research makes a brief reflection and analysis about telework in the Brazilian public administration, implementation, acceptance, advantages, disadvantages, difficulties, external and internal reflections, cultural impact, among others, that this "new" way of working brings to Brazilian society and the various levels of government.

Risky business: the market for unprotected commercial sex

Each day close to 20,000 people become infected with the HIV virus worldwide; a large portion of whom are infected through unprotected sex with sex workers. While condoms are an effective defense against the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, large numbers of sex workers are not using them with their clients. We argue that some sex workers are willing to take the risk because clients are willing to pay more to avoid using condoms. Using a panel data set from Mexico, we estimate that sex workers received a 23 percent premium for unprotected sex from clients who requested not to use a condom. However, this premium jumped to 46 percent if the sex worker was considered very attractive. These results suggest that the current policies aimed at educating sex workers about risk, empowering them and improving their access to condoms need to be complemented with interventions aimed at teaching clients about the “joy of safe sex” thereby increasing the demand for using condoms.

Essays on economic growth

A fundamental question in development economics is why some economies are rich and others poor. To illustrate the income per capita gap across economies consider that the average gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of the richest 10 percent of economies in the year 2010 was a factor of 40-fold that of the poorest 10 percent of economies. In other words, the average person in a rich economy produces in just over 9 days what the average person in a poor economy produces in an entire year. What are the factors that can explain this difference in standard of living across the world today? With this in view, this dissertation is a conjunction of three essays on the economic growth field which we seek a possible responses to this question. The first essay investigates the existence of resource misallocation in the Brazilian manufacturing sector and measures possible distortions in it. Using a similar method of measurement to the one developed by Hsieh and Klenow (2009) and firm-level data for 1996-2011 we find evidence of misallocation in the manufacturing sector during the observed period. Moreover, our results show that misallocation has been growing since 2005, and it presents a non-smooth dynamic. Significantly, we find that the Brazilian manufacturing sector operates at about 50% of its efficient product. With this, if capital and labor were optimally reallocated between firms and sectors we would obtain an aggregate output growth of approximately 110-180% depending on the mode in which the capital share is measured. We also find that the economic crisis did not have a substantial effect on the total productivity factor or on the sector's misallocation. However, small firms in particular seem to be strongly affected in a global crisis. Furthermore, the effects described would be attenuated if we consider linkages and complementarity effects among sectors. Despite Brazil's well-known high tax burden, there is not evidence that this is the main source of resource misallocation. Moreover, there is a distinct pattern of structural change between the manufacturing sectors in industrialized countries and those in developing countries. Therefore, the second essay demonstrate that this pattern differs because there are some factors that distort the relative prices and also affect the output productivity. For this, we present a multi-sector model of economic growth, where distortions affect the relative prices and the allocation of inputs. This phenomenon imply that change of the production structure or perpetuation of the harmful structures to the growth rate of aggregate output. We also demonstrate that in an environment with majority decision, this distortion can be enhanced and depends on the initial distribution of firms. Furthermore, distortions in relative prices would lead to increases in the degree of misallocation of resources, and that imply that there are distinct patterns of structural changes between economies. Finally, the calibrated results of the framework developed here converge with the structural change observed in the firm-level data of the Brazilian manufacturing sector. Thereafter, using a cross-industry cross-country approach, the third essay investigates the existence of an optimal level of competition to enhance economic growth. With that in mind, we try to show that this optimal level is different from industrialized and under development economies due to the technology frontier distance, the terms of trade, and each economy's idiosyncratic characteristics. Therefore, the difference in competition industry-country level is a channel to explain the output for worker gap between countries. The theoretical and empirical results imply the existence of an inverted-U relationship between competition and growth: starting for an initially low level of competition, higher competition stimulates innovation and output growth; starting from a high initial level of competition, higher competition has a negative effect on innovation and output growth. Given on average industries in industrialized economies present higher competition level. With that if we control for the terms of trade and the industry-country fixed effect, if the industries of the developing economy operated under the same competition levels as of the industrialized ones, there is a potential increase of output of 0.2-1.0% per year. This effect on the output growth rate depends on the competition measurement used.

The risk-incentive trade-off in competitive search

Usando a abordagem de competitive search, modelo um mercado de trabalho com trabalhadores heterogêneos no qual há um problema de risco moral na relação entre firmas e trabalhadores. Nesse contexto, consigo prever como contratos reagem a mudanças nos parâmetros do mercado (em particular, o risco de produção), assim como a variação da probabilidade dos trabalhadores serem contratados. Minha contribuição principal é ver que, no nível individual, existe uma relação negativa entre risco e incentivos, mas efeitos de equilíbrio geral implicam que essa relação pode ser positiva no nível agregado. Esse resultado ajuda a esclarecer resultados empíricos contraditórios sobre a relação entre risco e incentivos.

Lifestyle factors, direct and indirect costs for a Brazilian airline company

OBJECTIVE: To analyze lifestyle risk factors related to direct healthcare costs and the indirect costs due to sick leave among workers of an airline company in Brazil. METHODS: In this longitudinal 12-month study of 2,201 employees of a Brazilian airline company, the costs of sick leave and healthcare were the primary outcomes of interest. Information on the independent variables, such as gender, age, educational level, type of work, stress, and lifestyle-related factors (body mass index, physical activity, and smoking), was collected using a questionnaire on enrolment in the study. Data on sick leave days were available from the company register, and data on healthcare costs were obtained from insurance records. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to investigate the association between direct and indirect healthcare costs with sociodemographic, work, and lifestyle-related factors. RESULTS: Over the 12-month study period, the average direct healthcare expenditure per worker was US$505.00 and the average indirect cost because of sick leave was US$249.00 per worker. Direct costs were more than twice the indirect costs and both were higher in women. Body mass index was a determinant of direct costs and smoking was a determinant of indirect costs. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity and smoking among workers in a Brazilian airline company were associated with increased health costs. Therefore, promoting a healthy diet, physical activity, and anti-tobacco campaigns are important targets for health promotion in this study population.